c10-2-3 239..256

{

256 239 :(2010 KRGK) 2 ,N ,FIGGZG FZCI

CZYC \GKRKPG \GKPKJRKB ,\GKDGH ,\eFPKB :F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R ZYIPNG FYKJYZVN \GKGTP\[F FTGZ EKGKEG KRNKB-QPSKH FZTK OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ QFKKIC G\GTP[PG ZEDP D[GPF \ZEDFN ZGYZHF \B FRVP FH ZPBP FNB OK[R N[ KDGNGKCF QKPN GZYKTC SIKK\P KTGXYPFG KPEYBF IK[F .\G[Y [VR \GNIP \GK\GCZ\F \GKGTP\[FNG \GK[RN ,ZEDPN CN \PG[\ \GIV [KEYPG ,QFC NGVKJF NT G\MN[FG N[ \GKRKPG \GKDGH ,\GKPKJRKB ,\eFPKB QGDM OKB[GR ZGYSR FH ZPBPC .LMN [K[ \GK\ZCIFG .FPNIFF LKNF\N O\PGZ\G OEKYV\ \B QICR QMG ,\G[Y [VR \GNIP N[ Z[YFC OK[R \GEEGP\P N[ OKMZXC NGVKJN OKB\\[ ZEDP \[KDZ F[KD F[GZE KM BKF \KZYKTF GR\RYSP \GEEGP\P .\K\ZCI FMKP\G OKK[KB-QKC OKSIK ,\GZGF ,\eFPKB QGDM OKB[GRC \GEYP\F LG\ OKYSGTF .\KPKJRKBG \KDGH OKSIK \MZTP N[ \ZDSPC Q\GKRKPG Q\GK[R \B [PPN \GVBG[ \GCZ EIGKPC FCG[I GH FZMF .FRTPG OGYP LMN \\NG LMC ZKMFN OKMKZX [VRF \GBKZCC OGYK[F LKNF\N \K\GTP[P FPGZ\ OGZ\N FKG[TG ,FNKFYCG FZCIC \GEEGP\PF CGNK[N .FPNIFFG OK[R ,FYKJYZV ,\GKRKP ,\GKDGH ,\eFPKB ,\G[Y [VR \GNIP :I\VP \GNKP

\GKGNCDGPM \GZVSC \GZEDGP (Severe Mental Illnesses ± SMI) \G[Y [VR \GNIP ,\GM[GPPG \GZKE\ \GK\ZCI \GKGNKTVG \GKPGK-OGK \GPK[P TGXKCC \GKEGYV\ FZEDFC .(Anthony, Cohen, Farkas, & Gagne, 2002) KZJBKMKSV QGICBC \GGNPF (\KCJGY-GE FTZVF) FKSZVE-FKRBPG KZG'HP QGBMKE ,FKRZVGHKMS QGDM \GNIP \GNNMR OKZBG\P OKZCDN OK[R QKC OKNECFC OKYSGTF OKZYIPF \KCZP .(Dicky, 2005) \GZEDFC OK[P\[PG OKKDGNGKC OKNECFC OKEYP\P ;\KDGNGKC JCP \EGYRP ,\KZEDP FYGNI BNG ,"FCYR" \PGTN "ZMH"N FYGNI QGDM) Q\GFPC \GKDGNGKC Kulkarni, 1997; Sajatovic, Jenkins, Strauss, Butt, &) ("F[KB" \PGTN "ZCD" .\GRGCRF QFK\GZTF NT FMNP KNJNG QKX NKBNKBN ,NKZC FTGR Z"EN \GEGFN OK[YCP GRB

239

1.2010 :OGSZVN Z[GB ;1.2010 :QGZIB ISGR ;11.2008 :\MZTPC NCY\F

FTGZ EKGKEG KRNKB-QPSKH FZTK

OK[R CZYC [VRF \GNIPP YNI OKMKK[PF OKBXPP ,FPDGEN .(Carpenter, 2005 OKPZGDN \GSIKK\F BNN FEKNG QGKZKF QGDM OKDGNGKHKVG OKKNRGPZGF OKKGRK[N .(Cwikel & Ifrah, 2009) GPXT LKNF\C OKZG[YF OKDGNGMKSV-OKK\ZCI-OKK\CKCS Z\GK CGJ FKRZVGHKMS OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ Q\NIP LNFP KM BXPR :FPDGEN FNIPF OT Z\GK CGJ \GEEGP\P OK[R[ LM ,OKZCD NXB FNIPF LNFPN FBGG[FC Flor-Henry, 1990;) Z\GK FCGJ \K\ZCI \GND\SF \GNTC OD QFG FK\GMN[F OTG \BH ZKCSFN FKKJR [K \KDGNGKCF F[KDN .(Murray, 1994; Sajatovic et al., 2005 \GTXPBC \GIVG ,FRG[F \KNRGPZGFF \MZTPFG IGPF KRCP ,KDGNGKCF QRKP \GTXPBC -OKK\ZCI OKPZGD N[ O\PGZ\P \GPNT\F [K ZPGNM .K\GCZ\-KZEDPF KRG[F .OKK\GCZ\ FKDGNGRKPZJC ZYIPC [P\[FN (Lewine, 1994) QKGN TKXF GH F[KDM BN[ OKZMH QKC GB) OKZCDN OK[R QKC OKKDGNGKC-OKKRKP OKNECFN YZ \SIKK\P FRKB[ KR[ QKC QKICFN BNB ,FKRZVGHKMS \PDGE F[Y [VR \NIP OT OKEEGP\PF (\GCYRN femaleness vs.) "\GKZCD" \PGTN "\GK[R" N[ \GKZEDP \GRICF SKSC NT OKRKPF OKNECFC YGST\[ \KZYIP F[KD ZPGNM ,(maleness or femininity vs. masculinity OKNECFN YZ BN \GSIKK\F OMG\C OKNKMP GNB OKKZEDP OKIGRKP .ZEDP KKGN\ NT \GKDGNGMKSVG \GK\GCZ\ \GTV[FN Z\GK CIZ QVGBC OKSIKK\P BNB ,OKKDGNGKC FRPP FPNIFFG FC NGVKJF NT ODG ,FNIPF OT \GEEGP\FF NTG \KPXTF FSKV\F .(Nasser, Walders, & Jenkins, 2002) (Lewine, 1994) \GK[RG \GKZCD N[ OKK\GCZ\ OKRCPN SIKK\P "ZEDP" D[GPF "KZEDP EKYV\"G (Gender Identity) "\KZEDP \GFH" :FR[P KD[GP KR[N YNIRG EDBP JZVF Z[BM \ZXGR "\KZEDP \GFH" .(Nasser et al., 2002) (gender role) ZXG\F \B LVGFG GRKPN TDGRC \GKDGNGKC \GECGT N[G ZEDP N[ \K\ZCI FKRCF GMG\C JZVF N[ \KCKJYKKCGSF FKGGIF GH ,\GZIB OKNKPC .(self concept) KPXT D[GPN GB ZCDM OEB N[ KZGCKXF KGJKCF GRKF "KZEDP EKYV\" ,\BH \PGTN .FCYRM GB ZMHM ,\K\GCZ\ FKRCF LG\P ZXGRF (Ashmore, 1990; Sajatovic et al., 2005) F[KBM FKZGDJY NMN (\GRGMR GB) \GPKB\P \GC[IRF \GKGDFR\FG \GEPT ,\GKVKXN SIKK\PG .(Notman & Nadelson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

FYKJYZVN \GKGTP\[F :F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R CZYC \GKRKPG \GKPKJRKB ,\GKDGH ,\eFPKB

Q\KR FPDGEN LM .GH \K\ZGYKC JCP \EGYR LG\P OKCZ OKPGI\ ZGYING I\RN Q\KR \GMKK\[P QF[ OG[P YZ BN F[Y [VR \NIPP \GNCGSF OK[R N[ QCXP NT EGPNN KRZGF QZBY \KBYKJKNRBGMKSVF .OK[R Q\GKF LG\P BNB "\GNGI" N[ FKZGDJYN I\KV FHKNRBGMKSVF \B KM FR[ 80-P Z\GK KRVN FC\M (Horney, 1926) FPKB\P BKF ,GHM \GKFN \ZPKK\P FRKB[ UB ,QMNG ,OKZCD ZYKTC FC GYSTG ZCD UGSGNKVF N[ G\EPTC \EEXP KRZGF .OKZCD OKGGI[ OKKDGNGMKSV OKMKNF\N ZYKTC .\KZCD BKF F\GNNMC FKXHKNKGGKXF" FKVN[ ,(Georg Simmel) NPKH DZG'D DGNGKXGSFG Horney, 1926,) "OKZCD KEK K[TP ORKF TEPFG \EF ,ZSGPF ,OKYGIF ,FRKEPF UB NT KM FBZR GRRGCBEN .YZVF NT FNGTF FNB[ FRKB ZEDPF \NB[ QMNG (p. 325 OD QYNIC \GIGGZ QEGT GNB \GRTJ ,\KJSKRKPVF F[KDF N[ \GI\V\FFG \GPEY\FF .GRB GRKPKC \GEGYR \RKIC LG\ "ZEDP" D[GPF N[ \K[RF FKZGDJYC EYP\R FH ZPBPC OK[R CZYC \GKRKPG \GKDGH ,\GKPKJRKB ,\eFPKBN OKZG[YF OKRG[ OKB[GRG \GKHMZP ZEDPF \GCK[I \B OK[KDEP GNB OKB[GR KM OKRKPBP GRB .[VR \GNIP N[ Z[YFC KVM TYZ FR\[P G\GKFN ZCTP ,KHMZPG K\GTP[P FR\[PM [VRF \GBKZC OGI\C .OGKM \GZVSC GKNB SIKK\FN DGFRF OKRKPS\F Z\K QKC[ QTJRG ,OGI\C \KJRGGNZ \GZVS N[ FZKYS DKXR FH ZPBPC ZEDPF KEKYV\NG \KZEDPF \GFHN OD FNGED \GCK[I [K ,FNIPN \GGNRF \GTVG\FG \KZEDPF \GFHF \D[FC OKK[Y OT \GEEGP\P QF EXKM YGECRG ,OPKT \GFEHP OK[R[ .F\P[DFCG

ZYIPF \JK[ Google) ZNGYS NDGD N[ [GVKIF TGRP \GTXPBC F\[TR FH ZPBPN \GZVSF \ZKYS ULI ± Israel Union List of Haifa) FVKI \JKSZCKRGB \KKZVSN Z[GYPF (Scholar TEKP KZDBP KR[ CN[PF) APAPsycNET KDGNGMKSVF TEKPF ZDBP ,(university \NCDF BNN (PsycARTICALS-G PsycINFO :FKDGNGMKSVF OGI\C OKZMGPG OKNGED ET 1970 OKR[N NCDGF[ PubMed TEKPF ZDBPC OD [GPK[ GRK[T EGT .OKR[ \ZDSP

\GNIP ,OK[R :GKF \GZVSF \ZKYS O[N [GPK[ F[TR QFC[ [GVKIF \GNKP .2009 OKZPBPF .(\KNDRBF FV[C) OKKPKJRKB OKSIKG \GKRKP ,\eFPKB ,\G[Y [VR GYST[ OKKZGYP OKZYIPG FZKYS KZPBP GKF FZKYS LZGXN GNNMRG GBZYR[ OKZYIPFG OF OKZYIPFG OKZPBPF \KCZP .\G[Y [VR \GNIPNG OK[RN OKZG[YF OKB[GRC .\KZCTC C\MR OJGTKP ,\KNDRBC

241


OKBXPP \eFPKB KPXTF \GKGGI \B ZB[F QKC \GNNGM OK[R CZYC \GKHMZPG \GJNGC \GKZEDP \GKGFH EIB BGF \eFPKBF EKYV\[ LMC C[I\FC .OBMG DGH \CM ,KRKP ZGXKM F[KBM FPMG FPM \IB NT NBZ[KCG ,NNMC ONGTC OK[R N[ OKHMZPF OKKZEDPF OKEKYV\F N[ QKKVBPG KZEDP EKYV\ NBM FH B[GRN SIKK\FN [K ,(Berkovitch, 1997 :FPDGEN) \ZKXKC \KHMZP FEGYRM ODG ,\G[Y \GK[VR \GTZVF OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R CZYC \GFH Diaz-Caneja & Johnson, 2004; Kohen, 2001; Montgomery,) NGVKJF LZTP OK[R CZYC \eFPKB KM QKKXN [K .(Tompkins, Forchuk, & French, 2006 N[ QGKZVF KZGTK[ LM NT OKEKTPG ,\PKKY FTVG\ FRKF [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \GBKZC OK[R CZYC OKPKKYF GNBN OKPGEF F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R OKENKF ZVSP[ QMG ,(Nimgaonkar, Ward, Agarde, Weston, & Ganguli, 1997) OK[RN FBGG[FC \XYPC FGCD UBG FPGE F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ Caton, Cournos, & Dominiguez, 1999; Mowbray, Oyserman, Bybee,) \GBKZC MacFarlane, & Rueda-Riedle, 2001; White, Nicholson, Fisher, & Geller, \fFPKBN KNGVKJF IK[C OGYP [KEYFN [K KM OKRKPBP GRB LM LG\P .(1995

.F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF ZMKF QPKSG \KPXT FP[DF \eFPKBC \GBGZ OK[R[ FIRF [K \GKCZTP \GZCIC ,OK[R ZGCT KIZMFG KTCJ EKYV\M ZYKTC \SV\R \eFPKB .(Letherby, 1994) \GZDCN KEKN FBC GH FIRF .(Ulrich & Weatherall, 2000) KZYKT EPTPG \GFH \CXTPM ODG \GI\V\FN \TKKSP \eFPKB QFKVN[ ,B[GRC \GYSGTF \GKDGNGMKSV \GKZGBK\C KGJKC \GPN[N \PZG\G (Phoenix, Woollett, & Lloyd, 1991) \KCGKI \K[DZG \K[VR OGDVG KDGNG\V ,KTCJ BNM SV\R OBN LGVFN \NGMK ZSGI GB QGXZ ZSGI EGTC ,Z[GBNG \GEGB OKZYIP \GBXG\C \GBZN Q\KR LMC FMKP\ .(Ulrich & Weatherall, 2000) KEM ZYKTC FH KRZEGIG CBGM NGVKJC \GZIGC \GCZ OK[R OFKVN[ \K\GMBNP FKZVF OBN LGVFN FNGMK FRRKB[ F[KBNG \GZYTNG QGKZV-KBN FZG[YF FPDKJSFP TRPKFN .(Crowe, 1987; Rowland, 1992 :FPDGEN) N[ Q\GCK[I[ ,EIBM OK[RG OKZCD CZYC FKGPS \K\ZCI FIRF \IGGZ NBZ[KC \GKIZHB LM-ZIB YZG ,\` GFPKBG \GKTZ [P[NG \ENN Q\NGMK \GMHC ZYKTC FBC OK[R \GRFKN FRNMG\ NBZ[KC OK[R[ KEM ,GH FKGPS FIRF KVN .(Berkovitch, 1997) .(Berkovitch, 1997) LMC \GXZNG \` GFPKB \GKFN QFKNT \GIZHBPG \GKGMH QGKGG[P \KPGBNF FPZC \GTP[P [K \eFPKBN ,(Berkovitch, 1997) 'WKCGYZC \C\GM ,USGRC 242


NBZ[K \RKEP GNB \GIRF \GCYTC KM IKRFN ZKCS .\K[KBF FPZC Z[BP Z\GK IVF KZGHIP \GPMC QG[BZF OGYPC \BXPRG ,QGKZV KB[GRC OKKPNGT OKBK[C FYKHIP FZCIC KM FBZR .(Cwikel & Ifrah, 2009 ;2008 ,WRD-ZERKNG OGZE) (FRICP \GKZVF) LG\P \BHG ,F\eFPKBC \RDGTP F[KB N[ KPXTF \[GI\ KM FIRFF \IGGZ \KNBZ[KF GH FIRF .(Berkovitch, 1997) OKRGKNT OKMZTM FEGNKFG \GK\IV[PF KMZT [GEKY K[DZ SPGT \GGI OKRG[ FKZVF KNGVKJ \GNCYPF OK[R OFKVN[ OKRG\RP \PNT\P disphoric) \GKZGVSKE \GTZVF N[G QGBMKE N[ OKRKPS\ I\VN \GETGPN Q\GB LVGFF KTCJ QVGBC[ KPM \SV\R NBZ[KC F[KB .(Cwikel & Ifrah, 2009) \GKJPGSG (affect KM FBZR LMKVN .KGEKRPG FPDKJSP NGCSN FNGNT BKF { BN OBG ,\ENN \RKKRGTP TRPKFN KEM ZYKTC \` GFPKBN LGVFN \GZIGC OK[R OFC[ OKZYP [K NBZ[KC NGT QPXT NT \GIYGN \` GFPKBN LGVFN BN[ \GZIGCF OK[R GNKBG ,\K\ZCI FPDKJSP .Q\GKV[N UBG Q\GK[RN OKTDGRF OKVKJGBKZJSG FPDKJS N[ K\GTP[P ,CG[I EKYV\ \GFPKBC \GBGZ F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R Bassett, Lampe, & Lloyd, 1999; Chernomas, Clarke, & Chisholm,) NPD\PG \eFPKBN \GTDGRF \GK\ZCI \GIRFP NGCSN \GETGP QF ,QM KV NT UB .(2000 FRICB ,KNNM QVGBC QM[ ,F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\P QRKB[ OK[RN FBGG[FC \K\ZCIF G\GZK[MN TDGRC \GKNKN[ \GMN[FC FGGNP "[VR FNGI"M OEB N[ DGK\G FPDKJS .(Savvidou, Vasilis, Hatzigeleki, & Karavatos, 2003) \GRG[F GK\GNGMKNG \` GFPKBN LGVFN \GXGZF F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\P NT \PKKBP GH OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R KVNM ODG (Savidou et al., 2003) ONGTN OKENK BKCFNG OKKJKZC OKZYGI \XGCY .\` GFPKBN LGVFN \GRKKRGTP QRKB[ [VR \NIP FYNIPC OKECGT KM FRGZIBN FBXP (Wai Wan, Moulton, & Abel, 2008) EKKP GB OEY\P QGKZKF KCN[C FKRZVGHKMS OT \GEEGP\PF OK[RN \KZJBKMKSV OKTCGRF OKXING \G[[I OT \GEEGP\P GNB OK[R[ LM NT GIGGKE FEKNF ZIBN CZYC \IGGZF \KNKN[ FPDKJS OT OD \KRPH GCG LZEC[ \eFPKBFPG QGKZKFFP FRGZIBN ET FIGGZ[ FIRFF ,NNMM .\GCGJ \GFPKBM EYV\N Q\NGMK \GEGB OKNVJP [P[N \GZK[M QRKB [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R KM BKF KTGXYPF IK[C QKKET FK\G\GB LB \GIV \IGGZ GH FIRF OGKF .(Apfel & Handel, 1993) \` GFPKB .OKZMKR \GKFN \GRKKRGTP GB ,\` GFPKB QFG \G[Y [VR \GNIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R ZGSIP OT ,OKK[KBG OKK\CKCS OKXIN OT OD Q\NIP NT USGRC \GEEGP\P ,\` GFPKB \` GFPKBM QFC \KTGXYPG \K\ZCI FZMF KB OTG ,B[GRC OKCB[PNG TEKN F[KDC ,Q\PGTN .(Montgomery, 2005; Wai Wan et al., 2008) QFKENK \B NEDN \GZK[MF ,ONGTN OKENK \BCFC \GRKKRGTP QRKB Z[B F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R QRKB[ OK[R KCDN \K\ZCIF FPDKJSF OT OD Q\NIP NT USGR EEGP\FN \GXNBR 243


ZNDG KRKGS ,QGSNGYKR N[ OZPBPC BGXPN Q\KR LMN FMKP\ .LMC \GRKKRGTP OKK[Y GB \GKF\ ,\GCZ \GKTC[ UB GKVN[ ,(Nicholson, Sweeney, & Geller, 1998a) OKB[GR [K ,OK[RF NNMN OKV\G[P \G[KDZPG \GGI [VR \NIP OT \` GFPKB[ KPGK-OGK EGYV\ ,[VR \GNIP \GEGB FPDKJSN OKTDGR Z[B ,QFN OKKEGIKK OKKHMZP .[VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\FG FZGFM DGK\C YSGT (Nicholson et al., 1998a) OKZIBG QGSNGYKR N[ FH KHMZP ZPBP F[KBF (2) ;\eFPKBG QGKZKF (1) :OKZG[KP KR[C \KNBGEF G\TV[FCG [VR \GNIP \GZF OK[R .(Nicholson et al., 1998a) \K\ZCIFG \K\IV[PF F\CKCSG FPXT OK\KTNG) \K\ZCIF ,\K\IV[PF Q\CKCS[ LMN \GTEGP ,[VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF QRKB[ \` GFPKB GB \GZF OK[R \PGTN CN \PG[\ Z\KC QFKZIB CGYT\ (\KBGVZF UB FKTC NM KM (LMN \GTEGP JG[V GB) \GRKPBP QF QM GPM .[VR \TZVF OT \GEEGP\P KM BXPR EGT .[VR \NIP OT F[KB N[ ENK G\GKFN EKKP LKG[K ENKF N[ K[GY GB QRKB QMNG ,GYKSVFN GXNBK[ [[IP QGKZKFC Q\GKF \ECGT \B BKCIFN \GSRP QYNI \GJKNIP \GZIB .QCXPC OK[R CGZN \GJYGR[ KVM OKB\P KBGVZ NGVKJ \NCYN \GRGV \K[KBF Q\CGJ \B \GCZ OKPTV EDGRF ZCE ,QGKZKFF QPHC \GVGZ\ NGJKN YKSVFN \GGXN TEGGK\ QRGKZKF \ECGT BP[ [[IF LG\P \BHG ,\K[VRF Q\GBKZC \B QMSPG [P\[FN BN[ FZKICF ,\GCGZY OK\KTN ,LM NT USGR .\K\ZCIF Q\CKCSNG KBGVZF ZCGTN OZDKFN NGMK[ YHRFP EIVF N[C OD \TCGR QGKZKFF LNFPC \GVGZ\C .(Nicholson et al., 1998a) FDBEF BGF (Nicholson et al., 1998a) OKZIBG QGSNGYKR N[ OKZPBPC ZIB B[GR \` GFPKB ZYIPF KV NT .F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ KZGFF NGVKJFG Q\IGGZ QGC[I NT OD ,QFKENK \IGGZN FRG[BZCG [BZC FRDBE\ [VR \NIP OT \GCZ [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \` GFPKB N[ Q[[I .[VR \NIP BNN OK[R GPM ,\K[KBF \B NGJKN BN[ QFP \GCZN \PZGD \GSVGZJGVBF QECGBP GB QFKENK \IRHFP F[Y \GTVG\ QV [[IP ,ZKES BNG KYNI QVGBC Q\GB NGJKN GB \GKZJBKMKSVF \GVGZ\F FKDZRB \GNGJR \G[KDZP QF :FPDGEN) FZGFM QEGYV\C FRTDV\ \GVGZ\F N[ KBGGNF ,FNIPF \GR[KFN \GTKDVF \B ZKCDFN NGNT ZCEF .(\GZKFCC CG[IN \G[Y\P GB FH CXP .QFKENKP Q\EZVFNG FIV[PF YGZKVN UBG FIGGZF \GKG[Z N[ \GKGCZT\FN UBG OKNVJPF \GGX KRVP Q\NIP \B \GGSFN \GSRP QYNI[ LMN \VSGR FCKS FGGFP .(Montgomery et al., 2006) OFKENKP OT GB FPZGRF \NB[ OT GNB OK[R N[ \GEEGP\F BGF FH ZPBPC K[KN[ B[GR NGNT Z[B K\ZCI EKYV\ BKF \eFPKB .(mainstream) "KHMZPF OZH"C Q\GKF \NB[ ,[VR \NIP BNN \` GFPKB GPM BN[ LB .FKETNCG [VR \NIP OT ,\GCZ OK[R WKINFN WIN C[IR FP FNB[C \GVGM\ \GYGST [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \` GFPKB NM NT .(Nicholson et al., 1998a) \` GFPKB NXB JZVCG OKZGF NXB ZKCS GB "KNPZGR" 244


QFKENK NT Q\NIP \TV[F KRVP QFK\GDBEG QFK\G[[I LG\P TCGRF WIN OD USGR \BH NCYN \GRKKRGTP QFG ,(Maybery & Reupert, 2006) \KBGVZG \KDGNGMKSV FRKICP .FPKT \GEEGP\FF NTG FNIPF NT QFKENK OT ZCEN EXKM TEKP GRKF [VR \GNIP OT OK[R NXB \eFPKBF \KKGGI NT TKV[PF QGZIBG KTKCZ B[GR Nicholson et al.,) [VR \GNIP OT OKEEGP\PF N[ O\GPKNB NT IGGZF VKJGBKZJSF \XYPC FFGCD [VR \GTZVF OT OK[RB NXB \GPKNBF \PZ FXGCYM ORPB .(1998a \GPKNB N[ Z\GK \GFGCD \GPZP TCGR FH NECF LB ,\KNNMF FKKSGNMGBN FBGG[FC (cluster) NGM[B OT ,\GZMP\F OT OKEEGP\PF GNB QGDM ,\GPKGSP FXGCY-\\C Arseneault, Moffitt,) FKRZVGHKMS GPM \GVSGR \GTZVF OT ODG OKGSP KJPGJVPKS Fazel, Gulati, Linsell, Geddes, & Grann,) QGBMKEG (Caspi, Taylor, & Silva, 2000 KTCGY ,YYGIPF) ZGCKXF CZYC \ZXGK GH FXGCY KM ZKCS .(2009; Mohanan, 1992 OK[RF NM KM O[GZF \B (TGXYPF K[RBG OKNVJPF ZGCKXP YNI CZYC UBG \GKRKEPF \GPKNB N[ \GFGCD \GPZ SIKKN FKKJRF .\` GFPKB [P[N \GZK[M QRKB [VR \NIP OT \GZGCPG FPDKJSP FZYKTC \TCGR \G[Y [VR \GTZVF OT OKEEGP\PF \XGCYN .(Corrigan & Cooper, 2005) ,[VR \NIP OT \` GFPKB ZGCT EIGKPC K\GTP[P \GPKNBF VKJGBKZJS GH FCKSP OT \GEEGP\PM QDGK\ OXTP KM IKRFN \K\YGIFG \K\ZCIF FCKCSN OZGD BGF QM[ NT TGEK BN[ UB \BH ,QFKENKC FRNNT\\G FRIRH\[ FFGCD \GZKCS [K [VR \NIP \PGTN [VR \NIP OT \` GFPKBN OKENKC \GNNT\FFG FIRHFF KZGTK[C YFCGP NECF OK[RN BYGGE QM[ ,NZGDF YGIX GFH .(Nicholson et al., 1998a) GRICGB BN[ \` GFPKB ,QDGH QC EXP \GNNT\FN QCZGY NGVKN Z\GK NGED KGMKS [K [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF Savvidou) CGZY FIV[P QC EXP \GNNT\FN QCZGY GNVR Q\GZKTXC KM Z\GK ZKCS QMG N[ G\IXRFC GNKVBG GYGHKIC OZGDM \ZG[Y\F \B UKSGFN KNGB Z[VB .(et al., 2003 OKZYP NBZ[KC GZYGS \GRGZIBF OKR[C ,FPDGEN .IGGZF \GPKNBF VKJGBKZJS F\JR KJPGJGB QVGBCG ,OFK\GPKB KEK NT OKENKC \GNNT\FG IXZ N[ OKTHTHP .ZJBKMKSV KEK NT GRICGB OZJC EGT ,[VR \GNIPN \BH \GDFR\F LKK[N \ZG[Y\F \GEPT OKYHIPG OKZP[P ,FZCIF KECGZ NM NT OKTKV[P FNB OKCIZR OKZGYKS .\GNVPG \GKJPDKJS QFK\GIV[PP \GEEGCP \GCZ OKPTV QPXT \GBXGP [VR \GNIP OT \` GFPKB Savvidou et al.,) QFKENK NTG QFKNT QDFN FZGBMN K\ZCIF QGXZF O[C QFKENKPG \[GI\C OKTDGVF ,OKRGB ZSGING CBMN QFN \PZGD GH \K\ZCI FYIZF .(2003 Savvidou et al.,) FNIPF KRKPS\ \B ZKPIFN NGMK[ ZCE ,QNZGDCG QFKKIC FJKN[F KRC KEK NT YZ BN ,FNIPN \SIGKP QFN[ \GDFR\F GB FNGTV NM ,USGRC .(2003 Nicholson et al., 1998a; Savvidou) QEK NT OD BNB ,\K\ZCIF Q\CKCSG QFK\GIV[P FYGIZFG FCGZYF FCKCSF \GEPT N[ \KPXT FPRVFP TCGR ZCEF .(et al., 2003 245


QGMKSC \GBXPR [VR \NIP OT OK[R KM FBZR ,FH ZYIP KV NT .KPXTF CKJZRF LG\N ,\GZK[M BN \` GFPKB { Q\GEGB FZCIC OKIGGZF OKVKJGBKZJSF \B OKRVFN FGCD \GCZ OKPTV \G[KDZP GNB OK[R .QPXTC FHC \GRKPBP QFG { \GCGJ BN DGH \GRC QPXT IKMGFN QFKNT KM \G[I QF .QGKZKFF KRVN EGT \GK\ZCI \GEPT N[ \GRCZGYM BNN \` GFPKB \PGTN ,\` GFPKB [P[N \GKGBZG \GZK[MM FIGGZF \GKG[ZG FZCIF KRVC .(Savvidou et al., 2003) [VR \NIP OT \` GFPKB KM GBXP (Savvidou et al., 2003) OKZIBG GBEKGGBS ,\BH OT EIK ,QFKKIC \GKCGKIFG \GK\GTP[PF OKKIF \GKGGIP \IB \eFPKBC \GBGZ [VR \NIP QFKENK \B ZGSPN GXNBR[ \` GFPKB .QFKENKP CZ IGM \GCBG[ QF KM \G[KDZP QFG .NCBN FPGEF QECGB \[GI\ NTG NGED CBM NT \GZVSP FRPGB \GIV[PN GB WGPKBN OD ,\K\ZCIF FCKCSFG FNIPF \GPKZTP[ OKK[YF NT USGR KM ZGMHN GRKNT .\K\N[PP \GKRKEPG OKYGI ,\GRY\ \GTXPBC OKCZ OKK[Y FPKZTP \K\YGIF FCKCSF KEK\T GB KGG[MT ZC[P \GCYTC OBFP OKENKF \EZVF BGF OKECMF \G[[IF EIB Nicholson, Geller, & Fisher, 1996; Nicholson, Geller, Fisher, & Dion, 1993;) OKVSGR OKK\GTP[P OKK\CKCS WIN KPZGD OKGGFP GNB OKK[Y .(Sands, 1995 Apfel & Handel, 1993; Sands,) [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \` GFPKB NT OKTKV[PF .(Koppelman, & Solomon, 2004

\GKPKJRKBG \GKDGH [VR \NIP OT OKEEGP\PF OK[RB CZYC OKKJRPGZ OKSIKG \GKPKJRKBN ZG[YF NMC OKKYN EEGP\P N[ G\NGMKC YVS \GNKJP [VRF \GBKZC OGI\C \GCZ \GKZGBK\ ,F[Y OT OKEEGP\PF OKCZ OK[RBN KM FBZR .\NGHF OT \GKEEFG \GKPKJRKB ,FCZY KSIK Kawachi &) \GKPKJRKBG \GZCI KZ[Y ZGXKN OKZIBN Z[BP Z\GK F[Y [VR \NIP ,OKK\ZCI OKZ[Y \ZKXKC \G[Y\PF [VR \NIP OT OK[R KMG ,(Berkman, 2001 Nicholson, Sweeney, &) QKBG[KR KZ[YG OKKJRPGZ OKZ[Y \ZKXKC OD \G[Y\P .(Geller, 1998b OKK[Y OKCXKR \G[Y [VR \GNIP OT OKEEGP\PF OK[RB KRVC ,OKZYIP KV NT OKBC FNB OKK[Y .JZVC KDGH Z[YG NNMC OKK\ZCI OKZ[Y \ZKXKC OKCZ OKPGSIPG \GKSGNMGBN \KSIK OKFGCD QK[GZKD KZGTK[G OKMGPR QKBG[KR KZGTK[C KGJKC KEKN OKK[Y KM ZKCS .(Lane et al., 1995; Nanko & Moridaria, 1993 :FPDGEN) \GZIB OKGGFPG OKKI KTGZKBG OKXIN OT \GEEGP\FF NT OK[YP \GKPKJRKB \ZKXKC GNB \GSIKK\F LG\ ,OKKI \GMKB QKCN QKBG[KR QKC Z[Y [K QM[ ,FPNIFF LKNF\C NG[MP .(Coombs, 1991 :FZKYS GBZ) \K[VRG \KHKV \GBKZC N[ OKR\[PN \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R FRGP[ OT \GRGKBZ FZYIPC FMZT (2006) CYTK ZC 246


\RY\P FKGGIM QNXB \SV\R \GKDGHF KM FNGT FKBXPPP .\GKDGH OTG F[Y [VR ZK\SFN GB [KKC\FN BN ,FNIPN OGYP \\N \GNGMK QF FC[ ,OKK[KB-QKC OKSIKC OKK[DZ OKMSI \GPKN[P QF KPKJRKB KDGH Z[Y \GTXPBC .OKKIF \ZD[P YNIM ,F\GB FPDKJSF GPM ,FNIPF N[ \M[P\PFG F[YF FTKDVF \GCYTC GZXGR[ OKCZ CYTK ZC .EGZ[N F[Y GKETNC[ KIZMF LZGXM \GKDGHF \B \GSVG\ QF .\K\ZCIF \GBKXPF OT \GEEGP\F KRVP EIVFP \TCGRF FEZI \KKGGIM \BH \[ZVP (2006) OD ,(Gove, Style, & Hughes, 1990) OKPEGY OKBXPPN OB\FC .FHP TP\[P[ FPG KGRK[ NT QKZYPG KPXTF KGPKEF NT TKV[P DGHF QC OT Z[Y KM BXPR FH ZYIPC \KKGGI ,(Seligman. 1975) QPDKNH N[ "[MZRF OKRGBF ZSGI" \IRFN OB\FC .\GFHC \KPXTF \GSIKK\FF NT FTKV[P ,\GKDGH ZGXKN \NGMKC FGGNPF ,\INXGP \GZGF .LVFNG ,\KPXTF Q\MZTF NTG OK[RF N[ \KPXTF \GNDGSPN

\GKRKP KHMZP B[GR BKF \GKRKP .QKPCG TDPC CGZN FGGNP \KJRPGZG \KPKJRKB OKSIK \MZTP ,OKKNMNM-OKK\ZCI ,OKKDGNGKC ,OKKDGNGMKSV OKPZGD NT FTKV[PG OEB KRC NXB EGBP FCG[I \GKRKPF .(Volman & Landeen, 2007) OKK\EG OKK\B ,OKK\GCZ\ QKP QKC FRICFN FPGEC .OEB KRCM GRN[ \KPXTF FZEDFFG KPXTF D[GP \GI\V\FN Rathus, Nevid,) (sexuality) \GKRKPN (QKP KSIK :KZY) QKP QKC QKICFN [K ,ZEDPN QKPF KSIK ZGTK[ \GEGB OKZYIP .(Fichner-Rathus, Herold, & McKenzie, 2005 CZ ZVSP ,QKPN DGH KRC Z\GK [K GNB OK[RN KM BXP [VR \NIP OT OK[R N[ DGH KRCG QRKB Z[B OK[RN \PGTN OKRRMG\P BN \GRGKZF N[G \GKRKP \GVKY\ N[ Z\GK .(Finnerty, Levin, & Miller, 1996) [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\P ZYKTC EYP\F FKRZVGHKMS OT OKEEGP\PF \KKSGNMGB CZYC \GKRKP \GEGB ZYIP QFN[ KBGGNF \GTVG\G \GVGZ\ \NKJR \GCYTC (EGYV\-KB GB) KRKP EGYV\C OT OK[RB QM[ ,(Volman & Landeen, 2007) FPXT (Sexuality) \GKRKPC \GIVG OKNVJPF CZYC QFG ZGCKXF CZYC QF OKSV\R \GZIB [VR \GNIP OTG FKRZVGHKMS K\[P \IB UBN OKMKK\[P BNM F[TPNG (Apfel & Handel, 1993) OKKRKP-BM Nasser et al., 2002; Rowlands, 1995; Steen,) (genderless) ZEDPF \GKZGDJY KKGMKSC TDGV \GKRKPC YGSKT KM FRGPB OKNVJPF CZYC FIGGZ QM GPM .(1991 .(Rowlands, 1995) FPNIFF Miclutia, Popescu, & Macrea,) FZXZPG GYSVGV ,FKJGNYKP GRIC FRGZIBN (KGSKRF \XGCY) FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[R 50 N[ ODEP CZYC \GKRKPF B[GR \B (2008 IGGKE KRGNB[ \GTXPBC (\ZGYKCF \XGCY) FKRZVGHKMS KNC OK[R 50-N FBGG[FC QGXZ \GTKC[G UGD KGPKE ,QKP KSIK OGKYC KGJKC KEKN FBC OZYIPC \GKRKPF .KPXT 247


,\GKNBGSYSGZJF QPXT GZKEDF FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RFP 92% KM GBXP OF .QKPP -GE 4%-G \GKNBGSYSGZJF 96% \PGTN) \GKRKP-GE QPXT GZKEDF \GZ\GRF 8%-G QDGH KRC \B YCIN \GCFGB QF KM GIGGKE QFP 80% .(\ZGYKCF \XGCY CZYC \GKRKP .OEKC YKHIFNG QDGH KRC OT \GYCGIP \MNN \GCFGB QF KM GIGGKE 84% ,OPKT QG[KNG FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[R Z\GK .OK[RF \GXGCY K\[ QKC \KJSKJJS YFCGP NECF BXPR BN OT OK[RF \KCZP .GH FNIP BNN OK[R \PGTN G\[KJRP \GEIGVG QDGH QCN \GBRYP QKPC \RKKRGTP QRKB KM GIGGKE Z\KF .(64%) ZKE\ QVGBC QKP KSIK \GPKKYP FKRZVGHKMS QKP KSIK N[ Z\GK ZKE\ OGKY NT FIGGKE \ZGYKCF \XGCY .TGCY DGH QC QFN QKB[ GB QFP 28%-G ,QKP KSIK GPKKY FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RFP 92% .KGSKRF \XGCYN \PGTN NT GIGGKE FKRZVGHKMS BNN OK[RFP 80% .FPMSF BNN QKPN QCZGY GKF KM GIGGKE .LM NT GIGGKE FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RFP 40% YZG ,Q\TVGFP FFGCD QGXZ \GTKC[ KGSKRF \XGCYC OK[RFP 28% YZ :QKPF KKIP QGXZ \GTKC[C OD GVXR OKPGE OKNECF \XGCYC OK[RFP 24% YZ .\ZGYKCF \XGCYC OK[RFP 70% \PGTN LM NT GIGGKE .\ZGYKCF \XGCYC OK[RFP 82% \PGTN \KRKP \GM[GPN QPXT \GCK[IP KGSKRF \K[R \GKRKPN TDGRC ZCTC C[IR[ FPN EGDKRC KM EGPNN Q\KR FH ZYIPP EGEKCF UB NT ,ZKES QVGBC OKSIK \GPKKYP FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[R ,FKRZVGHKMSG OKNVJPF CZYCG FZCIC \IGGZF FPDKJSFG \GVGZ\F N[ KBGGNF \GTVG\ ,K\ZCIF .FH B[GR \GEGB \GTXPBC \GKRKP KVNM FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RB N[ OFK\GSKV\ \B QIC ZIB ZYIP FRKF \GKRKPF KM BXPR OZYIPC .(Volman & Landeen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incin, 1995) TGXYP K[RBP FH OKZIBG FKJGNYKPG (Volman & Landeen, 2007) QKERNG QPNGG ,OGMKSN O[M FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RBN FCG[I \GKRKP KM OKC\GM (Miclutia et al., 2008,) ,KRVGD TDPG QKP KSIK N[ ZXF QCGPC YZ BN FCG[I \GKRKP .OEB NMN FCG[I BKF[ FBZR .QGPBG FCKI NT OKSSGCPF OKKPKJRKB OKZ[Y \ZKXK N[ CIZF QCGPC OD BNB 248


OKVKJGBKZJSF ONGB ,QFN FCG[I Q\GKRKPG QKPC \GY[GI [VR \GNIP OT OK[R KM QFN OKTKZVP { OKNVJPP UB OK\TN { \GNCYP QF[ OKZSPG TEKPF ODG ,FZCIC .\BH OK[DFN

QGKE \GK[VR \GTZVF OT OKEEGP\P KM \ZCGD \GSIKK\FG FZMF [K \GRGZIBF OKR[C \GK\GCZ\ ,\GK\ZCI \GMN[F OT OD EEGP\FN OKMKZX ,OK[R JZVCG ,\G[Y ZPBPC .OPXT OKRKPS\F N[ GNBP \GIV BN \GVGM\ \GTKV[PF \GYHI \GK\CKCSG ,OK[R NXB \GKPKJRKBG \GKRKP ,\GKDGH ,\eFPKB QGDM OKHMZP ZEDP KB[GR GRZYS FH OK[R CZYC \KZEDP \GFHG KPXT \[GI\ IG\KVC OKK\GTP[P FCKN KB[GR OKGGFPF N[ O\GCK[I \GZPN .JZVC F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R CZYCG NNMC QMN .FYKJYZVCG ZYIPC FH B[GRN FJTP \GSIKK\F [K ,\K[KBF FPZC GNB OKB[GR F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R OFKVN[ OKKGPSG OKKGND OKZSP OKZCTGP QPXT OK[RF .OKK\GTP[PG OKKHMZP ZEDP KPGI\C QPXT OK[DFN \GNGMK QRKB CKJZRFPG \KZEDPF \GFHFP YNIN LGVFN OKKG[T OFG GNB OKZSP OKRVFN \GNGNT N[ \KPXT FPRVF ,"QGKNPDKV JYVB"N FPGEC .(Savvidou et al., 2003) KPXTF \GKTZM ,\` GFPKBM [P[N Q\NGMKC YVYVN GNB OK[R NKCGFN FKG[T FPDKJSF NT OD BNB ,\` GFPKBN QRGXZ NT YZ BN FCIZ FTV[F NTC ZCE ,DGH \GRCMG Montgomery, 2005;) QFN[ KPXTF LZTF \[GI\ NTG \KPXTF Q\SKV\ .(Montgomery et al., 2006 Apfel &) OGI\C TGXYPF K[RBG OKNVJPF ZGCKX CZYC OD OKKY FH IK[ [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R NT QDFN OKRKKRGTP OF BSKD EIP .(Handel, 1993 CGZP ,BSKD LEKBPG ,GNB OKKZEDP OKEKYV\ OKPKZTP[ OKK[YFG OKXINF KRVP F[Y \PG[\ [KEYFN NGVKJC OGYP \GIV [K \GCZ OK\KTN ,FK\GTV[FCG FNIPC YGSKT OKB[GRC YGSKTF[ QGGKM .NGVKJFG FPNIFF LKNF\C G\GTP[PG ZEDPF OGI\N CN [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ QFKXPBP ZYKT ,CZ GRKB NGVKJC OKKZEDP FH LKNF\ .OGYK[N CGJF FZYPCG FNIPF KRKPS\ OT \GEEGP\FN QGGMP F[Y \GKG[T ,QFKKIC \GKRKPFG \GKDGHF ,\eFPKBF \GTP[PN \GSIKK\F ZETFC LB ,CG[I \K[KBF YGVKSF \[GI\N \K\GTP[P[ \KZEDPF Q\GFHP ECBN GNB OK[R FR[K NGVKJC ,QM GPM .(Nicholson et al., 1998a,b :OD GBZ) \KPXTF FP[DFFG ZCE ,GNB OKB[GRC FTKDRG QGKEP \NVGJPF N[ ODG NVJPF N[ \GTRPKF OK\TN Q G T J G [ KD Z G B , G KE C G [ I G R KB G B , O KKY G R KB F H B [ G R KM F C K[ I N N KC G P F 249


FKG[T GNB OKB[GR N[ FIRHF GB \GPNT\F .GK\GEGB IIG[N Z[VB FKFK[ KEMP .L[PFC GNB OK[R NT \G[YFN GIGGKE F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[RF \KCZP KM OKEKTP OKZYIP Finnerty et al., 1996; Miclutia) \KRKP FEZJF GB \KRKP FVKY\N QCZGY GNVR[ DGHF KRC ZVSP ZGTK[G OKRRMG\P ORKB[ \GRGKZFF ZGTK[ KMG (et al., 2008 OK[RN \PGTN F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R NXB Z\GK FGCD OKRPEHPF ZSGI KM QM\K .(Finnerty et al., 1996; Miclutia et al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` GFPKBM

ZYIPNG \GKRKEPN ,FYKJYZVN \GKGTP\[F \GVGM\ \KGGIR F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R ZGCT \eFPKBF[ QGGKM ,\K[BZ Bassett et al., 1999; Chernomas et al., 2000;) QFKKIN F[EI \GTP[P FYKRTPM LMN OKTEGP GKFK \GKRKEP KTCGYG TGXYP K[RB KM KGBZ ,(Montgomery et al., 2006 CXP QGDM) OKK\CKCS OKPZGDC \GC[I\F LG\ ,Z[VBF \EKPC FH CXP GEEGTKG ,KNNM QVGBC ,\` GFPKB .(Wai Wan et al., 2008) (FNIPF DGSG \GZK[M ,KNMNM-K\ZCI \NIP N[ FKGGI OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R ZGCT .QEKYV\ UYG\P OKZD\B OT \GEEGP\P ODG \KNNMF \` GFPKBF \KKSGNMGBN OKPGEF OKK[Y [K ,\eFPKBF \KKGGI NT USGR [VR \GFHN GRKNT OKZYGIMG OKNVJPM .Q\NIP UYG\P ,QFN OKKEGIKKF OKVSGR OKK[Y ,FPDGEN .KGBZ FRTP QRM\NG \GSRN Z[VB FKFK[ KEM GNB OKZD\BG OKK[Y QKCFNG QGGDPN F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \` GFPKB N[ QCKN \PG[\ \B CSFN KBEM GB K[GY NM LKK[N GJK BN[ LM ,KNNM QVGBC OKZGF KRVC OKCXKRF OKZD\BG \GKGGI N[ \KPXTF \GNDGSPFG QGIJKCF \[GI\ SGSKCN OGZ\N KG[T FHM TEKP .FNIPN NG[MP .(Nicholson et al., 1998a) \` GFPKBM EYV\N QFN[ \` GFPKBM EYV\N [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[RN TKKSN \VSGR \GZ[VB family-centered) FIV[P \EYGPP \KNGVKJ F[KDC [P\[FN BKF \GKTZMG F[KD .(Stallard, Norman, Huline-Dickens, Salter, & Cribb, 2004) (approach \K\IV[PFG \K\ZCIF F\CKCSN OD BNB FPXT F[KBN YZ BN \SIKK\P GH 250


\ZG[Y\F KSGVENG \GKXYBZJRKBN \GSIKK\F [K GH F[KDC .(Riebschleger, 2004) \NGMK IG\KVC \GEYP\F [K ,USGRC .FNIPF \GEGB TEKF \CIZFNG ,\KCF KRC QKC \GYGXPF NT \GIK[G ,\CF GB FKTZF ,OBF \NIP OT FCKCSF N[ \GEEGP\FF \GTEGP .FNIPFP FBXG\M \K\ZCIF FCKCSFG \KCF KRC NT OKTKV[PF OKNG[MPFG QCGNK[ \BG OK[RF N[ FPNIFF LKNF\ \B ZV[N FKG[T GHM[ \K\CKCSG \K\ZCI .(Maybery & Reupert, 2006, 2009 ;2000 ,QPMN :FPDGEN) FNKFYC QPGYK[G \GKGCZT\F OD CN[N KBEM F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[RC NGVKJC QGGKM .(Kohen, 2001; Nasser et al., 2002) ZEDPN \GPB\GPF \GKNGVKJG \GKPGYK[ FCZF \GPEY\FF \GZPNG ,K\GTP[P OZGD GRKF OEB N[ KZEDPF LGK[F[ N[ OKKZEDPF OKJCKFC \GC[I\PF \GKGCZT\F ,[VRF \GBKZCC FPNIFF OGI\C GN[ \GK\ZCI \GKVKXG OKRG[F OKKZEDPF GKEKYV\ ,\KZEDPF G\GFH GPM OEBF QFM .FPNIFFG OGYK[F KMKNF\N OGZ\N OKNGMK GRPP FCKCSF N[G GPXTP N[ OKMZXC NGVKJN OKB\\[ ZEDP \[KDZ F[KD F[GZE KM \C\GM (Kohen, 2001) OKK[KB-QKC OKSIK ,\GZGF ,\GFPKB QGDM OKB[GRC EYP\\G [VR \NIP OT OK[R GRN TKKSN OKNGMK ZEDP \[KDZ JCP \EGYRP OKZYIP \MKZT OD .\K\ZCI FMKP\G QFKMZX ;NBZ[KC F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF OK[R N[ FKGGIF NT EGPNN \GKRMG\ \KKRC \GTXPBC TGKSG OFKNT \GRTN Q\KR[ OKK[YG OKZD\B ,OKEIGKPF F[Y [VR \NIP OT \GEEGP\PF \` GFPKBN \GETGKPF FMKP\ \GZDSPG NGVKJ .(Tanenbaum, 2003 :FPDGEN) OKIG\VG OKCG[Y \GKFN QKKRT KNTC NMN CG[I KM FNGT \GZVSF \ZKYSP ,\KR[ .\G[Y [VR \GTZVF OT OK[R NXB \GKDGHNG \GKRKPN ,\GK[RN OKKGGBPG OKKGJKCN ,OEB NMM ,\KZJBKMKSV FNCDP OT OK[RB OFKVN[ OKZYIP NT \SSC\P GH FXNPF O\GFHP YNI FGGFP O\GKRKPG ,(Volman & Landeen, 2007) OKKRKPM OPXT OKBGZ \GMH [K ,OEBF KRC NNMM ,\G[Y [VR \GNIP OT \GEEGP\PN .OFN[ KPXTF D[GPPG ZGYIN LK[PFN OKXKNPP GRB .GH O\KKGGIN OB\FC DFR\FNG \GKRKPM QPXT \B \GGIN ,K[VR NGVKJC ZEDP K[KDZ \GKRKEPG OK\GZK[ IG\KVC TKKSN \RP NT ,FH OGI\C \GVGZ\F ,FNIPF \TV[F \B QGC[IC \IYN [K FPDGEN LM .KPGYK[G K\NKFY N[ \GKRKPN K\ZCIF SIKF \B ODG ,GEKCKNFG KRKPF Y[IF NT QFN[ KBGGNF \GTVG\G \GKRKP OKCMTP GB OKBMEPF OKPZGD OF GNB NM .\G[Y [VR \GNIP OT \GEEGP\P NT NGVKJC [DE OK[N CG[I .(Miclutia et al., 2008; Volman & Landeen, 2007) ZSGI .KF[NM \KRKP FTKDV GB KRKP NGXKR KRVP GNB OK[R NT QDFN KEM OD \GKRKPF Q\GTKDV \B ZKCDFN OKKG[T ,\GKDGHCG FCZYC QRGXZG ,\GKPKJRKB NT QFN[ TEKF .KRKP NGXKR N[ OKCXPN NNMC ZGCKXC \GIGGZF \GK\ZGSP \GIRF YPGTN YGECN OKXKNPP GRB ,\K[KN[ OKNGMK ORKB [VR \NIP OT OKEEGP\PF OK[RB QFKVN[ ,JZVC OKNVJPF ZGCKXCG 251


:OD GBZ) QJG[VM FNB \GIRF NCYN QKB .\GKEEFG \GKPKJRKB ,FCZY KSIK OKKYN \G[Y [VR \GNIP OT OKEEGP\P[ FSKV\F KM FBZR .(Maybery & Reupert, 2009 Ware, Hopper, Tugenberg, Dickey, & Fisher, :FPDGEN) \K[DZ FRKICP OKNCDGP LNFPC TGDVNG YKHFN FNGNT UB BNB ,OKCZ OKZYPC FRGMR FRKB[ ECNC GH BN (2007 FCZY OFC [K[ OKKDGH OKZ[Y[ LMN \GCZ \GKGET [K QM[ ,FPNIFFG NGVKJF FK\GMN[FG FNIPF OT Z\GK FCGJ \GEEGP\FNG OKKIF \GMKBN OKPZG\ \GKPKJRKBG Borge, Martinsen, Ruud, Watne, & Friis, 1999; Sherbourne & ;2000 ,QPMN) FNKFYF \PZC OD BNB JZVF \PZC YZ BN \GTKV[P GNB \GIRF .(Hays, 1990 OK[Y\P \G[Y [VR \GNIP OT OKEEGP\P KM FIRFF F[Z\[F[ TDZC QM[ ,FZCIFG \TE NT ,NFYF \TE NT TKV[FN FNGNT BKF ,OKKDGHG OKKPKJRKB OKZ[Y \ZKXKC GRKNT .\GKTCJF OFK\GKGMHC TGDVNG NKCDFN \GNGNT QFG ,YGIF \GKG[Z NTG YYGIPF ,FCFBC LZGXF \B OKGGI \G[Y [VR \GNIP OT OK[RB ,OEBF KRC NM GPM KM ZGMHN .(Deegan, 2001) \GKPKJRKBCG \GZCIC OGI\C OKEYP\PF OKJTGP OKZYIP YZ KM FBZR \GZVSF \ZKYS LPS NT ,\KTKCZ Kohen, 2001; GPM) FZKYS KZPBP O\KCZP .ZEDP KB[GRC OD OKYSGT [VRF \GBKZC :FPDGEN) OKRJY OKPDEP NT OKSSC\PF OKKR\GMKB OKZYIPG (Montgomery, 2005 .(Nicholson et al., 1998a,b; Savvidou et al., 2003; Volman & Landeen, 2007 OKZYIP OD LGZTN [K EGBP CG[I [VRF \GBKZC OGI\C KZEDPF B[GRF[ QGGKM FKDGNGKPEKVB NT OKRG\R .\GPKKYF \GKDGNGEG\PF \GNCDPF NT GZCD\K[ OKKZKVPB SSCN FKFK Z[VB GKNT[ TEK UGD \ZKXKN OGZ\N OKNGMK ZEDPG [VR \GBKZC N[ \GBKZC GPM OKCG[I OKPGI\ N[ OZETF JNGC \GZVSF \ZKYSC ,QM GPM .\GKRKEP OK[R CZYC ,\KPXT FP[DFM \e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\GZGYP \ZPGIN FN[ Z[YFG FKRZVGHKMS OT OK[RB NXB \KRKP \GNKTVP QGXZ \GTKC[ .(2001) .R ,ZDZC[ZKF-KHZB .QD -\PZ ,QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGB ,FKDGNGMKSVC LPSGP \EGCT .\GKPKJRKBN \NGMKFG KGYKNF \GKGNCDGP OT OKEEGP\PF OKBG[R OK[RB CZYC F\GTP[PG \GKDGHF \KGGI .(2006) .E ,CYTK ZC .QD-\PZ ,QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGB ,FKDGNGMKSVC LPSGP \EGCT .\GM[GPP \GKZJBKMKSV B"M ,K[KPI OGK ,WZBF QG\KT N[ \KRGZJYNBF FZGEFPF .OKZYK OKENK .(2008) .Z ,WRD-ZERKNG .R ,OGZE .http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/1002688.html :24.7.2008 ,I"S[\ HGP\C ,FKVGSGNKVN ZGJYGE ZBG\ \NCY O[N FEGCT .OKM[GPP [VR KNGI N[ FPNIF KCK\R .(2000) .P ,QPMN .OKN[GZK ,\KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBF .RG NYKGGX .D ,NHKG-CN .Z :LG\P .QFC NGVKJFG [VRF \GNIP NT ZEDPF \TV[F .(2005) .E ,ZEG\G .T ,GKN[ :TC[-ZBC .(251 229 'PT) NBZ[KC OK[R CZYC \K[VR \GBKZC :L[VR KZP[ ,(\GMZGT) YZC .QGKZGD-QC \JKSZCKRGB Anthony, W. A., Cohen, M. R., Farkas, M. D., & Gagne, C. (2002). Psychiatric rehabilitation (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Boston University, Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation. Apfel, R. J., & Handel, M. H. (1993). Madness and loss of motherhood: Sexuality, reproduction, and long-term mental illness. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Arseneault, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, P. J., & Silva, P. A. (2000). Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: Results from the Dunedin study. Archive of General Psychiatry, 57, 979±986. Ashmore, R. D. (1990). Sex, gender and the individual. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 486±526). New York: Guilford Press. Bassett, H., Lampe, J., & Lloyd, C. (1999). Parenting: Experiences and feelings of parents with a mental illness. Journal of Mental Health, 8, 597±604. Berkovitch, N. (1997). Motherhood as a national mission: The construction of womanhood in the legal discourse in Israel. Women's Studies International Forum, 20, 605±619. Borge, L., Martinsen, E.W., Ruud, T. Watne, Q., & Friis, S. (1999). Quality of life, loneliness and social contact among long-term psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Services, 50, 81±84. Caton, C., Cournos, F., & Dominiguez, B. (1999). Parenting and adjustment in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 50, 232±243. Chernomas, W. M., Clarke, D. E., & Chisholm, F. A. (2000). Perspectives of women living with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 51, 1517±1521. Coombs, R. H. (1991). Marital status and personal well-being: A literature review. Family Relations, 46, 97±102. Corrigan, P. W., & Cooper, A. C. (2005). Mental illness and dangerousness: Fact or misperception, and implications for stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the stigma of mental illness (pp. 165±179). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Crowe, C. (1987). Women want it: In vitro fertilisation and women's motivation for

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