Apr 25, 2007 - support small business ... Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, ..... BC Hydro PowerSmart.
http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
Building energy efficiency: everybody can win IRC-ORAL-814 Veitch, J.A. April 25, 2007
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Building Energy Efficiency: Everybody Can Win Jennifer A. Veitch, Ph.D.
Overview
• Introduction to NRC • Why care about occupants? • Increasing energy-efficiency through individual controls
National Research Council Canada • Developing and transferring knowledge to support innovation and commercialization – 24 research institutes & programs – 1 institute for construction sector • Network of technology advisors to support small business – 260 industrial technology advisors in 90 communities – over $124.2M in support each year
NRC Institute for Research in Construction (NRC-IRC) • Established 1947 • Guided by industry advisory board & 2 independent Commissions • $30 million annual budget • 230 employees • Post-Doctoral Fellows • Visiting Workers
NRC Construction
• • • •
Durability Sustainability Safety Occupant Satisfaction
NRC-IRC Services for Industry • Research to address industry and government priorities • Support for building regulatory system • Evaluation of innovative construction products • Dissemination of technical knowledge • Decision tools • Commercializing technology
Support for Building Regulatory System • Partnership with provinces and territories • Governed by Codes Commission (CCBFC) • Brings research to bear on code development • A new era – Objective-based codes – Model energy code
Evaluation of Innovative Construction Products • Canadian Construction Materials Centre (NRC-CCMC) • Canadian Infrastructure Technology Assessment Centre (CITAC) Objective To provide a national evaluation service that facilitates market acceptance of innovative products and systems nationally and internationally.
Research – Health and Occupant Satisfaction
Research – Health and Occupant Satisfaction • Indoor Air Quality: – Managing emissions of VOC’s – Energy-efficient ventilation of houses • Acoustics: – Evaluation tools for open-plan offices – Speech in classrooms • Lighting: – Lighting quality – Design tools: Daysim, LIGHTSWITCH, SkyVision – Individual control over lighting
Canadian Buildings and Energy • Buildings account for 35-40% of national energy consumption • Commercial and institutional buildings contribute ~13% of greenhouse gas emissions and ~13% of total energy use • Commercial building energy use increased 35% from 1990 to 2004
Source: Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency
People in Buildings
• People spend 90% of their time indoors
The Cost of Work
• People cost more than buildings by all estimates
Staff 82% 3% Maintenance & Operations
Equipment & Training 10% 5% Building & Furnishings
Source: Brill, M., Weidemann, S., & BOSTI Associates. (2001). Disproving myths about workplace design. Jasper, IN: Kimball International.
Value of the Investment • In the USA, the cost of salaries and benefits taken together is $167/sf as compared to $0.36/sf for the lighting operating cost.
Source: www.lightright.org
Importance of Employee Satisfaction
Charles, K.E., Veitch, J.A., Farley, K.M.J., Newsham, G.R. (2003). Environmental Satisfaction in Open-Plan Environments: 3. Further Scale Validation, Research Report, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, pp. 27 (RR-152; B3205.21).
Employee Attitudes
Carlopio, J. R. (1996). Construct validity of a physical work environment satisfaction questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1(3), 330-344.
Business Performance
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268-279.
Barriers to Energy Efficiency • Survey of US lighting industry showed lack of demand for energy-efficient products slowed sales – Difficulty making economic case for increased first costs – Risks of problems for employees • Survey of Canadian designers, engineers, facilities managers found high first costs, risks of novelty, and system complexity limited use of building automation systems • Survey of lighting decision-makers in organizations showed they would make an investment in the work environment if it improved employee satisfaction
Individual Controls and Energy Several studies linking Individual control over lighting to energy savings of 10-40+% On average, people choose lower light levels than recommended practice Manual switching in response to daylight and occupancy Several studies show satisfaction benefits NRC-IRC has conducted 4 lab experiments and 1 field study on this topic
Individual Controls
Openable Windows Acoustic Control Ventilation Direction
Task Lighting Temperature Control
Ventilation Control
Individual Controls
• PC-based controls available for lighting and ventilation • IR remote controls, wall-mounted controls
Benefits to Building Manager • Automated controls: occupancy sensing, daylight-linked dimming • Integration with building energy management system • Load control • Peak energy use
Lighting Quality Project, Expt 2
Direct Parabolic (ceiling perimeter), 4’ fixture, 2-32 W lamps (x10), dimmable Direct Parabolic (ceiling centre), 4’ fixture, 2-32 W lamps (x10), dimmable
task light (undershelf), 2’ fixture, 17 W lamps (x6), non-dimmable
Indirect (partitionmounted), 4’ fixture, 2-32 W lamps (x8), dimmable
LQ, Expt 2 Procedure
• LC participants adjusted lighting to their preferences at start of day • NC participants got same lighting without knowing who set it • Participants worked for a day under lighting: 47 matched pairs • At end of day NC participants set lighting to their own preferences
LQ, Expt 2 Results
• Overall, ratings of the quality of the lighting and satisfaction with the space were very high (4 out of 5) • Having control didn't affect performance or satisfaction • NC participants made less use of perimeter parabolics resulting in reduced VDT glare and lower LPD
Veitch, J. A., & Newsham, G. R. (2000). Exercised control, lighting choices, and energy use An office simulation experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20, 219-237.
LQ, Expt 2 Lighting Preferences 16
Frequency
14
IES RP1
LC NC
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
100
200
300 400 500 600 700 Desktop Illuminance (lux)
800
Veitch, J. A., & Newsham, G. R. (2000). Preferred luminous conditions in open-plan offices Research and practice recommendations. Lighting Research and Technology, 32, 199-212.
LQ, Expt 2 Energy Use 16 14
LC NC
ASHRAE 90.1 & Energy Code
Frequency
12 10 8
Mean = 14.3 W/m2 Savings = 10-20%
6 4 2 0
2.2
6.5 10.8 15.1 19.4 Lighting Power Density (W/m2)
23.7
Veitch, J. A., & Newsham, G. R. (2000). Preferred luminous conditions in open-plan offices Research and practice recommendations. Lighting Research and Technology, 32, 199-212.
LQ, Expt 2 Satisfaction Benefits • Focus on NC participants • New, categorical, independent variable: – SAME, during day NC got within 100 lux of what they chose at end of day – DIFF, during day NC got Edesk differing by >100 lux, in either direction, from what they chose at end of day
Newsham, G. R., & Veitch, J. A. (2001). Lighting quality recommendations for VDT offices A new method of derivation. Lighting Research and Technology, 33, 97-116.
LQ, Expt 2 Satisfaction Benefits
DIFF SAME
DIFF DIFF SAME SAME
DIFF SAME
Newsham, G. R., & Veitch, J. A. (2001). Lighting quality recommendations for VDT offices A new method of derivation. Lighting Research and Technology, 33, 97-116.
Fraction within 100 lx of preference
LQ Expt 2 Preferences 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0
200
400
600
800
Desktop Illuminance (lx) Newsham, G. R., & Veitch, J. A. (2001). Lighting quality recommendations for VDT offices A new method of derivation. Lighting Research and Technology, 33, 97-116.
Controls Lab 1 Method
Design 1
Design 2
4.9m x 6.1m x 2.7m (16’ x 20’ x 9’) room 2.4m x 2.4m (8’ x 8’) cubicles
Design 3
Design 4
Controls Lab 1 Participants • • • • •
118 participants 2 participants per session 1 day exposure Random assignment to lighting designs 1 of 4 initial lighting levels – ~ 200, 400, 600, 800 lx (Designs 1-3) – ~ 150, 200, 250, 300 lx (Design 4)
Controls Lab 1 Schedule Questionnaires (1) & Task Training T1
Morning Break
Tasks (1) Lunch T2
Questionnaires (2) & Tasks (2) Afternoon Break
T3
Control Introduced Questionnaires (3) & Tasks (3)
Controls Lab 1 Chosen Conditions
Desktop Illuminance, lux FIX_DESK
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
1
2 3 Lighting Design DESIGN
4
Newsham, G. R., Veitch, J. A., Arsenault, C., & Duval, C. (2004). Effect of dimming control on office worker satisfaction and performance. In Proceedings of the IESNA Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, July 26-28, 2004 (pp. 19-41). New York IESNA.
Controls Lab 1 Lighting Satisfaction 4 Lighting Satisfaction Glare Dissatisfaction
Mean Rating
3
2
• Similar effect on: – Overall environmental satisfaction – Session satisfaction – Self-assessed productivity
1
Control introduced 0 T1
T2
T3
Time of Day Newsham, G. R., Veitch, J. A., Arsenault, C., & Duval, C. (2004). Effect of dimming control on office worker satisfaction and performance. In Proceedings of the IESNA Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, July 26-28, 2004 (pp. 19-41). New York IESNA.
Controls Lab 1 Lighting Satisfaction •
•
Not just having control, it’s using it to create preferred conditions Participants who made the biggest changes in light levels post-control were furthest from their own preferred luminous conditions pre-control; and, they will experience the biggest improvements in outcomes as a result
Δ Lighting Satisfaction D_LSAT
4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
r2adj = 0.13
-3 -4 0
10
20 30 |ΔPADELTA_D(3) E |0.5
40
desk
Newsham, G. R., Veitch, J. A., Arsenault, C., & Duval, C. (2004). Effect of dimming control on office worker satisfaction and performance. In Proceedings of the IESNA Annual Conference, Tampa, FL, July 26-28, 2004 (pp. 19-41). New York IESNA.
Personal Environmental Controls • Laboratory experiment personal control over lighting and ventilation • Effects of control • Effects of ramping (demand response) • Interactions
Personal Environmental Controls - Conditions 600
25
Supply
o
Air Temperature ( C)
500
24
24oC 400
23
Supply 18oC
300
Supply 18oC
22
200
Dim ↓ 2%/min 21
100
Time of Day
• Total flow rate ~350 ls-1, ~25% outdoor air
15:30
14:30
13:30
12:30
11:30
10:30
9:30
0 8:30
20
Desktop Illuminance (lux)
Dim @ 75%
Dim @ 75%
Personal Environmental Controls — Results • Chosen lighting and ventilation conditions differed from the static settings for no-control participants 15
Iluminance (lx)
45-50
40-45
35-40
30-35
25-30
20-25
0 15-20
700-800
600-700
500-600
400-500
300-400
200-300
100-200
0-100
0
5
10-15
5
10
5-10
10
0-5
Frequency
Frequency
15
-1
Flow Rate (ls )
• ~10% reduction for lighting energy use; savings for ventilation system would depend on system configuration
Personal Environmental Controls — Results • Controls used 2-3 times per day, mostly in the morning • Controls were perceived as being easy to use • Having control … – improved environmental satisfaction – decreased distraction from environmental changes
Personal Environmental Controls — Results • Ramping did not affect environmental satisfaction, and the changes were scarcely noticed; however, discomfort increased slightly with ramping • No interaction - having control didn't change the response to ramping • Guidelines for demand response: in a power emergency,the following changes shouldn't create undue hardship: – Temperature change rates: ~0.5-1.0 oC/hr up to 25oC – Lighting reductions by dimming: ~20% from 500 lux • Extended to >40% if done slowly, and with no expectation
Newsham, G. R., Donnelly, C., Mancini, S., Marchand, R. G., Lei, W., Charles, K. E., & Veitch, J. A. (2006, August). The effect of ramps in temperature and electric light level on office occupants: A literature review and a laboratory experiment. In Proceedings of the 2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (Pacific Grove, California, August 13, 2006) (pp. 4-252 to 4-264). Washington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy.
Light Right Albany
Base Case
Best Practice
Best Practice + Switchable Control
Dimming Control
Light Right Lighting Appraisals
Selected Office Lighting Survey results (* Χ2 test shows p
