Apr 24, 2012 ... 180 passenger aircraft (like Boeing 737) .... http://www.smartcockpit.com/data/
pdfs/flightops/aerodynamics/Jet_Fuel_Characteristics.pdf.
Sustainable Aviation: Is It Possible?
Thomas Cheney BC SEA WEBINAR April 24th, 2012 CBC Photo
Acknowledgements • Firstly my supervisor, Dr Balbinder Deo • Dr. Ken Wilkening and Alex Schare, PHD student for sharing information on GHG mitigation in aviation • Dr Art Fredeen (NRES 720) and Dr Theresa Healy for offering class projects that allowed me to examine aviation related issue • And my late Grandfather Leonard Cartmell for starting my interest in aviation
Flight has intrigued us for a long time
circlinghawk.com thepomegranateblog.wordpress.com
Birds fly
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mute_swan_flies_arp.jpg/300px-Mute_swan_flies_arp.jpg
Bees as well
And Butterflies
Bats too!
Humans can too
Rocket assisted B-47B in the 1950s
But we need Dinosaur goo
http://www.valdezlink.com
http://www.dinosaurusi.com/en/post/256/flying-dinosaurs-archeopteryx
Which creates problems
http://edwardcheever.wordpress.com/tag/global-warming/
A healthy planet is needed to give wings to future generations
Aviation and Climate Change
Dallara (2011)
5% of total anthropogenic climate forcing
Aviation is growing at 5% per year
Demand Growth > Efficiency Improvements
You can’t buy an electric jet! No easy fuel switching to ZEV for aviation
Photo: David Monniaux
Must drink Dinosaur Goo? pinebeltautoblog.com
Nissan Leaf … does not fly!
So what can be done?
ideevan.com
There are solutions • Cutting fuel use • Reducing non-carbon emissions • Switching to low carbon fuels – Hydrogen – biofuels
Fuel consumption in Jets have decreased by 70%
Slide: http://aa.stanford.edu/events/50thAnniversary/media/Kroo.pdf
Turboprops
From: http://www.atraircraft.com/media/downloads/brochure%20ECO_light.pdf
Bombardier Q400
667 Km\h cruising @ 24,000 ft Time Competitive with jets on sectors of 300 NM 30-40% fuel savings Source: http://q400nextgen.com/
787 “Dreamliner”
20% less fuel than comparable aircraft
Propfans • Examined in the wake of the oil crisis • 30% fuel saving over comparable turbofan • Speeds of Mach 0.80 – Similar to current jets
http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/prop-fan.html
Cargo Propfan Antonov An-70
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An-70_takeoff.jpg
Operational Changes
Single European Sky http://presse.lufthansa.com/typo3temp/pics/2d5f297591.jpg
• Many flight follow less than direct routing • 10% fuel savings • Improved safety
http://www.euractiv.com/transport/single-european-sky-greener-air-travel/article-173593
Continuous Descent Approach
Save up to 200 Gallons per landing http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203091356.htm
Learn from the Geese
We can flock up on climate change • Formation flight (3-5) miles apart would lower fuel use by 12%
Stanford University Image
Aerial refueling Commercialization occurring by Range International
30%-40% net fuel savings Safe, often used by US President on Air Force 1 http://www.range-unlimited.com
Future Concepts
GE/NASA Photo
Sugar Volt • Battery-Kerosene Hybrid “H-fan” Engine • 1 Kwh/Kg battery energy density needed • For short hauls 900 Knots nm – (70% less fuel)
Source: http://aviationweek.typepad.com/files/mit_n3_final_presentation.pdf
MIT/ NASA Image
All-electric voltair
www.eads.com/dms/eads/int/.../EADS-Brochure_VoltAir_English.pdf
• • • •
25 years ahead? From EADS (Airbus) Supersonic Laminar flow over 60% of body Swapable, Lithium-air batteries
Info from: http://aviationweek.typepad.com/files/mit_n3_final_presentation.pdf
Double Bubble (NASA/MIT)
• • • •
180 passenger aircraft (like Boeing 737) 70% less fuel use with 10% lower speed than current jets Rear ultra-high bypass engines with boundary-layer ingestion Lightweight composite construction with fuselage providing lift
Blended Wing Body
20-30% fuel savings over comparable tube and wing Low noise due to aircraft shielding the ground photo: http://static.rcgroups.net/forums/attachments/1/6/9/4/3/1/a2373943-173-blended-wing-body-aircraft.jpg?d=1235958892
Solar Powered Helios Airships
www.solarairship.net 45 MPH + 96 MPH average jet stream = 151 Mph 120,000 Lbs of cargo at 36,000 feet Solar Powered
Turtle Airships
• Rigid SHELLED Lighter-than-Air, • >200mph • SOLAR POWERED with Bio-fuel backup power http://cleantechnica.com/2009/07/28/solar-blimp-to-fly-from-nyc-to-paris-rests-on-land-or-water/
Non-Carbon Dioxide Forcings
• Because the airplanes emit large quantities of noncarbon dioxide emissions, shifting to a low carbon fuel will not be enough to aviation’s climate footprint. http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/autopia/2009/05/bacontrail.jpg
Flying Low is Good!
Image: Klug 1996 in Dallara 2011
Contrail impact increases with altitude
Typical long-range jet cruising altitude
Turboprop Cruising altitude
AIC equals contrails
60% less GHG impact for 2% cost increase
Dallara 2011 Figure 6.13:.
Fuel Switching
Biofuel and Hydrogen…Electricity Maybe ~55 of aviation climate impact from CO2
Biodiesel-like fuels • Based on oils – Only 11 EJ if all food crops were converted to biofuels (Field et al, 2008) IATA 2011
Photo: phrenewablepowernews.com
Hydrogen Aircraft
• Needs new aircraft to account for bulky fuel • H2 aircraft could lead to forty-fold reduction in climate impact - Greener by Design
LanzaTech
* Gas Feed Stream
Gas Reception
Fermentation Recovery
Alcohol Mixture
Chemical Synthesis
Rectification
Diesel
Jet
Gasoline
15% 15%
35%
• Carbon rich gases to ethanol and than to jet fuels • 60% efficiency – >80% GHG reduction relative to petroleum gasoline based on waste biomass alternativematters.files.wordpress.com/.../lanzatech-presentation.pptx
Fisher Tropsch Process
From Boerrigter, 2006
• • • • •
Abundant non-food feedstocks FT is a mature technology Economic at $100+ barrel oil (sims et al, 20080 Plant under construction by Renetech in Ontaro 120 EJ of biomass feedstock needed
Environmental Performance
• Environmental and energetic shipping assessed by Van Vilet et al 2009 • Negative emissions possible with CCS
Is there enough Biomass?
Feedstock Needed for Aviation Fuel Demand WWF\ECOFYS 2011
Comparison of Global Agricultural Productivity
From: http://i243.photobucket.com/albums/ff314/biopact4/biopact_maize_rice_yields.jpg?t=1204495147
Stretching the Biomass Supply • Solar heating of biomass allows for much more of the carbon to go into the fuel – Reduces feedstock requirements by 2/3rds (Hertwich and Zhang, 2009) – Would need 50 EJ of biomass feedstock
Photo: samefacts.com
Conclusions • Supply issues with first-generation bio-jet fuels from oils • F-T fuels capable of providing drop-in biofuels that can dramatically reduce CO2e for existing aircraft • Large scale potential for mitigating non-carbon dioxide forcings • Hydrogen is an interesting long-term alternative.
The End
Photo: tokyotopia.com
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