Botanical and floristic composition of the Historical

Ghorbani & al. • Floristic diversity of Rauwolf’s herbarium

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B O TA N I C A L H I S TO RY

Botanical and floristic composition of the Historical Herbarium of Leonhard Rauwolf collected in the Near East (1573–1575) Abdolbaset Ghorbani,1,2 Jan J. Wieringa,2 Hugo J. de Boer,1,2,3 Henk Porck,4 Adriaan Kardinaal5 & Tinde van Andel2,6 1 Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236, Sweden 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands 3 The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway 4 Conservation Scientist & Curator Paper History Collections, emeritus, Narcisstraat 32, 2252 XG Voorschoten, The Netherlands 5 Paper Historian, Onderzoeksbureau De Facto, Leksmondhof 137, 1108 ET Amsterdam, The Netherlands 6 Clusius chair of History of Botany and Gardens, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Corresponding author: Abdolbaset Ghorbani, [email protected] DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/673.7 Abstract The German doctor and botanist Leonhard Rauwolf (1535–1596) was the first post-medieval European to travel to the Levant and Mesopotamia. The travel account that he published on his hazardous journey (1573–1575) is well studied, but the plants he collected during his travels have hardly been subjected to scientific study. The fourth volume of Rauwolf’s 16th century book herbarium includes plant specimens collected from the area encompassing modern-day Lebanon, Syria and Iraq. We digitized this valuable historic collection, identified all specimens in the herbarium, analyzed its floristic composition, transcribed and translated the Latin and German texts accompanying each specimen and updated the names with the latest accepted nomenclature. The herbarium book includes 191 specimens representing 183 species belonging to 64 families. It includes original specimens of Linnaean type illustrations as well as historical crop cultivars from the Near East. The Rauwolf Herbarium gives a unique insight in the exotic, unknown and useful species of the Near East from the perspective of a 16th century European botanist. Keywords botanical exploration; Levant; pre-Linnaean; Syria; taxonomy

INTRODUCTION Pre-Linnaean herbaria not only provide a detailed picture of the floristic diversity of a certain region in a particular time, but also contribute to our knowledge of historic preservation techniques, interpretation of early species names, classification and exchange of plants, all of which contributed to the development of modern botany (Pulvirenti & al., 2015). Ancient plant collections also are important sources for tracing the history of crop cultivation and the introduction of exotic species (Van Andel & al., 2012; Spalik, 2014). Historic herbaria are also valuable repositories of past plant use information and practices. The exchange of Horti Sicci (bound volumes containing dried plants) and specimens represented one of the main tools for developing discussions among 16th century scientists, as they were easier to compare, study and classify, than iconographic documents or fresh plants (Pulvirenti & al., 2015). Previous studies on historic herbaria mostly focused on designating type specimens or finding evidence of early occurrence of certain species and seldom took into account all species, names and plant use information in these herbaria (Salick & al., 2014). The treasure room of the herbarium of Naturalis Biodiversity Center (L) houses four bound herbarium volumes collected by the German physician, botanist and explorer Leonhard Rauwolf

(1535–1596). Born in Augsburg, Germany, Rauwolf started his education in Wittenberg, and continued to study medicine and botany at Montpellier from 1560 to 1562 (Herde & Tilmann, 2010) under the supervision of the renowned doctor and botanist Guillaume Rondelet (1507–1566). The first three volumes of his herbarium contain some 600 specimens collected in southern France, the Alps and northern Italy (Legré, 1900; Dannenfeldt, 1968; Stech & al., 2018). The fourth and the largest volume currently contains 191 specimens, which Rauwolf collected during his travels in the Ottoman empire in the Near East (modern-day Lebanon, Syria and Iraq) from 1573 to 1575. After the completion of his studies in France and his return to Augsburg, Rauwolf was sent to the Near East by the trading company of Melchior Manlich (1513–1576) to search for new medicinal plants that could be traded profitably in Europe (Herde & Tilmann, 2010). On his arduous long journey, he collected plant specimens from the natural vegetation around cities, farmlands and gardens and also from bazaars, where traders from faraway countries sold their spices and medicines (Walter, 2009). Shortly after his return to Augsburg, Rauwolf compiled his fourth herbarium volume, with the original 200 plant specimens that he had collected during his journey and brought back to Europe. He also published his travel account Aigentliche Beschreibung der Raiß … inn die Morgenländer …,

Article history: Received: 6 Jan 2018 | returned for (first) revision: 26 Mar 2018 | (last) revision received: 6 Apr 2018 | accepted: 9 Apr 2018 | published: online fast track, 28 May 2018; in print and online issues, N/A || Associate Editor: Javier Francisco-Ortega || © International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) 2018, all rights reserved

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with a chapter including botanical drawings of 42 plants from his herbarium (Dannenfeldt, 1968). As the first European botanist of the post-medieval era to travel to the Near East, Rauwolf described some 364 species in his travel account along with detailed observations of their uses and local names (Dannenfeldt, 1968). He was also the first European who observed the local habit of drinking coffee (Friis, 2015). With its detailed descriptions of the people, customs, and dangers of the Levantine region, Rauwolf’s travel account became a bestseller (Walter, 2009). The book was reprinted many times and translated into English by John Ray (Rauwolf, 1693) and Dutch by Pieter van der Aa (Rauwolf, 1706). Although his travel account has been extensively studied by historians (Dannenfeldt, 1968; Walter, 2009; Herde & Tilmann, 2010), little attention has been given to Rauwolf’s botanical collections (Ghorbani & al., 2017). The four volumes of Rauwolf’s herbarium came into the hands of the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II (1552–1612), who stored his extensive natural history collections in Prague. However his treasure room was robbed in 1620 by the troops of the Bavarian elector Maximilian I (1573–1651), whose “Kunstkammer” in Munich was in turn looted during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) by soldiers of the Swedish King Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632) and his daughter Queen Christina of Sweden (1626–1689) who had an interest in science (Callmer, 1973; Stefanaki & al., in press). Around 1655, Queen Christina presented the herbarium to her Dutch librarian Isaac Vossius (1618–1689), who brought the collections to London, where they were studied by various botanists, among them the Leiden botanist Johann Friedrich Gronovius (1611– 1671). After Vossius’s death in 1689, the four-volume herbarium was purchased by Leiden University and ended up in the National Herbarium (Dannenfeldt, 1968), now part of Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Safely guarded in locked treasure rooms, all four of Rauwolf’s herbarium volumes remained under severely restricted scientific access for hundreds of years. This restriction also applied to Dannenfeldt, whose list of plants, covering 188 of the 200 pages of the Near East herbarium, was largely based on much earlier identifications made by Gronovius (Gronovius, 1755), instead of on the original specimens themselves (which would have allowed comparisons with more recent herbarium collections to be made). Apart from the fact that many of the names used by Gronovius are now obsolete, a number of these identifications are incorrect, as no comprehensive botanical studies of the Near East were available at the time. In spite of his years spent in Leiden, Linnaeus did not have access to the Rauwolf book herbaria, although he used Rauwolf’s published illustrations to describe several species (Jarvis, 2007; Ghorbani & al., 2017). Later, the Leiden botanists Carl Ludwig Blume (1796–1862) and Jacob Gijsbert Boerlage (1849–1900), who did have access to the herbarium, made attempts to identify the specimens (Van Steenis-Kruseman, 1979), but did not publish them. Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is in remarkably good condition: the specimens of herbaceous plants are preserved entire with their roots, while leaves, flowers and fruits are clearly visible. The specimens are accompanied by handwritten 2

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German texts adjacent to the specimens with pre-Linnaean Latin names and/or with German, Arabic and Turkish vernacular names, as well as descriptions of the uses to which they were put by local inhabitants of the area (Fig. 1). These texts have never been translated and are not identical to the passages on these species in the travel account. In this paper, we present the current identification of all specimens of Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium and analyze its floristic composition. The aim of this study was to present this valuable collection to the scientific community, make it digitally accessible and highlight its importance and relevance to the present flora of the Mediterranean and the Near East.

MATERIALS AND METHODS High-resolution photographs were prepared of all pages of the four Rauwolf herbarium volumes. Results of the identifications of the first three volumes, which include material mainly from France will be published elsewhere. Digitized images and the original herbarium specimens were carefully studied and compared with more recent specimens from the Eastern Mediterranean at the Naturalis Herbarium (L) for taxonomic identification. Relevant Floras, including Flora of Syria, Palestine and Sinai (Post & Dinsmore, 1932), Flora Palaestina (Zohary, 1966–1986), Flora of Turkey (Davis & al., 1988), Flora Iranica (Rechinger, 1965–1998) and Flora of Iraq (Guest & AlRawi, 1966) were used for identification. Scientific names were updated according to The Plant List (2013) or even more modern classifications when available. The handwritten German text adjacent to the specimens was transcribed and translated into English. All specimens and their digital images have been uploaded into the BRAHMS database of the Naturalis herbaria, and are available through http://bioportal.naturalis.nl. On the search page, type “Rauwolf” in the Collector tab. In the results, click on the barcodes in the range L.2111300 to L.2111490 to view the digital images of the specimens. Specific specimens can also be viewed separately by typing the relevant barcode (see list in Appendix 1) into the general search bar.

RESULTS Book and paper. — Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is a large, leather-bound book, closed with metal, copper-colored buckles (Fig. 1B). Its dimensions, 470 mm × 350 mm, make it one of the largest of the extant 16th century herbaria (Thijsse, 2016). The present binding is not original, and most probably dates from the 19th century. This date is based on the gold and blind embossed decoration of the leather and the metal corner pieces of the binding (Rens Top, curator of Bookbindings, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague, and Jos Biemans, professor emeritus of Book History and Manuscript Studies, University of Amsterdam, pers. comm.). The richly decorated frontispiece, depicting Biblical scenes of Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane and his triumphal entry into Jerusalem (Fig. 1A), was probably painted by Rauwolf himself (Thijsse, 2016). The



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bearded man digging up a plant and the person holding a specimen probably represents Rauwolf. The specimens are mounted on high quality-paper, with a watermark (bunch of grapes, with letters A and F on top) dated at 1577 (Watermark Information System, 2017) (Fig. 1D). All the sheets in the herbarium have the same watermark, indicating that the herbarium was most certainly made from a single batch of paper that Rauwolf must have brought with him to the Near East. From his travel account, we learn that Rauwolf glued the plants to the paper during his journey in the Near East. While collecting plants in Aleppo in 1574, he wrote: “All these and several other herbs have I preserved and glued to some paper, with great and peculiar care, so that they are to be seen in their natural colors so exact, as if they were green” (Rauwolf, 1693). Attached to the margins of the sheets

are strips of yellow paper, decorated with a black wood grain pattern, to protect the specimens from damage. These strips were identified as fragments of so-called “Fladerpapier”, the German term for a type of paper used as wood imitation for coffered ceilings and wall panels (Marieke Knuijt, curator “Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen”, Arnhem, pers. comm.). It seems evident that the strips were added after the plants were glued to the paper, since some strips cover a small portion of the plant specimens, e.g., on pages 79 and 82. The bookbinder is the most likely person to have done this, as he was in possession of the required skills. This view is supported by the observation that comparable strips (of a different kind of paper) present in the first three volumes of the Rauwolf herbarium appear to have been decorated with help of bookbinding tools, therefore logically in the workshop of the bookbinder.

Fig. 1. A, Frontispiece of the herbarium book, depicting Rauwolf collecting plants and a description of the challenges he faced during his travels; B, Arrangement of plant vouchers in the herbarium volume; C, Example of Cicer arietinum L. and accompanying descriptive text; D, Watermark found in all herbarium papers showing a bunch of grapes and letters A and F on top.

A

B

C

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Taxonomic aspects of Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume. — From the original 200 specimens in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume, 191 specimens are still preserved in the book, while 9 specimens are missing. The pages with the missing specimens seem to have been cut out of the bound volume, and the cut remainders are still visible in the bound herbarium; we have no information of the specimens’ whereabouts. The 191 specimens belong to 183 species, 150 genera and 64 families. Of the 183 species, 3 are gymnosperms (1.6%), while from the remaining 180 species, 22 (12.2%) are monocots and 158 (87.8%) are dicots. The most frequently represented families are Asteraceae (30 spp.), Leguminosae (20 spp.) Lamiaceae (9 spp.), Apiaceae (9 spp.) and Brassicaceae (7 spp.). A list of all of the specimens in the fourth volume of Rauwolf’s herbarium, including pre-Linnaean descriptions, vernacular names and current taxonomic identifications, is presented in Appendix 1. On the digital images, the identifications made by Boerlage are visible on labels glued to the specimens. Rauwolf published drawings of 42 specimens from his herbarium in the fourth part of the third edition of his travel account (Dannenfeldt, 1968; Ghorbani & al., 2017). Linnaeus did not have access to Rauwolf’s original specimens, but he used Rauwolf’s drawings to describe five species (Jarvis, 2007). These are the type illustrations of Alhagi maurorum Medik. (Gruenberg-Fertig & Zohary, 1970), Aristolochia maurorum L. (Ghorbani & al., 2017), Centaurea behen L. (Ferrer-Gallego & Altınordu, 2016), Gundelia tournefortii L. (Vitek & Jarvis, 2007), and Rheum ribes L. (Ghorbani & al., 2017). The specimen of Gundelia tournefortii L. in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is designated as epitype (Vitek & Jarvis, 2007). Travel route and herbarium book structure. — Rauwolf organized his herbarium book into five chapters, based on collection localities (Table 1). The first chapter includes 27 specimens that were collected around Marseilles, while Rauwolf was waiting to get on board a ship to sail to the Near East. The species included in this chapter are mainly European flora elements. Following Legré (1900), 16 of these occur around Marseilles. Some of them are coastal and marshland species, such as Eryngium maritimum L., Sonchus maritimus L. and Thymelaea tartonraira All. Rauwolf’s information for some specimens in this chapter (e.g., local names and/or habitat), are intermixed with the information related to the Levantine locations. For example, for Tamarix gallica L., he mentions the Arabic name of Tharfe, the local name of Athel and writes that “Tamarix trees that are similar to ours but really bigger than

ours are growing along the river Euphrate …” There are two specimens of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. in this chapter, one with the Arabic name of Hanab and the local name of Ennab, while the other one has no vernacular name, which Rauwolf considers a different species “Zizÿphi alia species”. In this chapter we also find Silene longipetala Vent., an eastern Mediterranean species that must have been collected in Lebanon, raising questions about the origin of other plants in this chapter. Four specimens are missing from this part of the book herbarium. After setting sail from Marseille, Rauwolf first arrived in Tripoli (in modern-day Lebanon). The second chapter of his herbarium contains 35 species that he collected in Tripoli and the surrounding area. Most of these species are cultivated plants, such as pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), mulberry (Morus alba L.) and taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) or plants that grow close to human settlements. There are also specimens of Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume and Phrynium Willd. species in this chapter that Rauwolf found as loose leaves on the Tripoli bazaar. The Phrynium leaf was used for wrapping benzoin resin (probably tapped from Styrax L. spp. in southeast Asia) that was sold by traders on the Lebanese market, as Rauwolf explains in the text next to the specimen. From Tripoli, Rauwolf traveled to Aleppo (Syria). The third chapter includes 90 specimens that he collected from this city and surrounding areas. Rauwolf stayed for several months in Aleppo, while waiting for an opportunity to embark on a safe merchant caravan to continue his journey down the Euphrates River to Baghdad. The chapter includes many ancient crop cultivars, such as the Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo var. flexuosus Naud.) and two specimens of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with different fruit shapes and colors, which Rauwolf considers as different species. Similarly, there are two specimens of Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. and two specimens of Narcissus tazetta L. that he considered as separate species. Moreover, on page 152 of the book herbarium, a specimen of Astragalus cretaceus Boiss. & Kotschy is mounted together with a small (young) fruiting branch with several inflated calyces (Fig. 2). At first glance, the branch seems to belong to the mounted specimen, but closer examination of this fruiting branch revealed that it belongs to a different species (A. surugensis Boiss. & Hausskn.). It seems that Rauwolf considered the fruiting branch to be the next stage of the main specimen, as he does not explain anything about different species in the text opposite to the specimen. We identified the fruiting part

Table 1. Floristic details of chapters in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume.

Chapter

4

Locality

No. of specimens

No. of species

No. of genera

No. of families

No. of missing specimens

Original no. of specimens

1

Piedmont. Nice, Marseille

27

26

24

12

4

31

2

Tripoli and surroundings

35

35

34

23

3

38

3

Aleppo and surroundings

90

86

74

37

1

91

4

Along the Euphrates

7

7

7

6

1

8

5

Mt Lebanon

32

29

28

18

0

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by assuming the leaves were similar to those of the flowering specimen, since else Rauwolf would not have confounded them. After Aleppo, Rauwolf continued to Baghdad via the Euphrates River. The fourth chapter includes seven plants that he was able to collect during his boat trip on the Euphrates. Among these are Cyperus rotundus L., Populus euphratica Oliv. and Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv. Durra. Although Rauwolf mentioned the presence of Tamarix L. trees along the Euphrates in his travel account (Rauwolf, 1583) and also seemed to add notes to the specimen in chapter one, no further Tamarix specimens are included in this chapter. Rauwolf’s plan was to travel all the way to Persia and further on to India, but the bankruptcy of the Manlich firm in December 1574 forced Rauwolf to return to Aleppo. As travelling up the Euphrates was impossible, he chose an alternative route from Baghdad through Iraqi Kurdistan, passing Irbil, Mosul and Urfa (modern-day Iraq) to Gaziantepe (Turkey) (Fig. 3). After arriving in Aleppo, he returned quickly to Tripoli where he took the opportunity to climb Mount Lebanon. Chapter five of Rauwolf’s herbarium includes 32 specimens that he collected during his ascent of the mountain. In this chapter he included two specimens of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), but he did not mention collecting this species from Mount Lebanon in his travel account. After Mount Lebanon, he continued his journey to Jerusalem for a pilgrimage. During this trip he seems not to have collected any plant specimens, but he described the plants he met on this journey in his travel account. Identification of specimens missing from Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume. — We were able to putatively identify the missing specimens from Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium based on the order of herbarium sheets, the accompanying handwritten texts, matching Rauwolf’s Latin descriptions with current scientific names, consulting relevant literature (Legré, 1900;

Fig. 2. Page 152 of the herbarium volume with two different species of Astragalus L. mounted as one species.

Fig. 3. Details of Rauwolf’s travel route in the Near East countries.


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Pulvirenti & al., 2015) and some of Rauwolf’s botanical illustrations from his travel account (Table 2). The specimens in the bound volume are organized such that each specimen and its corresponding text are on opposing pages. On the right page, the specimen is mounted, while on the left side the text about the next specimen is written (Fig. 1B, C). When one sheet is lost, it means that a specimen and the text describing

the following specimen are missing. The missing specimens belong to the Asteraceae (three specimens), Chenopodiaceae (two specimens), and Caryophyllaceae, Leguminosae, Apiaceae and Crassulaceae (one specimen each). The two missing Chenopodiaceae species, named by Rauwolf as “Cali Arabum vsnen” and “Cali” in his herbarium, are depicted as drawings in the fourth chapter of his travel

Table 2. List of missing specimens and their putative identifications.

Page

Latin description by Rauwolf

Species

Family

2

Jacobaea maritima, Arthemisia maritima, Cineraria

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. or Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden

Asteraceae

5

Sempervivum minus officinarum, Vermicularis, Crassula minor

Sedum L. or Sempervivum L.

Crassulaceae

15

Erÿngium

Eryngium campestre L.

Apiaceae

23

Chondrilla viminea

Chondrilla juncea L.

Asteraceae

32

Cali Arabum vsnen

Salsola L. or Anabasis L.

Chenopodiaceae

39

Medica marina

Medicago L.

Leguminosae

56

Lichnidis species, musipula siue viscaria

Silene L.

Caryophyllaceae

115

Carduus stellatus

Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter

Asteraceae

163

Cali (Kali Arabum in the drawing)

Anabasis L. or Salsola L.

Chenopodiaceae

Fig. 4. Drawings of two missing specimens of “Kali Arabum” (“Cali Arabum vsnen” and “Cali” in herbarium) published in the last chapter of Rauwolf’s travel book.

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account (Rauwolf, 1583), icon nr. 37 and nr. 38, both indicated as “Kali Arabum” (Fig. 4). In the text opposing each specimen, Rauwolf explained that both plants were burnt to ashes to be used in the manufacturing of glass and soap (“wirdt von inwohnern auch Schinan genant, daraůs inn Morgen Ländern äschen gebrandt wird zuen Seiffen vnnd gläsern zů machen ganz dienstlich, … auß welches äschen weysse gläser gemacht werden”). Based on Rauwolf’s illustrations and consultation of literature on historic glass and soap manufacturing (Barkoudah & Henderson, 2006), we identified these missing specimens as species of Salsola L. and Anabasis L. respectively.

DISCUSSION Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium volume is of great historical and botanical value. It provides a detailed picture of the exotic and unknown flora of the Levant from the perspective of a 16th century European botanist and physician. The species composition of the herbarium is diverse (183 taxa in 191 specimens). This helps us to create a picture of the floristic diversity of the region in 16th century. Furthermore, the herbarium is invaluable in containing 443-year-old varieties of cultivated crops, such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum, Fig. 1C), cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The advance of molecular techniques (e.g., ancient DNA analysis) could facilitate the study of the genetic properties of these old crop varieties and piece together part of the domestication history of these crops through comparison with modern cultivars. Rauwolf’s herbarium is also of great ethnobotanical value. As a trained physician and botanist, Rauwolf documented local knowledge about plant names and their uses along his route. Whenever possible, he also compared the recorded uses with the applications in Europe and the plant products available in pharmacies in Europe. The historic traditional knowledge documented by Rauwolf is an important part of the cultural heritage of Syria, Lebanon and Iraq, whose artifacts and traditions are threatened today by violent conflict. Studying the historical sources and comparing these with current ethnobotanical knowledge of these species can help us understand how this knowledge has persisted and evolved over the last four centuries.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS AG, TvA and HdB conceived and designed the study. AG and JW performed identifications. HP and AK performed historical paper studies. AG and JW and TvA analyzed the data. AG, TvA and HdB wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Martijn Zegel (Teylers Museum, Haarlem) for the digitization of the Rauwolf herbarium. Drs. Christel Schollaardt and Prof. Dr.

Pieter Baas facilitated access to the historical collection and associated herbarium archives. This study was supported by a Visitor’s Travel Grant (nr. 040.11.524) of The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) to AG and by Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

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Rechinger, K.H. (Ed.) 1965–1998. Flora Iranica, vol. 1–164. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. Salick, J., Konchar, K. & Nesbitt, M. (eds.) 2014. Curating biocultural collections: A handbook. Richmond: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Spalik, K. 2014. Pre-Linnaean herbaria viva of Helwing in the collections of the National Library of Poland and the University of Warsaw. Acta Soc. Bot. Poloniae 83: 13–16. https://doi.org/10.5586/ asbp.2014.008 Stech, M., Van Andel, T., Aptroot, A., Bertin, A. & Stefanaki, A. 2018. Bryophytes and lichens in 16th century herbaria. J. Bryol. 40: 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736687.2018.1447304 Stefanaki, A., Thijsse, G., Van Uffelen, G., Eurlings, M.C.M. & Van Andel, T. In press.The En Tibi herbarium, a 16th century Italian treasure. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/ boy024 The Plant List 2013. Version 1.1. Published on the Internet: http://www. theplantlist.org (accessed: Oct–Dec 2016) Thijsse, G. 2016. Tusschen pampier geleyt, ontstaan, verspreiding en

gebruik van de vroegste herbaria. Pp. 64–93 in: IJpelaar, L. & Chavannes-Mazel, C.A. (eds.), De groene middeleeuwen: Duizend jaar gebruik van planten (600–1600). Eindhoven: Lecturis B.V. Van Andel, T., Veldman, S., Maas, P., Thijsse, G. & Eurlings, M. 2012. The forgotten Hermann Herbarium: A 17th century collection of useful plants from Suriname. Taxon 61: 1296–1304. Van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J. 1979. The collections of the Rijks herbarium. Blumea 25: 29–55. Vitek, E. & Jarvis, C.E. 2007. The typification of Gundelia tournefortii L. (Compositae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 108: 267–272. Walter, T. 2009. Eine Reise ins (Un-)Bekannte. N. T. M., Z. Gesch. Wiss. Techn. Med. 17: 359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-009-0355-0 Wasserzeichen-Informationssystem [Watermark Information System] 2017. Motifs. https://www.wasserzeichen-online.de/ wzis/struktur.php?klassi=004002010002002022&anzeigeIDMo tif=21292 Zohary, M. 1966–1986. Flora Palaestina, vol. 1–4. Jerusalem: Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Appendix 1. List of all species in Rauwolf’s fourth herbarium, Latin description, vernacular names mentioned by Rauwolf, in order of appearance in the herbarium.

Piedmont, Nice, and Marseilles

Collection location

8

Current taxonomic identification: Taxon [family]

Plant names and Latin description given by Rauwolf

Other names mentioned by Rauwolf in the herbarium

Achillea santolina L.

Abrotonum foemina. Chamaecÿ parissos seu pumila Cupreßus

Garten Cÿpres (German), petit Cÿpres et garde robbe (French)

Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. or Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden [Asteraceae]

N/A

Jacobaea maritima, Arthemisia maritima, Cineraria

Jacobs bluemen (German)

L.2111301

Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench [Asteraceae]

Helichrysum siculum (Spreng.) Boiss.

Text page is missing


4

L.2111302

Plantago albicans L. [Plantaginaceae]

Plantago albicans L.

Holostinum monspeliense, Plantago angustifolia albida

N/A

5

Missing specimen

Sempervivum sp. [Crassulaceae]

N/A

Sempervivum minus offi cinarum, Vermicularis, Crassula minor

Klein haůßwůrtzmeule, klein donderbardt (German)

6

L.2111303

Scolymus hispanicus L. [Asteraceae]

Scolymus hispanicus L.



7

L.2111304

Ononis ramosissima Desf. [Leguminosae]

Ononis ramosissima Desf. var. γ arenaria

Pseudocÿtisus, Cÿtisus sÿlvestris

N/A

8

L.2111305

Urospermum dalechampii (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt [Asteraceae]

Urospermum dalechampii

Sonchus lavis altus, luteo flore

Hasenköl (German), Citerbita (Italian)

9

L.2111306

Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub [Asteraceae]

Helminthia echioides Gaertn.

Sonchus asper

Wilder hasenköl (German)

10

L.2111307

Urospermum picroides (L.) Scop. ex F.W.Schmidt [Asteraceae]

Urospermum picroides Desf. Hieracium maius perpulchetum

11

L.2111308

Sonchus maritimus L. [Asteraceae]

Sonchus maritimus L.

Hieracium marinum. Planta perquam rara.

Fremdes habich krautt (German)

12

L.2111309

Astragalus tragacantha L. [Leguminosae]

Astragalus tragacantha L.

Tregacantha siue hieti spina

Tragant (German), Kitira, Seu Alchatad (Arabic)

13

L.2111310

Cephalaria leucantha (L.) Schrad. ex Roem. & Schult. [Caprifoliaceae]

Cephalaria leucantha Schrad.

Scabiosa montana maxima

Großen apostem krautt (German), Scabieusa (French)

Page

Barcode

1

L.2111300

Achillea santolina L. [Asteraceae]

2

Missing specimen

3

Identification by Boerlage


Groß habich krautt (German)


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.

Appendix 1. Continued.

Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings

Piedmont, Nice, and Marseilles (continued)

Collection location




Spergularia media

Polÿgomum marinum treti folio

N/A

Eryngium campestre L. [Apiaceae]

N/A

Erÿngium

Brachendtstl, Manstrew (German), Panicault (French)

L.2111312

Eryngium maritimum L. [Apiaceae]

Eryngium maritimum L.



17

L.2111313

Orthantha lutea (L.) A.Kern. Odontites lutea Rchb. ex Wettst. [Orobanchaceae]

Coris monspelliaca

N/A

18

L.2111314

Nasturtium officinale R.Br. [Brassicaceae]

Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Nasturtium aquaticum, sium crateulet Plinÿ

Brünkresstchs, sonders geschlecht (German)

19

L.2111315

Tamarix gallica L. [Tamaricaceae]

Tamarix pallasii Desv.

Tamarix narbonica, Mÿrica

Tamarißken (German), Tharfe (Arabic), Athel (Local)

20

L.2111316

Ruta angustifolia Pers. [Rutaceae]

Ruta angustifolia Pers.

Ruta sÿlvestris species prima Wilder Raütten erste geschlecht (German), Sedab (Arabic)

21

L.2111317

Ruta montana L. [Rutaceae]

Ruta montana L.

Ruta sÿlvestris species secunda, angustifolia

Wilder Raütten das ander geschlecht (German)

22

L.2111318

Silene longipetala Vent. [Caryophyllaceae]

Silene longipetala Boiss.

Lÿchnis sÿlvestris

N/A

23

Missing specimen

Chondrilla juncea L. [Asteraceae]

N/A

Chondrilla viminea

N/A

24

L.2111319

Echinops ritro L. [Asteraceae]

Echinops ritro L.



25

L.2111320

Thymelaea tartonraira (L.) All. [Thymelaeaceae]

Thymelaea tartonraira All., Dafne tartonraira L.

Tartonraire gallo provinciae maßiliensium, planta rara maritima

N/A

26

L.2111321

Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. [Plantaginaceae]

Plantago psyllium L.

Psÿllium

Psilien krautt, floche krautt (German), herba a puces (French)

27

L.2111322

Bupleurum fruticosum L. [Apiaceae]

Bupleurum fruticosum L.

Seseli aethiopicum fruticans

N/A

28

L.2111323

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae]

Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.

Zizÿphus arbor

Hanab (Arabic), Ennab (Local)

29

L.2111324

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [Rhamnaceae]

Ziziphus vulgaris Lam.

Zizÿphi alia species

N/A

30

L.2111325

Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. [Caprifoliaceae]

Centranthus ruber DC.

Valeriana rubra

Rotter Balderian (German)

31

L.2111326

Plantago lagopus L. [Plantaginaceae]

Plantago lagopus L.

Catanance dioscoridis, species prima uera nondum cognita

N/A

32

Missing specimen

Salsola sp. or Anabasis sp. [Chenopodiaceae]

N/A

Cali Arabicum, vsnen

Schinan (Local)

33

L.2111327

Punica granatum L. [Lythraceae]

Punica granatum L.



34

L.2111328

Sesamum indicum L. [Pedaliaceae]

Sesamum indicum L.

Sesamum

Somsaim (Local)

35

L.2111329

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [Araceae]

Colocasia antiquorum Schott, Arum colocasia L.

Colocasia fabae, Aegÿptiae radix

Wasserbonen in Aegÿpten wachsendt (German), Manzizanion (Italian)

36

L.2111330

Morus alba L. [Moraceae]

Morus alba L.

Morus alba

Wisse maülbeer beüm (German), Thut (Arabic)

37

L.2111331

Cordia myxa L. [Boragianceae]

Cordia myxa L.

Sebestena, mÿxa, ule mÿxaria

Sebesten (German), Makeita (Arabic)

Page

Barcode

14

L.2111311

Spergularia media (L.) C.Presl [Caryophyllaceae]

15

Missing specimen

16



9


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.


Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings (continued)

Collection location

10




Myrtus communis L. [Myrtaceae]

Myrtus communis L.

Mÿrtus maior, baccis albis

Aß (Arabic)

Missing specimen

Medicago sp. [Leguminosae]

N/A

Medica marina

N/A

40

L.2111333

Achillea maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link [Asteraceae]

Diotis candidissima Desf.



41

L.2111334

Atriplex portulacoides L. [Amaranthaceae]

Atriplex portulacoides L.

Portulaca marina

Frembd Bürtzelen oder Bürgel krůat (German)

42

L.2111335

Atriplex prostrata Boucher ex DC. [Amaranthaceae]

Atriplex hastatum L. var. parvifolia Mag.

Atriplex marina

Meermolten oder Milten (German)

43

L.2111336

Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. & Gaill. [Brassicaceae]

Matthiola crassifolia Boiss. & Gaill.

Leucoion marinum, per pulcherum et raru

Schöne Mör Beielen (German)

44

L.2111337

Cakile maritima Scop. [Brassicaceae]

Cakile maritima Scop.

Raphanus marinus

Mör Rättich (German)

45

L.2111338

Cyperus capitatus Vand. [Cyperaceae]

Cyperus schoenoides Griseb. Juncus maritimus nonnulis spes ciperi psseuidetur

46

L.2111339

Euphorbia peplis L. [Euphorbiaceae]

Euphorbia peplis L.

Peplion siue peplis nascit in maritimus

N/A

47

L.2111340

Cynanchum acutum L. [Apocynaceae]

Cynanchum acutum L.

Scammonicum monspeliense

Meudheudj (Local)

48

L.2111341

Ipomoea imperati (Vahl) Griseb. [Convolvulaceae]

Ipomoea arenaria Roem. & Schult.

Braßica marina

N/A

49

L.2111342

Ricinus communis L. [Euphorbiaceae]

Ricinus communis L.

Ricinus, cataputia maior

Wünderbaum (German), Cherua (Arabic, Local)

50

L.2111343

Convolvulus secundus Desr. [Convolvulaceae]

Convolvulus secundus Desr.

An Cantabrica Pliny, planta marina, folys poly, floribus coruoluuly

N/A

51

L.2111344

Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter [Asteraceae]

Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton

Connÿza minor Dioscoridis uera nondu cognita

Thaiun (Local)

52

L.2111345

Medicago sativa L. subsp. coerulea (Less. ex Ledeb.) Schmalh [Leguminosae]

Medicago sativa L.

Medica

Foin de Burgoigne (French)

53

L.2111346

Tribulus terrestris L. [Zygophyllaceae]

Tribulus terrestris L.

Tribulus terrestris

Erdkletten Burtzel Dorn (German), Haseckt (Arabic, Local)

54

L.2111347

Anthemis scariosa Banks & Sol. [Asteraceae]

Anthemis scariosa Banks & Sol.

Buphthalmum perpulcherum Rindsaug (German), oculus boius (Latin), Bihaa (Arabic)

55

L.2111348

Daucus littoralis Sm. [Apiaceae]

Daucus broteroi Ten.

Visnaga, cuius rigida umbella dentiscalpÿs apta

Kelle (Local)

56

Missing specimen

Silene sp. [Caryophyllaceae] N/A

Lichnidis species, musipula siue viscaria

N/A

57

L.2111349

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm. [Apiaceae]

Turgenia latifolia (L.) Hoffm.



58

L.2111350

Tordylium apulum L. [Apiaceae]

Tordylium apulum L.

Caucalidis, species alia

N/A

59

L.2111351

Heliotropium europaeum L. [Boragianceae]

Heliotropium europaeum L.

Heliotropium maius, Officinis verrucaria

N/A

60

L.2111352

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. [Leguminosae]

Vigna luteola Benth.

Dolichus siue phaseolus

Faseln (German), Lubie (Arabic)

61

L.2111353

Ficus sycomorus L. [Moraceae]

Ficus sycomorus L.

Ficus Cÿpria

Feige (German), Mumeiz (Arabic)

62

L.2111354

Melia azedarach L. [Meliaceae]

Melia azedarach L.

Azadaracht avicennae

Astirgar vnnd Astergir (Rhase), Zeuselacht (Local)

Page

Barcode

38

L.2111332

39



Mör Binßen (German)


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.

Appendix 1. Continued. Identification by Boerlage



Tripoli (Lebanon) and surroundings (continued)

63

Linum mucronatum Bertol. subsp. orientale (Boiss) P.H.Davis [Linaceae]

Linum orientale Boiss.

Linum sÿlvestre pulchrum

Bezercheten (Arabic)

L.2111356

Teucrium polium L. [Lamiaceae]

Teucrium polium L.

Polium

Polium (German)

65

L.2111357

Thymbra spicata L. [Lamiaceae]

Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link

Thÿmus dioscoridis uerus

Römischer Quendel der rechte (German), Hasce (Arabic), Sathar (Local)

66

L.2111358

Juniperus phoenicea L. [Cupressaceae]

Juniperus phoenicea L.

Cedrus lÿcia

N/A

67

L.2111359

Musa sp. [Musaceae]

Musa paradisiaca L.

Musa

N/A

68

L.2111360

Phrynium sp. [Marantaceae]

Canna indica L.

N/A

N/A

69

L.2111361

Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume [Lauraceae]

Cinnamomum nitidum Hook., Cinnamomum rauwolfii Blume

Folia tamalapatra cum suo ramusculo

N/A

Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings

Collection location

70

L.2111362

Lawsonia inermis L. [Lythraceae]

Lawsonia alba Lam.

N/A

Cÿprus (Greek), Henne, Alcanna (Arabic), Schenna (Local)

71

L.2111363

Hibiscus syriacus L. [Malvaceae]

Hibiscus syriacus L.

Malua arborescens

Papeln baům (German), Chetmie (Local)

72

L.2111364

Euphorbia tirucalli L. [Euphorbiaceae]

Euphorbia tirucalli L.

Xabra vnnd Camarronus Rhasis

Tanaghaet, Saben (Arabic)

73

L.2111365

Hyoscyamus albus L. [Solanaceae]

Hyoscyamus albus L.

Hÿoscÿamus albus Apolinaris

Weÿssebilsen

74

L.2111366

Rhus coriaria L. [Anacardiaceae]

Rhus coriaria L.

Rhus obsoniorum et Coriariorum

Gerberbaum (German), Sumach (Arabic)

75

L.2111367

Pistacia vera L. [Anacardiaceae]

Pistacia vera L.

Pistachi officinis et Barbaris Fistici

Welche pimper nüßline (German), Fistuc (Arabic, Local)

76

L.2111368

Eryngium creticum Lam. [Apiaceae]

Eryngium creticum Lam.

Eryngium Caeruleum Pumilum

N/A

77

L.2111369

Cucumis melo L. [(Cucurbitaceae]

Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis longus anguinus

Lang gestrombte Cucumern (German)

78

L.2111370

Solanum melongena L. [Solanaceae]

Solanum serpentinum Desf.

Melanzana

Melongena, Bedengian (Arabic)

79

L.2111371

Solanum melongena L. [Solanaceae]

Solanum esculentum Dunal, 1. var. subinerme, 2. var. inerme

Schwatze Melanzana

Bathleschain (Local)

80

L.2111372

Malabaila secacul (Mill.) Boiss. [Apiaceae]

Malabaila sekekul Russell.

Sacacul Arabicum Verum

Secacul (Local)

81

L.2111373

Gundelia tournefortii L. [Asteraceae] (epytipe)

Gundelia tournefortii

Silybum Dioscoridis Verum, Hacub Alcardeg (Serapio), nondum cognitum Hacub (Local)

82

L.2111374

Capparis spinosa L. [Capparaceae]

Capparis spinosa L.

Capparis

Capern (German), Cappar (Arabic)

83

L.2111375

Corchorus olitorius L. [Malvaceae]

Corchorus olitorius L.

Corchorus pliny

Moluchj (Local)

84

L.2111376

Cicer arietinum L. [Leguminosae]

Cicer arietinum L.

Cicer erietinum

Gelbe Kichernerbis (German), Hamos, Omneos, Cotame (Arabic, Local)

85

L.2111377

Alhagi maurorum Medik. [Leguminosae]

Alhagi maurorum

N/A

Agul, Algul (Local)

86

L.2111378

Vitex agnus-castus L. [Lamiaceae]

Vitex agnus-castus L.

Vitex minor, officinis agnus castus

Schaffmülle, Keuschbaum (German), Bergechest (Arabic)

Page

Barcode L.2111355

64



11


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.


Aleppo (Syria) and surroundings (continued)

Collection location

12

Page

Barcode





87

L.2111379

Salix sp. [Salicaseae]

Salix safsaf Forssk.

Ein gar unbekandt Weiden geschlecht, Theophrasto oleagnus, Aegitleta Arnabo

Zarneb, Zarnabum, Zatumbeth (Arabic), Safsaf (Local)

88

L.2111380

Elaeagnus angustifolia L. [Elaeagnaceae]

Elaeagnus hortensis M.Bieb.

Wildt stachlechte Oliven baumlein

Seisefun (Local)

89

L.2111381

Cupressus sempervirens L. [Cupressaceae]

Cupressus sempervirens L.

Cypreßus

Cipressen (German), Serv (Arabic), Saraub (Local)

90

L.2111382

Prunus orientalis (Mill.) Koehne [Rosaceae]

Amygdalus orientalis

N/A

Wilde Mandelbaum (German), Lauzi (Arabic), Laus (Local)

91

L.2111383

Zygophyllum fabago L. [Zygophyllaceae]

Zygophyllum fabago L.

Unbekant

Ardiftigi (Avicenna), Andirian (Rhazes), Morgsanj (Local)

92

L.2111384

Prosopis farcta (Sol. ex Russell) J.F. Macbr. [Leguminosae]

Prosopis stephaniana Spreng.

Acatiae frembde dorn stauden

Schamuth (Arabic), Schack (Local)

93

L.2111385

Iris aucheri (Baker) Sealy [Iridaceae]

Iris fumosa Boiss.

N/A

Tharasalis (Local)

94

L.2111386

Eminium spiculatum (Blume) Schott [Araceae]

Helicophyllum crassipes Schott

Dracunculus minor

Schlangen oder natter wurtz (German)

95

L.2111387

Sideritis perfoliata L. [Lamiaceae]

Sideritis perfoliata L.

Oruala, Harminum Sylvestre N/A

96

L.2111388

Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary ex Rech.f. [Lamiaceae]

Phlomis orientalis Mill.

Verbascum sylvestre per pulchrum

97

L.2111389

Scorzonera cf. latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC.[ Asteraceae]

Scorzonera libanotica Boiss. Scorzonera mit purpur farben bluemen,

Serpentinia Viperina (Latin), Corton (Local)

98

L.2111390

Scorzonera cf. latifolia (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) DC.[ Asteraceae]

Scorzonera libanotica Boiss. Scorzonera

N/A

99

L.2111391

Biarum syriacum (Spreng.) Riedl [Araceae]

Biarum russellianum Schott

Arisarum angustifolium

Homeid (Local)

100

L.2111392

Biarum bovei Blume [Araceae]

Biarum bovei var. blumei Engl.

Arum minus, officinis Aron

Klein natterwurtz (German), Caasaamj (Local)

101

L.2111393

Eminium rauwolffii (Blume) Helicophyllum rauwolffii Schott [Araceae] Schott

Ari minoris species

Caasaami Ouidue (Local)

102

L.2111394

Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill. [Cistaceae]

Planta g Panax Chironium refert

N/A

103

L.2111395

Siebera pungens (Lam.) DC. Siebera pungens (Gay.) [Asteraceae]

Asteris attici dioscoridis spe- N/A cies esse uidet

104

L.2111396

Papaver argemone L. [Papaveraceae]

Papaver argemone L.

Anemone floribus purpura scentibus

Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek (Arabic), Schageck (Local)

105

L.2111397

Ranunculus millefolius Banks & Sol. [Ranunculaceae]

Ranunculus orientalis L.

Oenanthe species ce uidet g ad stringendi sie et corroborandi cum poßidet fl. subluveis

N/A

106

L.2111398

Anemone coronaria L. [Ranunculaceae]

Anemone coronaria L.

Anemones species alia fl. rubeis

Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek achmar (Arabic)

107

L.2111399

Ranunculus asiaticus L. [Ranunculaceae]

Ranunculus asiaticus L.

Anemones species alia rara minus cognita fl. luteis,

Frembdes Anemone rößline (German), Sakaiek asfar (Arabic)

108

L.2111400

Peganum harmala L. [Nitrariaceae]

Peganum harmala L.

Frembdes wilde Rautten, Harmola genant, Officinis Harmela

Harmel (Arabic)

Helianthemum niloticum Pers.


N/A


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.



Collection location





Nasturtium peregrinum per pulchrum Halepi in Vetustis adificiorum muris. ad modum freguens

Wilden Kressichs (German)

Page

Barcode

109

L.2111401

Lepidium perfoliatum L. [Brassicaceae]

Lepidium perfoliatum L.

110

L.2111402

Astragalus suberosus Banks & Sol. [Leguminosae]

Astragalus tuberculosus DC. Astragali species

111

L.2111403

Astragalus brachystachys DC. [Leguminosae]

Astragalus platyraphis Fisch.

Astragalus uerus Dioscoridis Rechte Christian wurtzl nondum cognitus Dioscoridis noch gantz unbekandt (German)

112

L.2111404

Scorzonera suberosa K.Koch [Asteraceae]

Scorzonera tuberosa Pall.

Chondrilla vera secunda Dioscoridis nondum cognita

N/A

113

L.2111405

Scorzonera psychrophila Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn. / S. cinerea Boiss. [Asteraceae]

Scorzonera lanata M.Bieb.

Chondrilla secunda uera Diosco species alia

N/A

114

L.2111406

Lepidium draba L. [Brassicaceae]

Lepidium draba L.

Arabicis draba Dioscoridis

N/A

115

Missing specimen

Ptilostemon stellatus (L.) Greuter [Asteraceae]

N/A

Carduus stellatus

Wallendistel, Radendistel (German), Chauße ttappe (French)

116

L.2111407

Centaurea solstitialis L. [Asteraceae]

Centaurea solstitialis L.



117

L.2111408

Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. [Asteraceae]

Notobasis syriaca Cass. = Carduus syriacus L.

Carduus albus laeteus, spina alba Diosc.

Bedeguard (Arabic)

118

L.2111409

Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. [Iridaceae]

Gladiolus imbricatus L.

Gladiolus

Schwertel (German), Xiphion (Greek)

119

L.2111410

Euphorbia petiolata Banks & Sol. [Euphorbiaceae]

Euphorbia lanata Sieb., Euphorbia syriaca Spreng.

Peplus, Griechen vnnd Latinis zugleich,

N/A

120

L.2111411

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. [Euphorbiaceae]

Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) A.Juss. var. verbasci folia (Willd.) Müll.Arg.

Heliotropium mainus

Tornesola (French), Pliny tricocon

121

L.2111412

Paronychia argentea Lam. [Caryophyllaceae]

Paronychia argentea Lam.

Polygonum peregrinum

Wegdritt oder weggrass (German)

122

L.2111413

Hypericum helianthemoides (Spach) Boiss. [Hypericaceae]

Hypericum helianthemoides Boiss.

Coris

Wantzenkrautt (German)

123

L.2111414

Erodium gruinum (L.) L’Hér. [Geraniaceae]

Erodium gruinum Willd.

Geraneum off: rostrum cuotria

N/A

124

L.2111415

Erucaria hispanica (L.) Druce [Brassicaceae]

Erucaria aleppica Gaertn. var. latifolia, Erucaria latifolia DC.

Eruca minor

Wildt weyß Senff (German)

125

L.2111416

Medicago rotata Boiss. [Leguminosae]

Medicago galilaea Boiss.

Medica peregrina

Cott, Alfasfasa (Arabic)

126

L.2111417

Trigonella caelesyriaca Boiss. [Leguminosae]

Trigonella aleppica Boiss. & Trifolium corniculatum Hausskn.

127

L.2111418

Trifolium tomentosum L. [Leguminosae]

Trifolium tomentosum L.

Trifolium peregrinum

N/A

128

L.2111419

Medicago radiata L. [Leguminosae]

Trigonella radiata (L.) Boiss.

Trifolium aliud peregrinum folliculis sena similimis

Klee

129

L.2111420

Chardinia orientalis (L.) Kuntze [Asteraceae]

Chardinia xeranthemoides Desf.

Cyanus albus rarus

Schön weisse korn bluemen (German)

130

L.2111421

Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. [Papaveraceae]

Roemeria orientalis Boiss.

Papaver corniculatum fl: carvleis

N/A

131

L.2111422

Roemeria hybrida (L.) DC. [Papaveraceae]

Roemeria hybrida DC., Chelidonium hybridum L.

Papaveris corniculati fl: caruleis alis species

N/A


Christian wurtzl (German), Cues de Montaigne (French)

Grosser steinklee mit vil langen schöttlin (German)

13


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.



Collection location

14





Hyoscyamus reticulatus L.

Hyoscyami species alia rara

Bilsomen geschlecht (German)

Ceratocephalus falcatus (L.) Ceratocephalus falcatus Pers. [Ranunculaceae] Pers.

Melampyrum pusillum luteum

Paponesch (Local)

L.2111425

Hypecoum imberbe Sm. [Papaveraceae]

Hypecoum grandiflorum Benth.

Cuminum sylvestre alterum siliguosum Dioscoridis

Wilden Kümmichs anders geschlecht Dioscoridis (German)

135

L.2111426

Astracantha deinacantha (Boiss.) Podlech [Leguminosae]

Astragalus oleifolius DC.

Poterion Dioscoridis

Megasac (Local)

136

L.2111427

Salvia ceratophylla L. [Lamiaceae]

Salvia ceratophylla L.

Orminum rarum, folys laciniatis

N/A

137

L.2111428

Salvia viridis L. (Lamiaceae) Salvia horminum L.

Orminum satiuum Dioscoridis

Garten Scharlach (German)

138

L.2111429

Lomelosia palaestina (L.) Raf. [Caprifoliaceae]

Scabiosa palaestina L. γ calocephala

Scabiosa per pulchra

Schen apostem krautt (German)

139

L.2111430

Scabiosa prolifera L. [Caprifoliaceae]

Scabiosa prolifera L.

Scabiosa peregrina

N/A

140

L.2111431

Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. [Asteraceae]

Crupina vulgaris Cass.

Scabiosa minima perrara

N/A

141

L.2111432

Onosma cf. frutescens Lam. [Boragianceae]

Onosma echioides L.

Anpseudauchusa Pliny

WIlde Ochssenzungen (German)

142

L.2111433

Salvia multicaulis Vahl [Lamiaceae]

Salvia acetabulosa Vahl

Salvia peregrina

N/A

143

L.2111434

Leontice leontopetalum L. [Berberidaceae]

Leontice leontopetalum L.

Leontopetalum Diosc.

Aslab (Local)

144

L.2111435

Bongardia chrysogonum (L.) Spach [Berberidaceae]

Bongardia rauwolfii C.A.Mey.

Chrysogonum Verum Diosc: N/A nondum cognitum

145

L.2111436

Caccinia macranthera (Banks & Sol.) Brand [Boragianceae]

Caccinia russellii Boiss.

Lycopsis Dioscoridis nondum cognita

Lycopsis (Greek)

146

L.2111437

Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. [Asparagaceae]

Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.

Hyacinthus Comosus minor

Blaw mertzen bluemen (German)

147

L.2111438

Hyacinthus orientalis L. [Asparagaceae]

N/A

Hyacinthus orientalis

Zumbel (Local)

148

L.2111439

Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. [Ixioliridaceae]

Ixiolirion montanum (Labill.) Schult. & Schult.f.

Asphodelus bulbosus fl: cae- N/A ruleis, fl: et folys proxime ad Phalongium accedens

149

L.2111440

Bellevalia warburgii Feinbrun [Asparagaceae]

Bellevalia ciliata Nees

Hyacinthus minor Comosus peregrinus

N/A

150

L.2111441

Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br. [Colchicaceae]

Colchicum fasciculare (L.) R.Br.

Colchicum Syriacum pere grinum Hermodactylus

Zeitlosen unbekandet geschlecht (German), Kusam, Surugen (Local)

151

L.2111442

Aristolochia maurorum L. [Aristolochiaceae]

Aristolochia maurorum L.

Aristolochia species exotica incognita

Rhasut, Rumig (Local)

152

L.2111443

Astragalus cretaceus Boiss. & Kotschy A. surugensis Boiss. & Hausskn. [Leguminosae]

Astragalus foliosus Bunge

Troginm alterum Dioscoridis Secudes, Sucudus (Arabic, Veru, planta incognita Local)

153

L.2111444

Allium nigrum L. [Amaryllidaceae]

Allium nigrum L.

Allium sylvestre latioris foly. siue Versinum

Waldknoblach (German)

154

L.2111445

Ornithogalum narbonense L. [Asparagaceae]

Ornithogalum narbonense L.

Ornithogalum maius, Asphodelus bulbosus Galeni. nonuullis

N/A

Page

Barcode

132

L.2111423

Hyoscyamus reticulatus L. [Solanaceae]

133

L.2111424

134



TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.


Mount Lebanon

Along the Euphrates River on the way to Baghdad

Collection location




Narcissus tazetta L. [Amaryllidaceae]

Narcissus tazetta L.

Narcißus medio luteus

Mertzen blomen geschlecht, Narcissen rößline genant (German), Negrieß (Arabic, Local)

L.2111447

Narcissus tazetta L. [Amaryllidaceae]

Narcissus tazetta L.

Narcißus multiplex

Narcissen rößline mit gefülten blomen (German), Modaph (Local)

157

L.2111448

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth [Convolvulaceae]

Pharbitis nil Choisy

Campana Carulea, Prosis Acafta, Latinis garnum indicum oder carthamus indicus

Hab al Nil (Arabic), Hasinsea (Local)

158

L.2111449

Amaranthus graecizans L. [Amaranthaceae]

Amaranthus sylvestris Desf.

Amarantus tricolor, Symphonia pliny

Pappegey federlein, ein geschlecht tausentschönes (German)

159

L.2111450

Lilium candidum L. [Liliaceae]

Lilium candidum L.

Lilium Theophrasti nondum cognitum

N/A

160

L.2111451

Lycium europaeum L. [Solanaceae]

Lycium europaeum L.

Ramni species

Nausegi et Alhausegi (Arabic)

161

L.2111452

Populus euphratica Oliv. [Salicaceae]

Populus euphratica Oliv.

N/A

Garb (Arabic, Local)

162

L.2111453

Euphorbia chamaesyce L. [Euphorbiaceae]

Euphorbia chamaesyce L.

Chamasyce

N/A

163

Missing specimen

Anabasis sp. or Salsola sp. [Chenopodiaceae]

N/A

Cali

Saltzkrautt (German)

164

L.2111454

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Sorghum vulgare Pers. Moench cv. Durra [Poaceae]



165

L.2111455

Glinus lotoides L. [Molluginaceae]

Mollugo hirta Thunb.

Aqine exotica nondum cognita

N/A

166

L.2111456

Cyperus rotundus L. [Cyperaceae]

Cyperus rotundus L.

Cyperus rotundus Orientalis maior uel Babylonicus

Wilder Galgen mit runden wurtzlen der grössern (German), Soedt (Local)

167

L.2111457

Bidens tripartita L. [Asteraceae]

Bidens tripartita L.

Canabina g et Eupatorium dici potest, flore stellato luteo

Schöne geschlecht Kunigundenkrauts (German)

168

L.2111458

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [Asteraceae]

Eclipta alba Hassk., Verbesina alba L.

Aqine per pulchra et rara

Hunerserb (German)

169

L.2111459

Rheum ribes L. [Polygonaceae]

Rheum ribes L.

Ribes Arabicum veri et incogniti Capreoli

Rob Ribes (Local)

170

L.2111460

Rheum ribes L. [Polygonaceae]

Rheum ribes L.

Ribes veri Arabicum folia

Rob Ribes (Local)

171

L.2111461

Styrax officinalis L. [Styracaceae]

Styrax officinalis L.

Styrax officinis Storax Calamita

Al Starach (Arabic)

172

L.2111462

Platanus orientalis L. [Platanaceae]

Platanus orientalis L.

Platanus montis Libani

Ahorne baum des Libanishcen gebürges (German), Dulb (Arabic)

173

L.2111463

Cedrus libani A.Rich. [Pinaceae]

Cedrus libani A.Rich.

Cedrus Montis Lybani, Arabicibus Sebin

Sebin (Local)

174

L.2111464

Astragalus coluteoides Willd. [Leguminosae]

Astragalus micracme Boiss.

Tragacantha specie alia

Ein geschlecht der Dornstauden (German)

175

L.2111465

Fibigia clypeata (L.) Medik. Fibigia obovata Boiss. [Brassicaceae]

Alyßum Dioscoridis

N/A

176

L.2111466

Cercis siliquastrum L. [Leguminosae]

Cercis siliquastrum L.

Siliqua sylvestres, Arbor Tude alys Cercis

Wildt S. Johans brott, Judas baum (German)

177

L.2111467

Globularia alypum L. [Plantaginaceae]

Globularia alypum L.

Alypum reperi et in monte Cetippe Magelona herba terribili uulgo

N/A

Page

Barcode

155

L.2111446

156



15


TAXON — 28 May 2018: 16 pp.


Mount Lebanon (continued)

Collection location

16




N/A

Tacea species pulchra flore Cyaneo

N/A

Helichrysum cf. chiono philum Boiss. & Balansa [Asteraceae]

Helichrysum plicatum DC.

Gnaphalion montanum, fl. ut capitulis potius candidis pulcherrimis

N/A

L.2111470

Michauxia campanuloides L’Hér. [Campanulaceae]

Michauxia campanuloides L’Hér.

Medium Verum Dioscoridis, N/A planta nondum cognita, Mindium Rhasis

181

L.2111471

Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel. [Asteraceae]

Helichrysum sanguineum (L.) Kostel.

Baccharis Dioscoridis quo rundam

N/A

182

L.2111472

Acanthus hirsutus subsp. syriacus (Boiss.) Brummitt [Acanthaceae]

Acanthus syriacus Boiss.

Acanthus Dioscoridis ureus saliuus

Bernklaw, die Zame (German)

183

L.2111473

Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers. [Asteraceae]

Cardopatium corymbosum (L.) Pers.

Chamaleon niger Dioscoridis

Eberwurtz die recht frembd (German)

184

L.2111474

Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link [Leguminosae]

Calicotome villosa Link

Acatia altera folio Cytisi Mach

N/A

185

L.2111475

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach [Rosaceae]

Poterium spinosum L.

Pimpinella Sanguisorba spinosa incognita

N/A

186

L.2111476

Artedia squamata L. [Apiaceae]

Artedia squamata L.

Gingidium uerum Dioscoridis

N/A

187

L.2111477

Origanum syriacum L. [Lamiaceae]

Origanum maru var. sinaicum Boiss, Origanum aegyptiacum L.

Origanum onitis

N/A

188

L.2111478

Centaurea behen L. [Asteraceae]

Centaurea behen L.

Behen Album Arabicum uerum

Behmen Abiad (Arabic)

189

L.2111479

Limonium oleifolium Mill. [Plumbaginaceae]

Statice rorida Sm.

Limonium paruum oleafolium

Frembde Natternwurtzel die kleiner (German)

190

L.2111480

Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. [Plumbaginaceae]

Statice sinuata L.

Limonium exoticum

N/A

191

L.2111481

Gossypium herbaceum L. [Malvaceae]

Gossypium herbaceum L.

Goßipium xylum officinic et Baumwoll (German) Barbaris Cotum Bambax

192

L.2111482

Rhamnus punctata Boiss. [Rhamnaceae]

Rhamnus punctata Boiss.

Lycium Diosc: Verum

Hadhadh (Arabic), Zaröa (Local)

193

L.2111483

Phoenix dactylifera L. [Arecaceae]

Phoenix dactylifera L.

Palma

Dattelbaum (German), Machal, siue Nachal (Arabic)

194

L.2111484

Phoenix dactylifera L. [Arecaceae]

Phoenix dactylifera L.

Palma elate, davon Leuit: 23, Contocor 5. 7.

Frucht der Dattelbaum (German)

195

L.2111485

Ceratonia siliqua L. [Leguminosae]

Ceratonia siliqua L.

Siliquae

St. Johanns brott (German), Ceratia Ceratonia (Greek)

196

L.2111486

Paliurus spina-christi Mill. [Rhamnaceae]

Paliurus aculeatus Lam.

Ramnus tertius Dioscoridis

N/A

197

L.2111487

Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf. [Rhamnaceae]

Ziziphus spina-christi W.

Paliurus Theophrasti, Zizyphus alba columellae, arbot admodiun peregrina

N/A

198

L.2111488

Pistacia atlantica Desf. [Anacardiaceae]

Pistacia terebinthus L.

Therebintus indica Theophrasti

Terebenthin Baum (German), Botin, Albotin giubir, Fael (Arabic)

199

L.2111489

Pistacia atlantica Desf. [Anacardiaceae]

Pistacia terebinthus L.

Terebinthus indica minor

Terebenthin Baum der kleiner (German), Botin Sougier (Arabic)

200

L.2111490

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. [Malvaceae]

Hibiscus manihot L.

Trionum Theophrasti

N/A

Page

Barcode

178

L.2111468

Xeranthemum cylindraceum Sm. [Asteraceae]

179

L.2111469

180

