CATALOGUE OF RIVERS FOR SOUTH EAST ASIA ...

CATALOGUE OF RIVERS FOR SOUTH EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC-Volume IV

The UNESCO-IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific

Edited by: RICHARD IBBITT National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand

KAORU TAKARA Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University, Japan

MOHD. NOR BIN MOHD. DESA Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (HTC Kuala Lumpur), Malaysia

HIDAYAT PAWITAN Department of Geophysics and Meteorology Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia

March 2002

Members of IHP Regional Steering Committee for Southeast Asia and the Pacific (1999-2001) Chairman* Secretary

Richard Ibbitt Kaoru Takara

Member Countries

Australia Cambodia People’s Republic of China Indonesia Japan Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Republic of Korea Malaysia New Zealand Papua New Guinea The Philippines Thailand Vietnam

Observer

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Secretariat

UNESCO Jakarta Office

* Since 22 November 2001 Chairman

Keizrul Abdullah

ISBN 4-9900653-1-X PRINTED IN JAPAN

i

New Zealand Japan

Malaysia

Preface It is with great pleasure that we present the fourth volume of the Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific. This Volume contains 25 rivers from 10 countries and brings the total number of rivers catalogued in the region, including those in volumes I to III, to 94. With this volume a new phase of publication has been entered for, besides the printed book, a CD-Rom version is also included. It is intended that over time previous volumes will also be made available in CD-Rom format. Further information on this project will become available on the Web page maintained by the Humid Tropics Centre (HTC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia i.e. http://htc.moa.my/apfriend/wa/ The objectives of the publication of the Catalogue, as stated in the first two volumes, are: *

To promote mutual understanding of hydrology and water resources of the region and of the neighbouring countries. This is essential for better regional co-operation in hydrological sciences as well as for water resources development and management.

*

To promote information exchange among different organisations in each country. This is essential for the development of hydrological sciences and for better development and management of the water resources within each country.

*

To promote the establishment of an international data exchange and collaborative research network in the region. This is expected to assist the Asian FRIEND (Flow Regime from International Experimental and Network Data) Projects in IHP-V and IHP VI to meet their goals.

It is heartening to note that all these objectives are being realized. With the dissemination of more information it is hoped that there will be better understanding and co-operation on matters related to water resources within each country as well as regionally. Of particular importance are the establishment of the Asian Pacific FRIEND, a UNESCO-IHP regional collaborative project, and the Asian Pacific Water Archive (APWA) that archives and makes available hydrometeorological and related data for Asian Pacific FRIEND projects and other IHP related activities in the region. In connection with the APWA that is held at the HTC Kuala Lumpur, the contents of the Catalogue of Rivers acts as a source of “meta-data” for some of the data in the APWA. Owing to differences in national data-release policies not all basins covered in the Catalogue of Rivers have matching data in the APWA. It is hoped that over time these differences can be resolved and that a complete set of matching data will become available. Producing the Catalogue of Rivers is a complicated logistical exercise. This volume alone has involved contributions from 10 countries most of which do not use English as their first language. Furthermore, the languages of 7 of the countries have their own character sets. Similar logistical problems have also been a feature of the compilation of the first 3 volumes. It is not surprising then, that from time to time, errors or editorial misinterpretations will have crept into the text despite the best efforts of the editors and the contributors. At the ninth Regional Steering Committee meeting for the IHP in the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, held in Ha Long Bay in November 2001, this matter was discussed. It was resolved that as errors are detected they will be compiled into errata notes to be held on the HTC Kuala Lumpur Web page, and users of the Catalogues are advised to check there for the latest corrections. Another feature of the Catalogue of Rivers is that different contributors sometimes place their own unique interpretation on how to present particular information. No attempt has been made during editing to standardise such presentations as merit is seen in providing different ways to look at similar data. Often this can throw new insight on the information signal contained in the data. While some standardisation of formats has been made, data are expressed in the units in which they were provided. This can sometimes lead to apparent errors, for example when monthly mean discharge, expressed in m3/s, is presented alongside daily flows in the same units. The reader is reminded of this fact as ultimately it is the users’ responsibility to check that the data are suitable for their particular use.

ii

We would like to express our sincere appreciation and due respect to all the individual contributors of all the countries who have consolidated the data and information from various, and often diverse, sources, prepared the text, maps and tables, and co-operated with us by responding to revision requests. We also express our sincere gratitude to the many institutes, agencies and other organisations that provided the data, facilities, and above all, the funds and the personnel to carry out the work. In particular, we would like to thank the following organisations for providing the necessary financial support: UNESCO Jakarta Office The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan The Infrastructure Development Institute of Japan We are hopeful that the Catalogues can serve in various ways to further fulfil the national and regional objectives that were originally aimed for. Finally, we ask the readers to provide critical comments and ideas to improve future volumes of the Catalogue. Editors: Richard Ibbitt

(National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), New Zealand)

Kaoru Takara

(Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Japan)

Mohamed Nor bin Mohamed Desa (HTC Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) Hidayat Pawitan (Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia) March 15, 2002

iii

Rivers Catalogued in Vols. I to IV The following 94 rivers are compiled in the four volumes of the Catalogue of Rivers in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, which is a product of UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme (IHP) regional activities in the framework of the Asian Pacific FRIEND.

Country Australia

Vol. I (1995)

Vol. II (1997)

Vol. III (2000)

Vol. IV (2002)

Burdekin River Pioneer River Prek Thnot

Todd River Torrens River East Finniss River Scott Creek Stung Chinit

China

Bei-jiang Jin-jiang Jiyun-he

Gan-jiang Taizi-he Ou-jiang

Bailong-jiang You-jiang Huang-he

Fen-he Hongshui-he Jialing-jiang Luan-he

Indonesia

Citarum Bengawan Solo Kali Brantas

Sungai Asahan Citanduy Kali Progo

Cimanuk Kali Serayu

Kali Tuntang Jeneberang River

Japan

Yoshino-gawa Ara-kawa Mogami-gawa

Chikugo-gawa Fuji-kawa Ishikari-gawa

Shimanto-gawa Shonai-gawa Watarase-gawa

Shinano-gawa Tone-gawa Yodo-gawa

Korea (Rep. of)

Pyungchang-gang Geumho-gang Miho-chun

Soyang-gang Nam-gang Gap-chun

Nam Han-gang Hwang-gang Geum-gang

Seomjin-gang Milyang-gang Sapkyo-chun

Nam Khane Nam Ngum Sedone

Nam Theun/Cading Nam Ou Nam Sebangfay Nam Suang Nam Sebanghieng Nam Sekong

Cambodia

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Rajang Batang

Sungai Johor

New Zealand

Buller River

Motu River Taieri River Hutt River Ramu Wara Purari Wara Ilog Itaas ng Agno

Papua New Guinea Philippines Ilog Magat Ilog Pampanga Thailand

Vietnam

Number of Rivers

Mae Nam Ping Mae Nam Mae Klong

Mae Nam Nan

Mae Nam Yom Mae Nam Wang

Song Ky Cung Song Thu Bon Song Ba Song Srepok 25

Kelantan River Chalok River Mahurangi River Sepik Wara

Prachinburi River Bang Pakong River Tonle Sap River East Coast Gulf River Cau River Tra Khuc River

24

iv

20

25

CONTENTS Regional Steering Committee Preface Rivers Catalogued in Vols.ⅠtoⅣ

1.

China 10. 11. 12. 13.

2.

Kali Tuntang Jeneberang River

55-67 68-78

Shinano-gawa Tone-gawa Yodo-gwawa

79-94 95-109 110-124

Korea (Republic of) 10. 11. 12.

5.

1-13 14-25 26-40 41-54

Japan 10. 11. 12.

4.

Fen He Hongshui He Jialing Jiang Luan He

Indonesia 9. 10.

3.

i ii iv

Seomjin-gang Milyang-gang Sapkyo-chun

125-139 140-151 152-163

Lao PDR 7. 8. 9.

Nam Ou Nam Suang Nam Sekong

164-179 180-190 191-205

v

6.

Malaysia 3. 4.

7.

228-242

Sepik Wara

243-253

Thailand 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

Mahurangi River

Papua New Guinea 3.

9.

206-218 219-227

New Zealand 5.

8.

Kelantan River Chalok River

Prachinburi River Bang Pakong River Tonle Sap River East Coast Gulf River

254-268 269-283 284-296 297-311

Vietnam 5. 6.

Cau River Tra Khuc River

312-326 327-338

vi

China China-10: Fen He China-11: Hongshui He China-12: Jialing Jiang China-13: Luan He

1

Introduction The four rivers catalogued in this volume are the Fenhe, the Hongshuihe, the Jialing Jiang and the Luanhe. The Fenhe is a main tributary of the Yellow River. The catchment area is 39,472 km2 and the length of the main channel is 693 km. Upstream, the river zigzags through the Luliang mountains. The middle and downstream reaches flow though the Taiyuan and Lingfen basins. In these basins the depth of yellow soil is about 10-30 m, and it is the main source of soil erosion in Shanxi province. The average annual precipitation for the basin is 544 mm. The annual discharge at the Hejin station was 48.7 m3/s for the period of 1934-1979. The Hongshui is the upper stream of the Xijiang River, a main tributary of The Pearl River. It is located in the south of Guizhou, southeast of Yunnan province and west of the Guangxi Autonomous Region. The catchment area is 138,340 km2 and the length of the main channel is 1,573 km. The area of the upper stream belongs to Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. The annual precipitation for the catchment varies along the main stream. The average annual precipitation is about 1100-1300 mm in Yunnan and Guizhou, while it can reach 1500-1800 mm in Guangxi. The maximum recorded annual precipitation is 2300 mm in the Daming mountains in the downstream part of the basin. The annual evaporation is relatively stable between 1100-1200 mm. Annual discharge at the Shilongkou station is 2,151 m3/s. The Jialing Jiang is a large upstream tributary of the Yangtze River. The Bailong Jiang, which was catalogued in Volume 3 of the Catalogue of Rivers, is upstream of the Jialing Jiang. The catchment area is 159,800 km2 and the length of the main channel is 1,119 km. The annual average precipitation is 965 mm. The precipitation increases from upstream to downstream. It is 1200 mm in the downstream tributary Qujiang and Fujiang rivers. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in May-October, when, typically, more than 80% of the annual rainfall occurs. The annual discharge at the Beipei station is 2,120 m3/s. The Luanhe flows directly to the Bo Sea. Usually it is combined with the Haihe and is called the Hailuanhe, because both rivers are hydraulically connected. The Luanhe basin is mainly in Hebei province, with some flow coming from Inner Mongolia. The main river originates north of Mt. Bayanguer. The catchment area is 44,900 km2 and the main channel length is 888 km. About 800 km2 and 167 km of the river channel are in Inner Mongolia. The average annual precipitation is 564 mm. Annual discharge at the Luanxian station is 147 m3/s.

Acknowledgements The following people and organizations are highly appreciated and acknowledged for their contributions. Liu Heng (Chair), Xie Ziyin, Zhou Bingqing, Jin Guansheng Nanjing Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources, Ministry of Water Resources Sun Qichang, Zhu Xiaoyuan, Liang Jiazhi Bureau of Hydrology, Ministry of Water Resources Information Center, Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) Pearl River Water Resources Commission, MWR Yangtze River Water Resources Commission, MWR Yellow River Water Resources Commission, MWR Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

2

China ― 10

Fenhe (Fen He) Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Fenhe (in Huanghe River)

Serial No. : China-10

Location: Shanxi Province, Northern China

N 35° 34' ~ 38° 53'

Area: 39,471 km2

Length of the main stream: 694 km

Origin: Mt. Guancen (2,147 m)

Highest point: Mt.Woyangchang (2,603 m)

Outlet: Huanghe

Lowest point: 365 (m)

E 110° 34' ~ 111° 58'

Main geological features: Hard layered clastic rocks, Group of hard massive metamorphic rocks 2

2

2

2

Main tributaries: Lanhe (1,146 km ), Xiaohe (3,894 km ), Changyuanhe (2,274 km ), Wenyuhe (3,979 km ), Honganjiandong (1,123 km2), Huihe (2,060 km2) Main lakes:

------------

Main reservoirs: Fenhe (723×106m3, 1961), Wenyuhe (105×106m3, 1970), Fenhe II (under construction) Mean annual precipitation: 493.2 mm (1971 ~ 1990) (basin average) 3

2

Mean annual runoff: 48.7 m /s at Hejin (38,728 km ) (1971 ~ 1990) Population: 3,410,700 (1998)

Main cities: Taiyuan, Linfen, Yuci, Houma

Land use: Forest (24%), Rice paddy (2%), Other agriculture (29%), Water surface (2%),Urban (6%), Uncultivated land (20%), Qthers (17%)

3

China ― 10

1.

General Description

The Fenhe is a main tributary of The Yellow River. It is located in the middle of Shanxi province. The main river originates from northwest of Mt. Guanqing and flows from north to south before joining the Yellow River at Wanrong county. It flows through 18 counties and cities, including Ningwu, Jinle, Loufan, Gujiao, and Taiyuan. The catchment area is 39,472 km2 and the main channel length is 693 km. Forests cover about 30% of total basin area. Upstream, the river zigzags through the Luliang mountains. The middle and downstream reaches flow though the Taiyuan and Lingfen basins. In these basins the depth of yellow soil is about 10-30 m, and it is the main source of soil erosion in Shanxi province. The average annual precipitation for the basin is 544 mm. It varies from 500 mm in the upstream reaches to between 500 - 600 mm in the lower reaches. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in the June-September period when more than 60% of the annual rainfall occurs. The annual discharge at the Hejin station was 48.7 m3/s for the period of 1934-1979. The average annual volume of runoff was 2.06 billion m3 for the period of 1919-1979 and 2.66 billion m3 for the period of 1956-1979. There are two large reservoirs, the Wenyu and the Fenhe, located on the tributary Wenyu river and main stream of the Fenhe River respectively. The Fenhe II reservoir is under construction. Shanxi is an industrial priority province in China, specialising in metallurgy, coal, energy and chemistry. The population of the catchment was 3,410,700 in 1998. The climate is cold and dry. There is very little cultivation land for paddy rice. The main crops are wheat, corn, and potatoes.

2.

Geographical Information

2.1

Geological Map

4

China ― 10

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3

Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries

No.

Name of river

Length [km] Catchment area [km2]

Highest peak [m] Lowest point [m]

Cities Population (1990)

Land use [%] (2000)

1

Fenhe (Main River)

694 39,471

2,341 365.8

Taiyuan, + Linfen 2,108,200

F (24.24) L (2.47)

2

Lanhe (Tributary)

61.9 1,146

1,420 1,117

3

Xiaohe (Tributary)

148.9 3,894

1,150 758.5

4

Changyuanhe (Tributary)

93 2,274

1,450 752

5

Wenyuhe (Tributary)

157.9 3,979

1,040 730

6

Honganjianhe (Tributary)

84.7 1,123

1,410 438.2

7

Huihe (Tributary)

118.4 2,060

1,130 386

F: Forest L: Lake, River, Marsh O: Others

P: Paddy rice,

OA: Other Agriculture

U: Urban

5

P (2.0) OA (29.25) Yuci 238,600

U (5.5) UL (19.92) O (16.62)

Xiaoyi 112,900

UL: Uncultivated land

China ― 10

2.4

Longitudinal Profiles

3.

Climatological Information

3.1

Annual Isohyetal Map and Observation Stations

6

China ― 10

3.2 No.

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Elevation [m]

Location

Observation period

Mean annual precipitation1) [mm]

Mean annual evaporation1) [mm]

Observation 2) items

Lancun

880

N 38° 00' E 112° 26'

1934 ~ present

525

986

P (TB)

Yishang

760

N 37° 00' E 111° 50'

1958 ~ present

540

1,157

P (TB), E

Hejin

379

N 35° 34' E 110° 48'

1934 ~ present

490

1,008

P (TB), E

Shangjingyou

1,150

N 38° 10' E 111° 49'

1954 ~ present

438

Lujiazhuang

900

N 37° 44' E 113° 03'

1953 ~ present

474

Pantuo

970

N 37° 13' E 112° 29'

1954 ~ present

483

P (TB), E

Dongzhuang

599

N 36° 13' E 111° 52'

1965 ~ present

536

P (TB), E

Station

P (TB), E P (TB), E

1,395

Evaporation used with Φ20 Evaporation vessel 1) Period for the mean is from 1971 to 1990 2) P: Precipitation E: Evaporation TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart

3.3

Monthly Climate Data

Station: Taiyuan Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for the mean

Temperature [°C] -6.0

-2.9

3.8

2.3

-4.4

Precipitation [mm]

2.9

6.3

10.7 23.8 35.3 54.6 120.2 94.4 64.3 29.1 12.1

3.2

Evaporation [mm]

47.7 65.0 131.6 214.6 272.9 253.7 205.0 174.5 133.0 111.5 65.9 44.2 1,719 1961~1990

Solar radiation [MJ/m2/day]

8.77 10.1 14.3 18.4 18.7 20.1 18.3 17.0 13.0 11.5 9.47 8.12

Duration of sunshine [hr]

182.2 172.5 210.9 223.2 268.0 263.4 235.0 228.5 204.9 210.4 182.5 173.6 2,555 1961~1990

11.7 17.9 21.6 23.3 21.8 16.1 10.0

7

9.6

1961~1990

456.8 1961~1990

14.0 1982~1985

China ― 10

3.4

Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation

4.

Hydrological Information

4.1

Map of Streamflow Observation Stations

8

China ― 10

4.2

List of Hydrological Observation Stations No.

Location

Station Lancun Yishang Hejin Shangjingyou Lujiazhuang Pantuo Dongzhuang

H2: manual water level

No.

Observation period

Observation items (frequency)

7,705

1943 ~ present

H2, Q

23,945

1958 ~ present

H2, Q

38,428

1956 ~ present

H2, Q

1,140

1954 ~ present

H2, Q

2,367

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

533

1954 ~ present

H2, Q

987

1965 ~ present

H2, Q

N 38° 26' E 112° 26' N 37° 00' E 111° 50' N 35° 34' E 110° 48' N 38° 10' E 111° 49' N 37° 44' E 113° 03' N 37° 13' E 112° 29' N 36° 13' E 111° 52'

Q: discharge

−1) Q [m3/s]

Qmax2) [m3/s]

− Qmax3) [m3/s]

− Qmin4) [m3/s]

− Q/A [m /s/100km2]

Qmax/A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]

Period of statistics

10.1

1,480

446

0.44

0.13

19.21

1971 ~ 1990

11.42

1,010

295

0

0.048

4.22

1971 ~ 1990

25.73

804

356

0

0.066

2.08

1971 ~ 1990

1.59

935

308

0.162

0.101

82.02

1971 ~ 1990

3.12

788

324

0.316

0.132

33.29

1971 ~ 1990

1.42

2,050

240

0.031

0.266

385

1971 ~ 1990

1,680

387

0.095

0.156

170

1971 ~ 1990

1.54 1) Mean annual discharge

4.3

Catchment area (A) [km2]

2) Maximum discharge

3) Mean maximum discharge

3

4) Mean minimum discharge

Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge Series

9

China ― 10

4.4

Annual Pattern of Discharge Series

4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges 2

Station: Lancun (7,705 km ) 1)

2)

1)

Maximum 3 Date [m /s]

2)

Year


1971

7.31

1,480

12

1.77

1981

8.3

159

11

0.28

1972

8.4

51.5

12

1.17

1982

8.2

1,420

3

0.34

1973

6.28

715

5

0.6

1983

7.28

353

12

0.13

1974

7.27

530

12

0.7

1984

8.12

71.2

12

0.19

1975

8.12

387

5

0.54

1985

5.12

507

2

0.13

1976

8.19

613

11

0.42

1986

7.19

81.9

12

0.11

1977

8.18

515

2

0.32

1987

8.3

48.0

12

0.028

1978

7.19

302

2

0.89

1988

8.14

479

3

0

1979

8.14

601

12

0.4

1989

7.17

163

1

0.005

1980

5.31

150

1

0.7

1990

8.11

304

6

0.07

Minimum 3 Month [m /s]

Year

1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording chart

10


China ― 10

4.7

Hyetographs and Hydrographs of Major Floods

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Fenhe is a main tributary of the Yellow River and originates in the northeast mountains of Shanxi province. The average annual precipitation for the basin is 544 mm. It varies from 500 mm in the upstream reaches to between 500 - 600 mm in the lower reaches. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in June-September period when more than 60% of the annual rainfall occurs. However, according to the records from the Hejin hydrological station (38,428 km2), the distributions of precipitation and runoff have two distinct parts: a period of relative drought in 1934-1948 and a relatively wet period in 19491979. Floods are mainly caused by storms centred over the basin and there are typically two or three floods each year. The annual discharge at the Hejin station was 48.7 m3/s for the period of 1934-1979. The average annual volume of runoff was 2.06 billion m3 for the period of 1919-1979 and 2.66 billion m3 for the period of 1956-1979. There are two man-made reservoirs in the basin, the Fenhe and the Wenyuhe, which were completed in 1961 and 1970 with capacities of 723 x 106m3 and 105 x 106m3 respectively. The main purpose of the Fenhe reservoir is flood control, with irrigation, fishery and water supply as additional benefits. The Wenyuhe reservoir is a project for irrigation and hydropower generation. The Fenhe II reservoir downstream of existing Fenhe reservoir will have a capacity 120 x 106m3 when completed.

11

China ― 10

5.2

Map of Water Resource Systems

5.3

List of Major Water Resources Facilities

Major Reservoirs Name of river

Name of dam

Catchment area [km2]

Gross capacity [106m3]

Effective capacity [106m3]

Purposes

Year of completion

Fenhe

5,268

723

464

A, F, P

1961

Wenyuhe

1,876

105

91

A, F, P

1970

Fenhe River Wenyuhe River 1) F: Flood control,

1)

P: Hydro-power

Major Interbasin Transfer Name of transfer line Wanjiazhai

Name of rivers and places connected From

To

Yellow

Fenhe

Length [km] 240.68

1) WS: Water Supply

12

Maximum capacity Purposes1) [m3/s] 48

WS

Year of completion 2002

China ― 10

5.4

Major Floods and Droughts 2

Major Floods at Hejin (Catchment area 38,728 km ) Date

Peak discharge [m3/s]

Rainfall [mm] Duration

Meteorological cause

Dead and Missing

Major damages (Districts affected)

1982.8.2

1,420

704.8 7.29 ~ 8.2

Frontal rain

---

Linfen, Houma City

Major Droughts

6.

Period

Affected area

Major damages and counteractions

1972.6 ~ 8

Taiyuan, Yuci cities

Water supply cut to 50%

1980.7

Jinle,Ningwu cities


Socio-cultural Characteristics

The Fenhe flows from north to south through Taiyuan, the capital of Shanxi province. The basin is a typical karst area, with several springs, and water flowing from cracks in the rocks. There are many natural scenic features and also ancient constructions, more than 1000 years old, in the rock caves in Tianlong mountains. In and around the city are many Buddhist and Taoist temples. In the northern part of the city there is Wutai Mountain, one of China’ s four famous Buddhism Mountains.

7.

References, Databooks and Bibliography

Geology press (1973): The atlas of geology in China. China atlas press (1978): China Meteorology Atlas. Qingdao Press (1993): Dictionary of China’s River Distribution. Shanxi Water Resources Management Commission, Water resources in Shanxi, 1987 Yellow River Water Commission (1986): Water Resources Assessment for Yellow River Basin. Yellow River Water Commission (1984): The Collection of Flood Control Data in Yellow River Basin. Yellow River Water Commission (1952-1986), The Hydrological Year-book of Yellow River Basin. China Bookstore Press, China Historical Floods, 1992 China Population Investigation, China Statistical Press, 1994

13

China ― 11

Hongshuihe (Hongshui He) Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Hongshui River


Location: Sorth-western China Area: 138,340 km

N 23° 04' ~ 26° 49'

2

E 102° 14' ~ 109° 32'

Length of the main stream: 1,573 km

Origin: Mt. Maxiongshandonglu 4,288 (m)

Highest point: Mt. Wumengshan 2,866 (m)

Outlet: Qianjiang

Lowest point: Sanjiangkou 16 (m)

Main geological feature: Carbonate rock, Hard massive metamorphic rock, Clastic rock 2

2

2

2

Main tributaries: Beipanjiang (26,590 km ), Mengjiang (8,607 km ), Huangnihe (8,158 km ), Caoduhe (5,843 km ), 2 2 2 2 Qujiang (4,105 km ), Lujiang (4,342 km ), Qingshuihe (4,067 km ), Diaojiang (3,604 km ) Main lakes: Fuxianhu, Xinyunhu Main reservoirs: Dumu (100×106m3, 1963), Dalongdong (151×106m3, 1960), Dahua (960×106m3, 1960) Mean annual precipitation: 1,182 mm (1954 ~ 1979) (basin average) Mean annual runoff: 2,151 m3/s Population: 20,570,000 (1990)

Main cities: Duwu Wenxian, Diechang Nanping

Land use: Forest (28.5%), Rice paddy (6.6%), Other agriculture (3.8%), Waste (21.6%), Others (39.5%) (1991)

14

China ― 11

1.

General Description

The Hongshui River is the upper stream of the Xijiang, a main tributary of the Pearl River. It is located in the south of Guizhou, southeast of Yunnan province and west of the Guangxi Autonomous Region. The upper stream of the Hongshuihe is called the Nanpanjiang and originates from Maxiong Mountain. The general direction of the Hongshuihe is from southwest to northeast, then from north to southeast. The river joins the Qingjiang at Sanjiangkou after flowing through Wangmo, Luodian, Tian’e, Donalan, and Laibin counties. The catchment area is 138,340 km2 and the main channel length is 1,573 km. Forests cover 40% of the total area of the basin. The upstream part of the basin belongs to YunnanGuizhou Plateau. The annual precipitation varies along the main stream from about 1,100-1,300 mm in Yunnan and Guizhou, to 1,500 - 1,800 mm in Guangxi. The maximum recorded annual precipitation was 2,300 mm in the Daming mountains in the downstream part of the basin. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in the period May-October, when 80% of the annual rainfall occurs. The annual evaporation is relatively stable being between 1,100-1,200 mm. The annual discharge at the Shilongkou station is 2,151 m3/s. The Hongshuihe is one of China’s main sources of hydro-electric power and there are already 3 large cascading reservoirs in the catchment for this purpose. Flooding, which is mainly experienced in the downstream part of the basin, is caused by summer storms. Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi are agriculture provinces in China. The population of the catchment was 20,570,000 in 1990. The climate is warm and wet. The landscape includes mountains: 76%, hills: 20% and plains 4%. The main crops are paddy rice, corn, and sugarcane.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

15

China ― 11

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Name of river




Land use [%] (1985)

1

Nanpanjiang (Main River)

9,14 56,880

2,054.6 290.6

Qujing 830,000

2

Qujiang (Tributary)

198 4,105

1,852.2 1,145.4

3

Lujiang (Tributary)

136 4,342

1,516.4 1,039.0

4

Huangnihe (Tributary)

278 8,158

2,049.5 751.3

5

Beibanjiang (Tributary)

444 26,590

1,533.8 290.6

Forest (28.5%), Rice paddy (6.6%), Other agriculture (3.8%), Uncultivated land (21.6%), Others (39.5%)

6

Hongshuihe (Main River)

659 54,870

290.6 17.8

7

Mengjiang (Tributary)

241 8,607

1,036.8 233.8

8

Mengjiang (Tributary)

241 8,607

1,036.8 233.8

9

Caoduhe (Tributary)

235 5,843

991.6 224.6

10

Diaojiang (Tributary)

237 3,604

371.0 98.4

11

Qingshuihe (Tributary)

189 4,067

235.4 59.6

16

China ― 11

2.4


3.


3.1


17

China ― 11

3.2 No.

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation precipitation1) evaporation1) period [mm] [mm]


1

Zhanyi

1,860

N 25° 36' E 103° 50'

1956 ~ present

954.4

1,469.2

P (TB), E

2

Xiqiao

1,836

N 25° 01' E 103° 38'

1957 ~ present

954.7

1,569.8

P (TB), E

3

Gaoguma

1,534

N 24° 47' E 103° 08'

1956 ~ present

922.9

1,237.4

P (TB), E

4

Jiangbianjie

966

N 24° 01' E 103° 37'

1956 ~ present

899.4

1,300.4

P (TB), E

5

Dadukou

929

N 26° 18' E 104° 43'

1963 ~ present

1,115.4

1,004.0

P (TB), E

6

Zhedong

378

N 25° 22' E 105° 47'

1958 ~ present

1,060.3

1,390.0

P (TB), E

7

Zhexiang

327

N 24° 58' E 106° 16'

1954 ~ present

1,061.9

1,304.6

P (TB), E

8

Tiane

245

N 25° 06' E 107° 09'

1959 ~ present

1,344.1

1,011.9

P (TB), E

9

Donglan

226

N 24° 31' E 107° 26'

1937 ~ present

1,431.0

1,113.6

P (TB), E

10

Duan

151

N 23° 50' E 108° 11'

1934 ~ present

1,731.1

1,217.2

P (TB), E

11

Qianjiang

90

N 23° 37' E 108° 58'

1934 ~ present

1,532.1

1,270.7

P (TB), E

Evaporation used with Φ20 Evaporation vessel 1) Period for the mean is from 1956 to 1979 2) P: Precipitation,

3.3

E: Evaporation,

TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart


Station: Duan Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Temperature [°C] 12.2 13.3 17.1 21.5 25.2 27.2 28.2 27.9 26.9 23.3 18.6 14.4

Period for the mean

21.3 1952~1985

Precipitation [mm]

36.4 43.7 69.5 128.5 254.2 367.5 257.6 295.0 109.0 77.5 48.8 43.6 1,731 1952~1985

Evaporation [mm]

64.2 57.7 66.8 87.2 119.1 122.3 139.3 133.4 143.6 125.2 89.6 68.8 1,217 1952~1985

Solar radiation 2 [MJ/m /day]*

5.52 7.14 9.96 12.5 12.3 12.4 15.5 14.9 12.1 8.82 6.96 5.56


69.1 53.6 52.7 69.8 109.5 123.0 167.7 180.1 191.3 151.4 126.7 100.6 1,396 1971~1980

* Observed at Guiyang.

18

10.3 1982~1985

China ― 11

3.4


4.


4.1


19

China ― 11

4.2


Station

Location


Observation period


21

Gaoguma

N 24° 47' E 103° 08'

6,301

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

23

Xiaolongtan

N 23° 49' E 103° 11'

15,405

1960 ~ present

H2, Q

24

Jiangbianjie

N 24° 01' E 103° 37'

25,116

1954 ~ present

H2, Q

25

Bajie

N 24° 52' E 105° 02'

44,242

1971 ~ present

H2, Q

28

Zhedong

N 25° 22' E 105° 47'

19,300

1957 ~ present

H2, Q

27

Zhexiang

N 24° 58' E 106° 12'

82,480

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

Tiane

N 25° 00' E 107° 09'

105,830

1962 ~ present

H2, Q

Duan

N 23° 50' E 108° 11'

119,245

1936 ~ present

H2, Q

Qianjiang

N 23° 37' E 108° 58"

128,165

1936 ~ present

H2, Q

29

H2: water level by manual

Q: discharge

No.

−1) Q [m3/s]

Qmax2) [m3/s]

− Qmax3) [m3/s]

− Qmin4) [m3/s]

− Q/A [m /s/100km2]

Qmax/A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]


21

62.6

1,270

646

1.18

0.99

20.16

1953 ~ 1984

23

131.7

2,220

1,064

13.6

0.86

14.41

1961 ~ 1984

24

200

3,080

1,335

35.2

0.80

12.26

1954 ~ 1984

25

563

6,720

3,770

99.8

1.27

15.19

1971 ~ 1984

28

372

5,670

3,680

55.8

1.93

29.38

1958 ~ 1984

27

1180

11,300

7,166

194

1.43

13.70

1954 ~ 1984

1630

15,800

10,230

261

1.54

14.93

1960 ~ 1984

2026

18,700

11,860

339

1.70

15.68

1958 ~ 1984

2151

17,600

12,160

349

1.69

13.73

1952 ~ 1984

29

1) Mean annual discharge

2) Maximum discharge

3) Mean maximum discharge

20

3

4) Mean minimum discharge

China ― 11

4.3


4.4


21

China ― 11

4.6


Station: Qianjiang (128,165 km ) 1)

2)

1)

2)

Year


470

1969

7.03

13,300

4

280

1

465

1970

7.16

16,500

3

275

16,500

4

319

1971

8.21

13,300

3

396

10,800

4

295

1972

9.26

7,460

3

353

5.31

11,300

4

380

1973

6.16

9,490

3

465

1957

7.04

10,700

3

339

1974

7.02

14,700

3

312

1958

9.21

9,590

5

222

1975

6.07

6,770

4

293

1959

7.06

11,200

2

336

1976

7.12

15,900

4

291

1960

7.24

14,000

5

308

1977

8.06

11,200

3

300

1961

8.12

10,300

2

330

1978

6.29

10,000

4

324

1962

7.03

14,300

4

397

1979

7.02

17,200

3

339

1963

8.09

7,260

5

240

1980

8.14

12,100

3

316

1964

8.13

16,000

4

416

1981

6.07

9,000

3

351

1965

8.16

11,200

3

347

1982

6.19

12,500

3

354

1966

7.06

15,500

3

351

1983

6.24

15,400

2

434

1967

8.09

13,400

4

362

1984

6.03

9,300

3

346

1968

7.16

17,600

2

523

Year


1952

8.27

11,700

2

1953

6.13

5,660

1954

6.30

1955

6.21

1956



4.7


22


China ― 11

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Hongshui River is the upper stream of the Xijiang, a main tributary of the Pearl River. The Nanpanjiang River is the upper stem of the main river and originates from the Yunnan-Guizhou Tibet Plateau. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in the period May-October, when 80% of the annual rainfall occurs. Water is abundant in the Hongshuihe basin. The annual average discharges at the Tian’e station in upstream part of the basin and Qianjiang station in the downstream part are 1,590 m3/s and 2,140 m3/s repectvely. Flooding, which is mainly experienced in the downstream part of the basin, is caused by summer storms. It is common to have 2 or 3 floods each year. The maximum recorded flood discharge at the Qianjiang station was 18,300 m3/s in July 1968. The Hongshuihe carries the largest sediment load of the rivers in Guangxi. Annual average sediment transportation is 45.6 million tons. There is at present a cascade of 3 large man-made reservoirs on the main stream. The Tianshengqiao, Yantan, and Dahua reservoirs were completed in 1993, 1981 and 1983 with capacities of 88 x 106 m3, 2,430 x 106 m3, and 960 x 106 m3 respectively. The main purpose of these reservoirs is hydroelectric power generation associated with flood control and navigation. The Longtan reservoir, on which construction began July 2001, will have a capacity of 55,490 x 106 m3 and will become the largest reservoir in the Hongshuihe cascade when completed in 2009. There are several large and middle scale reservoirs, such as the Lubuge and Dalongdong, on tributaries rivers.

5.2


23

China ― 11

5.3



Name of dam

Catchment Area [km2]

Gross Capacity [106m3]

Effective Capacity [106m3]

Purposes1)

Year of completion

Nanpanjiang River

Dumu

196

100.4

98.5

A

1963

Lubuge

7,300

120

110

P

1992

Tianshengqiao

50,194

88

26

P

1993

Hongshui River

Yantan

106,580

2,430

990

P, N

1981

Hongshui River

Dahua

112,200

960

419

P, F

1983

Qingshui River

Dalongdong

245

151

150.6

A, P

1960

Huangni River Nanpanjiang River

1) F: Flood control

5.4

P: Hydro-power

N: Navigation


Major Flood at Qianjiang (Catchment area 128,165 km )

6.

Date




Dead and Missing


1976.12

15,900

690.6 7.7 ~ 7.12

Frontal rain

---

Duan, Laibing City


The Hongshuihe originates from the famous 10-thousand mountains area and flows via Yunnan Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. Mountains and hills take up 96% of the total area. Miao, Zhuang, Hani, Yao minorities live in these provinces. Each minority dresses differently, with distinct head decorations, and each have different wedding ceremonies etc. The natural scenery is very beautiful, e.g., Tianshengqiao means a natural bridge between two mountains, while words like Maotiaohe, mean a river that a cat can jump though. Rapids, dangerous beaches, and submerged rocks are quite common. The river basin has karst geological characteristics. There are some vanishing rivers, e.g., the Congli, that disappears underground before returning to the surface some 35 km later. The subterranean rivers make a very loud noise like a thunder.

24

China ― 11

7.


Geology press (1973): The atlas of geology in China. China atlas press (1978): China Meteorology Atlas. Qingdao Press (1993): Dictionary of China’s River Distribution. Guangxi Water Resources Department, Water resources development for Guangxi, 1985 Pearl River Water Commission (1989): Integrated Water Resources Planning for Pearl River Basin. Pearl River Water Commission (1984): The Collection of Flood Control Data in Pearl River Basin. Pearl River Water Commission (1952-1986): The Hydrological Year-book of Pearl River Basin. China Bookstore Press, China Historical Floods, 1992 China Population Investigation, China Statistical Press, 1994

25

China ― 12

Jialing Jiang Map of River

26

China ― 12

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Jialingjiang


Location: Sichuan Province, southwest China Area: 160,000 km

2

N 29° 34' ~ 34° 31'

E 102° 34' ~ 109° 02'

Length of the main stream: 1,120 km

Origin: Mt. Qinlingnanlu (2,819 m)

Highest point: Mt. Qinling (2,819 m)

Outlet: Changjiang

Lowest point: 198 m

Main geological features: Mild hard layered clasic rocks, tabular metamorphic rocks, carbonate rocks Main tributaries: Qujiang, Fujiang, Bailong Jiang, Xihanshui Main lakes: -----------6

3

6

3

Main reservoirs: Baozhusi (2,451×10 m , 1996), Bikou (521×10 m , 1976) Mean annual precipitation: 998 mm (1971 ~ 1990) (basin average) Mean annual runoff: 2,120 m3/s Population: 38,000,000 (1998)

Main cities: Nanchong, Guangyuan, Wudu, Mianyang

Land use: Forest (19%), Rice paddy (7.1%), Other agriculture (10.2%),Waste (15.3%), Others (48.4%) (1991)

1.

General Description

The Jialing Jiang is a major tributary of the Yangtze River. The Bailong Jiang, which was catalogued in volume 3 of the Catalogue of Rivers, is a tributary of the Jialing Jiang. The Jialing Jiang is located on the border of Ganshu, Sichuan and Shanxi provinces. One of the sources of the river is Mt. Min in the Xiqing mountains. The Jialing Jiang flows from north to south. Two large tributaries join the main stream in its downstream reaches. One is the Qujiang, which flows from northeast to southwest. The other flows from northwest to southeast. The main stream joins the Yangtze River at the city of Chongqing after flowing through Guangyuan, Wangcang, Jian'ge, Cangxi, Nanchong, and Wusheng. The catchment area is 159,800 km2 and main channel length is 1,119 km. Forests cover 55% of the total basin area. The area of the upper river drains from the Tibetan Plateau, where the average elevation is 3,500 m. The city of Nanchong separates the middle and downstream reaches, which are both in Sichuan province. The annual average precipitation is 965 mm. The average precipitation for the upper basin is about 600 mm. The precipitation increases from upstream to downstream. It is 1,200 mm upstream of Qujiang and Fujiang. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in May-October, when, typically, more than 80% of the annual rainfall occurs. The annual discharge at the Beipei station is 2,120 m3/s. Two large cascading reservoirs, the Bikou and the Baozhushi, lie in the upstream Bailong Jiang tributary river. The floods, caused by summer storms, are mainly experienced in the downstream part of the basin. The Yangtze flood of 1870 was primarily caused by flow from the Jialing Jiang. Sixty-six large floods were recorded from 653 to 1991. Intense rainfalls cause flooding in the basin while higher water demand for agriculture has led to agricultural droughts. Water-born soil erosion from the Jialing Jiang basin is the main source of sedimentation in the Yangtze River. Sichuan is an agriculture province of China. The population of the catchment was 38,000,000 in 1998. The downstream part of the basin is the main grain production area in Sichuan. Besides wheat and corn, potato and rice are also important crops. The upper basin is predominantly in pasture.

27

China ― 12

2.


2.1

Geological Map

28

China ― 12

2.2

Land Use Map

29

China ― 12

2.3 No.

Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries Length [km] Name of river Catchment area [km2]

1

Jialingjiang (Main River)

1,120 160,000

2

Xihanshui (Tributary)

246 10,103

3

Bailong Jiang (Tributary)

576 31,808

4

Qujiang (Tributary)

720 39,211

5

Fujiang (Tributary)

700 36,400

2.4



Land use [%] (1985)

Nanchong, Hechuan, Forest (19%) Rice paddy Guangyuan (Total = 2,530,000) (7.1%) Other Mt.Maijishan 2,000 agriculture 700 (10.2%) Waste Mt.Wugongshan 4,288 Wudu (15.3%) 460 471,166 Others Mt.Dabashan 2,500 (48.4%) 200 Mt.Qinling 2,819 180

Mt.Minshan 5,588 210


30

China ― 12

3.


3.1


31

China ― 12

3.2 No.


Elevation [m]

Ciba

888

Tanjiazhuang

860

Shunlixia

1,400

Daqiao

1,080

Tanjiaba

900

Lueyang

645

Xindianzi

510

Sanleiba

480

Shangsi

510

Tingzikou

400

Qingquanxiang

370

Jianshexiang

310

Wusheng

240

Beipei

220

Pingwu

880

Fujiangqiao

485

Santai

374

Shehong

331

Xiaoheba

240

Wanglituo

320

Fengtan

315

Huangjinkou

320

Donglin

310

Goudukou

260

Luoduxi

240

Location N 33° 51' E 106° 25' N 33° 42' E 106° 12' N 34° 06' E 105° 07' N 33° 45' E 105° 17' N 33° 35' E 105° 46' N 33° 19' E 106° 07' N 32° 35' E 105° 51' N 32° 27' E 105° 38' N 32° 17' E 105° 29' N 31° 51' E 105° 49' N 31° 43' E 106° 04' N 31° 16' E 106° 06' N 30° 16' E 106° 16' N 29° 51' E 106° 25' N 32° 25' E 104° 31' N 31° 31' E 104° 43' N 31° 04' E 105° 09' N30° 52' E 105° 24' N 30° 06' E 106° 03' N 31° 41' E 106° 59' N 31° 06' E 107° 06' N 31° 37' E 107° 51' N 31° 17' E 107° 41' N 30° 51' E 117° 00' N 30° 20' E 106° 35'



1959 ~ present

682.0

750.1

P (TB), E

1956 ~ present

773.9

797.4

P (TB), E

1953 ~ present

521.9

873.6

P (TB), E

1963 ~ present

466.6

841.2

P (TB), E

1958 ~ present

683.6

662.1

P (TB), E

1934 ~ present

815.6

713.7

P (TB), E

1951 ~ present

1,105.2

991.3

P (TB), E

1954 ~ present

1,154.4

840.2

P (TB), E

1957 ~ present

1,165.3

978.9

P (TB), E

1954 ~ present

1,109.1

814.8

P (TB), E

1953 ~ present

988.2

902.0

P (TB), E

1953 ~ present

961.1

720.3

P (TB), E

1938 ~ present

998.9

724.3

P (TB), E

1943 ~ present

1,142.1

797.0

P (TB), E

1951 ~ present

843.9

759.6

P (TB), E

1956 ~ present

892.9

708.5

P (TB), E

1937 ~ present

898.1

769.2

P (TB), E

1951 ~ present

938.7

751.2

P (TB), E

1951 ~ present

1,030.1

692.0

P (TB), E

1954 ~ present

1,129.9

570.1

P (TB), E

1953 ~ present

1,137.6

---------

P (TB)

1958 ~ present

1,206.8

767.2

P (TB), E

1954 ~ present

1,241.3

764.7

P (TB), E

1954 ~ present

1,074.5

673.8

P (TB), E

1953 ~ present

1,067.9

--------

P (TB)

Evaporation used with Φ20 Evaporation vessel 1) Period for the mean is from 1956 to 1979 2) P: Precipitation, E: Evaporation,

32

TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart

China ― 12

3.3


Station: Nanchong Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Temperature[°C] 6.6

8.3

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

12.8 17.8 22.0 24.8 27.4 27.7 22.5 17.8 12.8

8.1

Period for the mean

17.4 1961~1990

Precipitation [mm]

17.3 16.5 30.7 74.5 126.6 131.6 179.0 136.9 161.3 91.4 37.6 17.5 1,020.8 1961~1990

Evaporation [mm]

18.3 25.3 51.7 74.1 89.1 81.2 106.3 130.3 66.6 42.7 28.1 20.2 733.9 1965~1987

Solar radiation [MJ/m2/day]

4.50 6.56 9.19 13.1 13.8 14.2 16.2 17.7 9.74 7.30 5.24 4.18


45.5 51.6 98.0 129.5 141.3 137.5 184.4 210.0 98.8 73.9 57.1 39.2 1,266.7 1961~1990

3.4


33

10.1 1973~1985

China ― 12

4.


4.1


34

China ― 12

4.2


Station

Location


Observation period


Tanjiazhuang

N 33° 42' E 106° 12'

6,694

1975 ~ present

H2, Q

Tanjiaba

N 33° 35' E 105° 45'

9,538

1958 ~ present

H2, Q

Lueyang

N 33° 19' E 106° 07'

19,206

1939 ~ present

H2, Q

Xindianzi

N 32° 35' E 105° 51'

25,367

1951 ~ present

H2, Q

Sanleiba

N 32° 27' E 105° 38'

29,247

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

Tingzikou

N 30° 51' E 105° 49'

61,089

1954 ~ present

H2, Q

Wusheng

N 30° 16' E 106° 16'

79,714

1940 ~ present

H2, Q

Luoduxi

N 30° 20' E 106° 35'

38,071

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

Xiaoheba

N 30° 06' E 106° 03'

29,420

1951 ~ present

H2, Q

Beipei

N 29° 51' E 106° 25'

156,142

1939 ~ present

H2, Q

H2: water level by manual

No.

Q: discharge

−1) Q [m3/s]

Qmax2) [m3/s]

− Qmax3) [m3/s]

− Qmin4) [m3/s]

− Q/A [m /s/100km2]

Qmax/A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]


48.6

8,340

1,990

7.37

0.726

124.6

1975 ~ 1987

44.2

4,970

905

8.77

0.464

52.1

1971 ~ 1987

118

8,630

2,330

20.0

0.614

44.9

1940 ~ 1987

196

10,200

4,180

32.7

0.773

40.2

1964 ~ 1987

331

8,960

4,280

80.8

1.132

30.6

1954 ~ 1987

647

23,700

10,900

141

1.060

38.8

1955 ~ 1987

879

28,900

13,100

170

1.103

36.3

1944 ~ 1987

728

24,000

15,200

48.4

1.912

63.1

1954 ~ 1987

482

28,700

9,250

81.7

1.638

97.6

1952 ~ 1987

2,170

44,800

24,600

338

1.390

28.7

1940 ~ 1987

1) Mean annual discharge 3) Mean maximum discharge

2) Maximum discharge 4) Mean minimum discharge

35

3

China ― 12

4.3


4.4


36

China ― 12

4.6


Station: Lancun (7,705 km ) 1)

2)

1)

2)

1960

Maximum 3 Date [m /s] 9.07 18,600

1974

Maximum 3 Date [m /s] 9.15 26,100

1961

6.29

24,700

2

323

1975

10.03

37,100

3

360

1962

7.29

22,800

4

334

1976

8.27

16,500

2

354

1963

5.26

29,200

3

318

1977

7.12

24,100

3

366

1964

9.16

21,200

3

378

1978

7.06

26,700

2

255

1965

9.01

27,800

2

382

1979

7.17

20,000

2

277

1966

7.18

18,600

4

262

1980

8.25

26,600

2

242

1967

5.19

24,600

2

338

1981

7.16

44,800

2

316

1968

7.04

28,800

2

409

1982

7.29

25,300

2

384

1969

9.29

25,300

3

350

1983

8.01

32,200

2

355

1970

9.29

12,800

2

305

1984

7.08

36,200

3

362

1971

6.12

18,500

3

303

1985

9.16

28,800

2

362

1972

7.12

23,400

3

290

1986

6.17

12,400

2

367

1973

9.09

35,600

3

244

1987

7.20

34,100

3

238

Year

Minimum 3 Month [m /s] 2 260

Year

Minimum 3 Month [m /s] 3 265


4.7


5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Jialing Jiang is a major tributary of the Yangtze River. The Bailong Jiang, which was catalogued in volume 3 of the Catalogue of Rivers, is a tributary of the Jialing Jiang. The main river and tributaries of the Jialing Jiang originate in the north-western mountains of Sichuan and the Tibetan Plateau.

37

China ― 12

The annual average precipitation is 965 mm. The precipitation of the basin is concentrated in MayOctober, when, typically, more than 80% of the annual rainfall occurs. The precipitation increases from upstream to downstream. In the Bailong Jiang basin, in the upstream part of the river, annual precipitation is only 600 mm, while it is more than 1,200 mm in the Qujiang and Fujiang Rivers. Most of area in the river basin belongs to the Sichuan basin, and precipitation is relatively small compared to other rivers in the Yangtze River basin. Floods are mainly caused by summer storms. The Jialing Jiang is one of main sources of Yangtze floods, e.g., discharge at Beipei station was 57,300 m3/s and 44,800 m3/s in 1870 and 1998. Historically, the Jialing Jiang has also experienced large floods in 1903, 1921, and 1938. Two large man-made cascading reservoirs, the Bikou and the Baozhushi, lie in the upstream Bailong Jiang tributary river. These reservoirs were completed in 1976 and 1997 and have capacities of 521 x 106 m3 and 2,450 x 106 m3 respectively. Two other large reservoirs, the Luban and the Liangtan were constructed in tributaries in 1980 and 1964. Many middle and small scale reservoirs have been constructed in tributaries to exploit the abundance of hydro-electric power in the basin.

5.2


38

China ― 12

5.3



Name of dam




Purposes1)

Year of completion

Bailongjiang River

Bikou

26,010

521

450

F, P

1976

Bailongjiang River

Baozhusi

28,896

2,451

1,307

F, P

1996

Luban

21

278

270

A

1980

Liangtan

36,300

500

P, A

1964

Fujiang River Qujiang River 1) F: Flood control,

5.4

A: Agriculture,

P: Hydro-power


Major Floods at Sanleiba (Catchment area 29,247 km ) Date




Dead and Missing


1956.6.27

33,500

230 6.22 ~ 6.28

Frontal rain

---

Nanchong City, etc.

1981.7.16

44,800

292.6 7.11 ~ 7.14

Frontal rain

---

Sichuan Province

Major Droughts

6.

Period

Affected area


1961.7 ~ 10

Mianyang City


1978.7 ~ 10

Mianyang City


1979.7 ~ 10

Mianyang City



The Jialing Jiang flows across the Sichuan basin or plain. It is an important grain producing area in China. In the downstream reaches of the river, channel width varies between the flood and dry seasons, e.g., between Langzhong and Hechuan the width of river in the dry season is between 100-300 m, while it is between 500-1,000 m in the flood season. The famous scenic area of the Libi, Wentang, and Guanying gorges is called the “mini Three-Gorges”. It provides good rafting conditions for tourists. There are also many dangerous sand shoals and rocks in the river and these hamper navigation. The upstream is very steep, with an average grade of 3.8%. The Jialing Jiang is the main connecting waterway between Chongqing and the areas to the north. The very special natural scenery with mountains, water, terrace, forestry and many cultural antiquities of the region have attracted tourists from around the world. Chongqing is a city constructed in a mountainous area. The lack of flat land and the lack of continuous sunny days have earned it the nicknames of Mountain City and Fog Capital.

39

China ― 12

7.


Geology press (1973): The atlas of geology in China. China atlas press (1978): China Meteorology Atlas. Qingdao Press (1993): China’s River Distribution Dictionary. Science Press (1996): Flood and Drought Disasters in Sichuan. China Water and Hydropower Press (1998): Flood Control Series: Yangtze River. Ganshu Water Resources Planning and Design Institute, Water resources development for Ganshu Province, 1980 Sichuan Water Resources Planning and Design Institute, Water resources development for Sichuan Province, 1980 Yangtze River Water Commission (1952-1980): The year-book of hydrological data in Yangtze river basin. China Bookstore Press, China Historical Floods, 1992 China Population Investigation, China Statistical Press, 1994

40

China ― 13

Luanhe (Luan He) Map of River

41

China ― 13

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Luanhe (in Huanghe River)


Location: Hebei Province, Northern China

N 39° 27' ~ 42° 33'

Area: 54,400 km2


E 115° 56' ~ 119° 08'

Origin: Mt. Bayantuguer (2,129 m)

Highest point: Mt. Bayan (2,129 m)

Outlet: Bohai Bay

Lowest point: 5 m

Main geological features: Massive intrusive rocks, group of hard massive metamorphic rocks Main tributaries: Xiaoluanhe, Xinzhouhe, Yixunhe, Laoniuhe, Qinglonghe, Baohe Main lakes: -----------Main reservoirs: Panjiakou (2,930×106m3, 1975), Daheitin (473×106m3, 1973), Miaogong (183×106m3, 1962) Mean annual precipitation: 564 mm (1971 ~ 1990) (basin average ) 3

2

Mean annual runoff: 99.1 m /s at Luanxian (44,100 km ) Population: 3,509,600 (1998)

Main cities: Chengde, Qianan

Land use: Forestry (21.8%), Rice paddy (6.0%), Other agriculture (29%), Urban (7.3%), Water surface (3.5%)

1.

General Description

The Luanhe River flows directly to the Bo Sea. Usually it is combined with the Haihe and is called the Hailuanhe, because both rivers are hydraulically connected. The Luanhe basin is mainly in Hebei province, with some flow coming from Inner Mongolia. The main river originates north of Mt. Bayanguer. The average annual precipitation is 564 mm. Annual discharge at the Luanxian station is 147 m3/s. From its source in Inner Mongolia it flows north into Hebei province. The general direction of Luanhe is from northwest to southeast. The river flows to the Bo Sea through Fengning, Chengde, Kuancheng, Qian’an, and Luan counties. The catchment area is 44,900 km2 and the main channel length is 888 km. About 800 km2 and 167 km of the river are in Inner Mongolia. The average precipitation is 564 mm. Between 75% and 85% of the annual basin precipitation occurs in June-September. The coefficient of variation of annual precipitation is 0.27. The maximum annual precipitation is 3.5 times the minimum. The annual discharge at the Luanxian station is 147 m3/s. There are two large cascading reservoirs, the Panjiakou and the Daheting, located in the middle part of the Luanhe. To solve water shortages in Tianjin city, a water transfer project from the Panjiakou and Daheting reservoirs to Tianjin was constructed in 1983. Another water transfer project from the Luanhe to Tangshan city was completed in 1984. Floods in the basin are often caused by summer storms of more than two days duration, e.g., in 1962 a serous flood was experienced in northern China including the Luanhe basin. Irrigated agriculture is very important in the Luanhe basin. The difference in unit production with and without sufficient irrigation was 6,000 kg/ha in 1984. The cropping patterns are wheat, corn, bean, potato, paddy rice, etc. Grain is the main crop in the downstream reaches of the Luanhe.

42

China ― 13

2.


2.1

Geological Map

43

China ― 13

2.2

Land Use Map

44

China ― 13

2.3


No.

Name of river



1

Luanhe (Main River)

888 54,400

2,341 365.8

2

Xiaoluanhe (Tributary)

143 2,070

1,420 1,117

3

Xinzhouhe (Tributary)

112 2,070

1,150 758.5

4

Yixunhe (Tributary)

195 7,060

1,450 752

5

Qinglonghe (Tributary)

222 6,500

1,040 730

6

Wuliehe (Main River)

96 2,200

1,410 438.2

7

Baohe (Tributary)

120 1,950

1,130 386

F: Forest L: Lake, River, Marsh P: Paddy Field U: Urban, O: Others (grass, bare land, oasis)

2.4


F (21.8%) P (6.0%) OA (29%) U (7.3%) L (3.5%) O (31.4%)

Chengde 417,200

OA: Other agricultural field (vegetable field, grass field)


45

Land use [%] (1985)

China ― 13

3.


3.1


46

China ― 13

3.2 No.


Elevation [m]

Location



5

Sandaohezi

380

N 40° 58' E 117° 42'

1953 ~ present

580

900

P (TB)

13

Luanxian

30

N 39° 44' E 118° 45'

1929 ~ present

699

1,100

P (TB), E

36

Chengde

320

N 40° 58' E 117° 56'

1934 ~ present

536

1,468

P (TB), E

24

Goutaizi

850

N41° 39' E 117° 03'

1958 ~ present

490

900

P (TB), E

25

Boluonuo

525

N 41° 06' E 117° 18'

1959 ~ present

570

900

P (TB), E

30

Hanjiaying

380

N 41° 01' E 117° 44'

1953 ~ present

570

930

P (TB), E

26

Weichang

850

N 41° 57' E 117° 46'

1934 ~ present

473

920

P (TB), E

41

Kuancheng

300

N 40° 37' E 118° 30'

1936 ~ present

673

1,000

P (TB), E

44

Taolinkou

98

N 40° 08' E 119° 03'

1956 ~ present

734

1,050

P (TB), E

Evaporation used with Φ20 Evaporation vessel 1) Period for the mean is from 1956 to 1979 2) P: Precipitation, E: Evaporation, TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart

3.3


Station: Chengde Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for the mean

Temperature[°C] -9.3

-5.7

2.3

11.7 18.7 22.5 24.3 22.7 17.2 10.1

6.0

-7.1

Precipitation [mm]

2.1

4.8

8.3

21.2 44.5 83.2 144.1 136.2 50.3 18.9

6.0

2.1

Evaporation [mm]

26.9 37.8 96.7 191.7 259.6 237.8 188.8 156.4 131.5 100.2 49.4 28.2 1,505.1 1961~1990

Solar radiation 2 [MJ/m /day]*

8.46 9.83 15.0 17.9 17.7 17.1 17.7 16.2 15.2 11.3 8.24 7.49 13.50 1982~1985


200.1 203.7 251.1 257.7 286.3 271.3 237.8 239.6 248.3 235.8 199.0 184.1 2,814.8 1961~1990

* Observed at Beijing.

47

9.4

1961~1990

521.7 1961~1990

China ― 13

3.4


4.


4.1


48

China ― 13

4.2


Station

Location


Observation period


5

Sandaohezi

N 40° 58' E 117° 42'

17,100

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

13

Luanxian

N 39° 44' E 118° 45'

44,100

1929 ~ present

H2, Q

36

Chengde

N 40° 58' E 117° 56'

2,200

1934 ~ present

H2, Q

24

Goutaizi

N 41° 39' E 117° 03'

1,890

1958 ~ present

H2, Q

25

Boluonuo

N 41° 06' E 117° 18'

1,378

1959 ~ present

H2, Q

30

Hanjiaying

N 41° 01' E 117° 44'

6,761

1953 ~ present

H2, Q

41

Kuancheng

N 40° 37' E 118° 30'

1,661

1940 ~ present

H2, Q

44

Taolinkou

N 40° 08' E 119° 03'

5,250

1956 ~ present

H2, Q

H2: water level by manual,

Q: discharge

No.

−1) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 3) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]

Qmax/A [m3/s/100km2]


5

15.13

742

263

1.72

0.088

4.34

1972 ~ 1990

13

99.11

9,340

2,627

13.89

0.225

21.18

1972 ~ 1990

36

5.89

584

247

0.18

0.268

26.55

1972 ~ 1990

24

2.35

97.9

33.57

0.136

0.124

5.18

1972 ~ 1990

25

2.28

359

134

0.203

0.165

26.05

1972 ~ 1990

30

8.72

792

373

0.566

0.129

11.71

1972 ~ 1990

41

5.79

876

259

0.498

0.349

52.74

1972 ~ 1990

44

22.73

6,290

1,271

2.39

0.433

119.81

1972 ~ 1990


2)


49

3

China ― 13

4.3


4.4


50

China ― 13

4.6


Station: Luanxian (44,100 km ) 1)

2)

Year


1972

7.29

738

7

1973

8.22

3,530

1974

8.10

1975

8.13

1976

1)

2)

Year


7.94

1982

8.07

159

1

4.49

5

8.90

1983

8.07

217

11

4.48

2,820

5

16.9

1984

8.10

8,850

1

4.71

3,930

5

14.3

1985

8.26

952

4

8.10

8.25

3,680

6

10.6

1986

9.09

879

1

14.5

1977

8.03

5,820

5

22.3

1987

7.05

795

2

21.8

1978

7.29

6,760

5

18.5

1988

7.01

241

1

15.1

1979

7.28

9,340

12

18.7

1989

7.20

183

12

10.2

1980

6.20

273

12

11.1

1990

8.14

453

4

44.8

1981

7.04

300

12

6.50




4.7


5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Luanhe River flows directly to the Bo Sea. The main river originates in the mountains of Hebei province. In many documents, the Luanhe River is recognized as a part of the Hai or Hailuan river basins, one of the 7 largest river basins in China.

51

China ― 13

Between 75% and 85% of the annual basin precipitation occurs in June-September. The annual variation of precipitation is higher than most rivers in China. Floods, droughts and water pollution problems exist in the basin. Agriculture is the dominant land use in the basin. To solve water shortage problems in the nearby cities, three large-scale water transfer projects for domestic water supply have been constructed. Floods are mainly caused by storms in summer. Usually, floods are of short duration with high peaks. The flood volume over a 30-day period can be 60%-90% of the flood season discharge. There are four large constructed reservoirs in the basin. Two on the main stream, the Panjiakou and the Daheitin, were completed in 1983 and 1984 with capacities of 2,390 x 106 m3 and 473 x 106 m3 respectively. The main purposes of the reservoirs are flood control, irrigation, and hydropower generation. In the channel of the upper and middle stream, potential hydropower is abundant. Currently, water supply to Tianjin and Tangshan is becoming the main objective. The Taolinkou reservoir is a key project in the Qinglonghe, a downstream tributary of Luanhe. Water from this reservoir can irrigate 45,000 ha with suitable canal projects. The water transfer from the Taolinkou reservoir to Qinghuangdao will basically solve the water shortage problems of this beach city.

5.2


52

China ― 13

5.3


Major Reservoirs Name of dam




Purposes1)

Year of completion

Luanhe River

Panjiakou

33,700

2,930

2,920

F, P

1975

Luanhe River

Daheitin

35,100

473

359

F, P

1973

Qinglonghe River

Taolinkou

5,060

2,083

1,613

F, P, S

2000

Yixunhe River

Miaogong

2,400

183

152

A, F, P

1962

Name of river

1) F: Flood control

P: Hydro-power

A: Agriculture

S: Water Supply

Major Inter-basin Transfer Name of rivers and places connected

Name of transfer line

Length [km]

Maximum capacity Purposes1) 3 [m /s]

Year of completion

From

To

Yinluanrujin

Luanhe

Tianjin

70

60

WS

1983

Yinluanrutang

Luanhe

Tangshan

27

80

WS

1984

Qinglonghe

Qinhuangdao

6

WS

2000

Yinqingjiqin 1) WS: Water Supply

5.4


Major Floods at Luanxian (Catchment area 44,100 km ) Date




Dead and Missing


1977.7.25 ~ 27

5,820

493 7.25 ~ 7.27

Frontal rain

---

Chengde, Qianan City

Major Droughts Period

Affected area


1972.3 ~ 8

Chengde, Kuanchang cities


1984.3 ~ 4

Luanping, Kuanchang cities


53

China ― 13

6.


Chengde city is located in the northern part of the Luanhe River basin. Near Chengde are large-scale royal constructions from the Qing Dynasty. The Summer Palace, also called the Bishu Shanzhuang in Chinese, is the most famous construction. It is in the north of Chengde city and was constructed in a mountainous area. During summer emperors of the Qing Dynasty resided at, and ruled from, the Summer Palace. Palace construction was begun in 1703 and completed in 1790. It includes 36 scenic points including artificial mountains, lakes, plains, forests, springs, and ancient constructions. The Summer Palace occupies twice the area of the comparable Beijing Summer Palace. The Chengde Summer Palace is also the largest, well-preserved, ancient royal construction in China. A lot of temples were also constructed around Chengde at about the same time as the Summer Palace was being built. In Luanping and Weichang counties, in the upper reaches of the Luanhe, there are many royal antiquities, such as the Mulan hunting area, stone inscriptions, and temples. Tangshan and Qinghuangdao are important coal mining and tourist cities in Hebei province. Both cities depend on water transferred from the Luanhe, even though they are not in the basin. Tangshan experienced an earthquake on the 28 July 1975 which killed 240,000 people. So the new Tangshan City is only 25 years old. Qinghuangdao is a famous tourism city with the Beidaihe, a summer vacation place, and the Shanhaiguan, the starting point of Great Wall in North China.

7.


Geology press (1973): The atlas of geology in China. China atlas press (1978): China Meteorology Atlas. Qingdao Press (1993): China’s River Distribution. China Science and Technology Press (1993): Research on Water Resources in North China Plain and Shandong Peninsula. Hai River Water Commission, Integrated Water Resources Planning for Hai River Basin, 1996 Hai River Water Commission (1952-1980): The year-book of hydrological data in Yangtze river basin. China Bookstore Press, China Historical Floods, 1992 China Population Investigation, China Statistical Press, 1994

54

Indonesia Indonesia-9: Kali Tuntang Indonesia-10: Jeneberang River

Nusa Tenggara

55

Introduction The Indonesia archipelago, situated in South-east Asia, consists of five main islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java and Irian Jaya) and some 13,667 other smaller islands with a total area of 1.9 x 106 km2. Geographically, Indonesia is located between the latitudes 6° 08' N - 11° 15' S, and longitudes 94° 45' E - 141° 05' E. The total population according to the 1990 census was 179.4 million with the forecast increase at about 1.98 % per year. Population distribution is uneven throughout the country. Java Island has the highest population density whereas the outer islands have very much lower densities. Politically, Indonesia is divided into 27 provinces, 241 districts, 55 urban municipalities, 3,625 subdistricts and 67,033 villages. Most of the rivers are short, steep and productive in sedimentation. Indonesia is a tropical country affected by tropical monsoon rainfall and has distinct dry and wet seasons. In the wet season, heavy rainfall occurs, ranging from 2,500 up to 6,000 mm/year. The dry season is normally between July and September. The two rivers catalogued in this volume are the Kali Tuntang located in Java Island, and the Jeneberang River located in Sulawesi Island. They are representative rivers of flood, urban megalopolis conditions, industrial development and agricultural areas. The Kali Tuntang is located in the Central Java Province, Java Island. The river leaves the lake of Rawa Pening to the northeast, and then changes direction to flow to the northwest before flowing out into the Java Sea on the north coast of Java. The main problem caused by the river is flooding especially downstream of the Glapan Weir. The water of Rawa Pening Lake is used for irrigation, hydropower, fisheries, tourism and water sport, and domestic water supply. The Jeneberang River is located in the South Sulawesi Province, Sulawesi Island. A major reservoir and a number of small irrigation ponds have been constructed in this basin. It has a long history of flooding and provides water for agricultural and urban needs

Acknowledgements A working group was established for the preparation of the catalogue, and a number of Institutes and individuals collaborated. The working group, chaired by Supardijono Sobirin, Director of the Research Institute for Water Resources, consisted of: Joesron Loebis (Ass.Res.Professor), Nana Terangna Ginting (Head of Environment and Water Quality Division), Sutjipto and Conny Amalia. Dyah Rahayu Pangesti (Research Professor), Darjanta Budihardja, Syaifuddin (Experimental Station for River and Sabo) The organizations that have contributed include: Badan Pertanahan Nasional (National Board for Land Administration). Badan Perencanaan dan Pembangunan Daerah (Provincial Development Planning Board). Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika (Agency for Meteorology and Geophysics). Direktorat Geologi (Directorate of Geology) Kantor Statistik Propoinsi Jawa Tengah (Central Java Provincial Office of Statistics). Proyek Induk Pengembangan Wilayah Sungai Jratunseluna (Jratunseluna River Basin Development Project). Proyek Induk Pengembangan Wilayah Sungai Jeneberang (Jeneberang River Basin Development Project). Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air (Research Institute for Water Resources).

56

Indonesia― 9

Kali Tuntang Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Tuntang River

Serial No. : Indonesia-9

Location: Java Island, Indonesia Area: 798 km

E 110° 15' 50" - 110° 33' 20" S 06° 51' 25" - 07° 26' 40"

2


Origin: Mt. Merbabu (3,142 m)

Highest Point: Mt. Merbabu (3,142 m)

Outlet: Java sea

Lowest Point: River mouth (0 m)

Main geological features: Alluvial, Miocene sedimentary, Plio-pleistocene sedimentary, Neogene sedimentary, Miocene- sedimentary, Holocene volcanics, Lava flows and flow breccia. 2

2

Main tributaries: Senjoyo River (120 km ), Bancak River (140 km ). Main lakes: Rawa Pening Main reservoirs: Mean annual precipitation: 2,588 mm (1917 - 1989) (basin average) Mean annual runoff: 28.43 m3/s at Glapan (798 km2) (1953 - 1989) Population: 738,000 (1997)

Main cities: Salatiga, Ambarawa

Land use: Forest (21.3%), Paddy Field (30.5%), Agriculture (37.5%), Urban (7.7%), Water surface (3.0%) (1993)

57

Indonesia ― 9

1.

General Description

The Tuntang River is one of the major rivers located to the east of Semarang, the capital city of Central Java Province, and to the west of the town of Demak. The river drains the northern part of Mt. Merbabu (3,142 m), the southern part of Mt. Ungaran (2,050 m), the northern and eastern flanks of Mt. Telomoyo (1,994 m), the Rawa Pening, the hills forming the divide between the Rawa Pening and the middle Tuntang, the hills between the Serang and Tuntang rivers and, finally, the hills dividing the Tuntang and Jragung catchments. Mt. Merbabu, Mt. Ungaran, and Mt. Telomoyo are extinct volcanoes. Rawa Pening is a large natural depression fed by rivers draining Mts. Merbabu, Ungaran and Telomoyo, and by a number of springs. The only outlet from the Rawa Pening is the Tuntang river which leaves to the northeast, then changes direction downstream of the Glapan Weir to flow to the northwest before flowing out into the Java Sea. The Glapan Weir was constructed between 1853-1859 at the location where the Tuntang River enters the alluvial coastal plain. It was built for irrigation of both the left and right banks of river. The Tuntang River has a catchment area of 798 km2 at the Glapan Weir, including 282 km2 of the upper catchment, which drains directly into Rawa Pening. Below the Glapan Weir there are no additional inflows to the Tuntang River. The length of the river between Mt. Merbabu and the site of the Glapan Weir is approximately 70.5 km and the whole length of the Tuntang River is about 139 km. The average annual rainfall in the basin is 2,588 mm. The basin population was about 738,000 in 1997.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

58

Indonesia― 9

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Names of Rivers




Land use [%] (1993)

1

Tuntang River (Main River)

139 798

Mt. Merbabu, 3,142 River mouth, 0

Ambarawa 42,900

2

Senjoyo River (Tributary)

37 120

Mt. Merbabu, 3,142 Confluence, 75

Salatiga 104,834

A(37.5) F (21.3) L (3.0) P (30.5) U(7.7)

3

Bancak River (Tributary)

30 140

------Confluence, 50

A: Agricultural

F: Forest

L: Lake, river, marsh

P: Paddy Field

U: Urban

59

Indonesia ― 9

2.4


3.


3.1


60

Indonesia― 9

3.2 No.


Elevation [m]

Location

Observation Period

Mean annual precipitation [mm]

Mean annual Evaporation [mm]

Observation items

1.

Semarang

3

S 06° 59' 09" E 110° 19' 10"

1983 - 1999

2,233

1,607

DS, E, RH, T, WV

2.

Paras

23

S 07° 05' 54" E 110° 33' 20"

1984 - 1999

2,643

1,280

DS, E, RH, T, WV

3.

Getas

300

S 07° 16' 09" E 110° 26' 00"

1983 - 1999

2,357

1,082

DS, E, T, WV

4.

Gubug

24

S 07° 01' 22" E 110° 37' 10"

1983 - 1999

2,208

1,466

DS, E, RH, T, WV

T: Temperature RH: Relative Humidity DS: Duration of Sunshine

3.3

E: Evaporation

WV: Wind Velocity


Station: Gubug Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Temperature [°C] 25.2 25.6 26.2 26.3 26.7 26.1 26.1 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.1 25.6 Evaporation [mm]

26.1

Period for the mean 1983-1999

*

91.8 92.2 106.3 108.4 122.8 107.6 119.1 154.8 159.5 159.7 122.1 100

1,466 1983-1999

Relative Humidity [%]

84.5 84.9 83.9 83.8 83.0 83.1 81.9 80.6 78.4 80.3 81.5 82.8

82.2


167

2,905 1983-1999

188

199

238

269

271

285

296 298

* Average using Class A Pan

3.4


61

274

224

189

1983-1999

Indonesia ― 9

4.


4.1


4.2

List of Hydrological Observation Stations

1

b e

No.

Station

Location


Observation period

Observation items1) (frequency)

1

Glapan

E 110° 04' 40" S 07° 07' 11"

798

1952 - 1999

Q

Q: discharge

No.

−a) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− c) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− d) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]

Qmax/A [m3/s/km2]


1

27.7

1,088.

500.

4.50

3.48

1.37

1952 - 1999

b)

mean annual discharge c maximum discharge d mean annual maximum discharge mean annual minimum discharge measured over half months

62

3

Indonesia― 9

4.3

Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge

4.4

Annual Pattern of Discharge

4.5

Unique Hydrological Features

Where the Tuntang River enters the alluvial coastal plain, the Glapan Weir was constructed during 1853-1859 for irrigation of both the left and right banks of the downstream area. Below the Glapan Weir, the channel of the Tuntang River is enclosed between levees that were constructed in the period of 1886-1890 to protect the surrounding area that had just been brought under irrigation. Due to accretion of the channel the levees have had to be raised repeatedly over time, so that now the riverbed is higher than the surrounding area. From the Glapan Weir to the river mouth there are no additional inflows to the river and this brings about the unusual shape of the catchment. Below the Glapan Weir the lower the elevation of the river, the lower is the maximum discharge. Originally, the Tuntang River used to run through the town of Demak. To prevent the recurrent inundations of Demak, a short cut was made from Wonosalam to the sea at the time the levees were built. This cut, which bears the name Kali Kontrak, is the present lower course of the Tuntang River. Originally a gated structure at Wonosalam permitted release of some water to the old Tuntang River (Kali Tuntang Lama). The remains of this structure can still be seen, although it has been closed and is partially buried under fill.

63

Indonesia ― 9

4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges at Glapan (798 km2) *)

*)

*)

*)

Year


7.6

1974

3.05

468

9

2.2

10

12.3

1975

5.25

437

10

6.5

425

9

7.5

1976

3.19

635

10

2.5

5.29

348

9

7.7

1977

11.30

428

10

2.5

1961

5.03

477

10

2.5

1978

1.19

325

7

6.2

1962

1.21

287

10

2.5

1979

1.16

462

9

2.5

1963

1.10

635

9

6.4

1980

1.22

1,088

1

4.9

1964

2.01

308

10

4.8

1981

4.21

582

11

7.4

1965

4.09

442

9

3.2

1982

2.06

718

11

3.1

1966

2.18

356

10

3.3

1983

2.22

1,084

9

3.3

1967

1.02

323

9

3.8

1984

2.01

652

8

8.0

1968

1.02

486

10

3

1985

2.22

489

9

2.6

1969

2.18

406

11

0.2

1986

6.04

556

9

7.3

1970

4.05

287

10

2.4

1987

2.25

519

10

1.0

1971

4.11

384

9

6.9

1988

2.10

477

9

2.5

1972

12.18

420

9

6.9

1989

2.13

847

10

2.2

1973

5.29

522

10

2.7

1990

2.25

335

10

0.7

Minimum 3 Date [m /s]

Year


1955

11.20

414

10

1958

3.13

363

1959

7.02

1960

*) Instantaneous observation from a recording chart

4.7


64


Indonesia― 9

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The 798 km2 catchment of the Tuntang River is 2.45 % of the land area of Central Java Province (32,544 km2). The Rawa Pening Lake has a maximum storage capacity of 65 x 106 m3 fed by 9 small rivers and 4 springs, the most important of which are the so called Muncul springs which have a firm yield of approximately 2 m3/s. The Rawa Pening Lake is used for irrigation, hydropower, fisheries, tourism and water sport, and domestic water supply especially for the Demak District. The Jelok Weir at the outlet of Rawa Pening acts as the intake structure for the Jelok and Timo power stations. From the Jelok Weir, the water is diverted nearly 3 km to the Jelok power station via a 15 m3/s waterway (mostly in tunnels). The 21 MW Jelok power station was built in 1938, while the 12 MW Timo power station was built in 1963. The Glapan Weir (approximately 60 km downstream of the Jelok Weir) was constructed for irrigation of 20,508 ha of paddy fields. In the tributaries, especially in the Senjoyo River, many small weirs have been built. A barrage is proposed approximately 500 m upstream of the Glapan Weir.

5.2

Map of Water Resources System

65

Indonesia ― 9

5.3


Major Lakes Name of river Tuntang

Name of lake


Rawa Pening

282

Maximum Minimum capacity capacity [106m3] [106m3] 65

Purpose1)

Year of completion

A, P

Natural lake

25

Others Name of River

Facilities

Purpose

1)

Capacity

Year of completion

Tuntang

Glapan Weir

A

20,508 ha

1859

Tuntang

Jelok Weir

A

279 ha

1938

Tuntang

Jelok Power Station

P

2,098 MW

1938

Tuntang

Timo Power Station

P

1,200 MW

1963

Senjoyo

Senjoyo Weir

A

2,356 ha

Senjoyo

Grenjeng Weir

A

750 ha

Senjoyo

Cepoko Weir

A

621 ha

Senjoyo

Sucen Weir

A

595 ha

Senjoyo

Belon Weir

A

319 ha

Senjoyo

Gendor Weir

A

138 ha

Senjoyo

Aji Getas Weir

A

119 ha

Sicangkring Weir

A

273 ha

Bancak 1) A: Agricultural use,

5.5

P: Hydro-power.

Water Quality

River Water Quality at Pantura Bridge Date

November 10, 1998

pH

7.6

DO [mg/l]

5.4

COD [mg/l]

6.2

Suspended Solid [mg/l] Fecal coli x 10

4*)

420 5.5

*) Membrane Filter Methods, colonies/100ml

66

Indonesia― 9

6.

Socio-Cultural Characteristics

Many people in the catchment area still conduct a traditional ceremony called “Selamatan” (mealceremony) connected with agricultural activities, in which they ask God’s blessing. In the non-irrigated area, all of the villagers still conduct this kind of selamatan, while in the irrigated area approximately 50% of the inhabitants no longer conduct the ceremony. It seems that villagers in the irrigated area are more rational than in the non-irrigated area. The religious life of the community is dominated by Islam, and spread by the famous “Wali Songo” (Nine Moslems Saint). With the influence of Islam, the traditional ceremony has taken on a Moslem tinge and now is connected with Islam. There is a legend of Rawa Pening Lake in which a poor ugly boy namely Baru Klinting won a contest to pull out a palm leaf rib that was embedded in the earth. As soon as the boy pulled out the rib, water spurted from the earth and created the lake of Rawa Pening. The legend is still famous, especially in the Java Island.

7.


Bappeda TK.I Jawa Tengah kerjasama dengan BPN (1993): Peta Penggunaan Tanah Propinsi Jawa Tengah Tahun 1993. Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika Propinsi Jawa Tengah: Data Klimatologi. CV Java Books (1997): Periplus Travel Map, Indonesia Regional Map of Java, Scale 1:1 500,000. Directorate of Geology (1999): Regional Geological Map of Middle part of Java, Scale 1:500,000. Haskoning (1992): Tuntang-Jragung Area Studies and Design, Feasibility Study Annex A, Hydrology and Sedimentology. Kantor Statistik Propinsi Jawa Tengah (1998): Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka 1998. Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (1999): Final Report on Flood Control for TuntangJragung River System.

67

Indonesia ― 10

Jeneberang River Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Jeneberang River

Serial No. : Indonesia-10 S 5° 10' 00" - 5° 26' 00"

Location: South Sulawesi 2

E 119° 23' 50" - 119° 56' 10"

Area: 727 km

Length of the main stream: 78.75 km

Origin: Mt. Bawakaraeng (2,833 MSL)

Highest point: Mt.Lompobatang (2,876 MSL)

Outlet: Makassar Strait

Lowest point: River mouth (0 m)

Main geological feature : Latosol Main tributaries: Jenelata river (220 km2) Main lakes: none Main reservoir : Bili-bili (1998) and Jenelata (2000) Mean annual precipitation: 3,707 mm (Malino) 3

Mean annual runoff: 43.5 m /s (Patalikang) Population: 982,248 (1993)

Main cities: Ujung Pandang, Malino, Bili-bili, Sungguminasa

Land use: Forest (40%), Paddy field (20%), Urban (13%), Other agriculture (27%)

68

Indonesia ― 10

1.

General Description

The Jeneberang River is one of the main rivers in South Sulawesi, flowing east to west across the province. Originating from Mt. Bawakaraeng (2,833 m), it flows to the Makassar Strait. The river is 90 km long with a catchment area of 727 km2. The main tributary is the Jenelata River (220 km2). Forest covers about 69% of the total basin area. The annual precipitation for the catchment varies along the main stream. The average annual precipitation for the upper basin is about 3,700 (3,707 mm at the Malino station) and is about 2,160 mm (2,166 mm at the Bontosunggu station) in the lower stream. Climate conditions in this catchment are influenced by the monsoon, which has two seasons each year, a dry season between March and August and wet season between September and April. The mean annual discharge at the Patalikang station is 43.5 m3/s and at the Jenelata station is 12.8 m3/s. There are two reservoirs, which are now under construction in the catchment, the Bili-bili Reservoir located on the Jeneberang River and the Jenelata Reservoir located on the tributary Jenelata River. Floods are normally caused by rainstorms in the wet season, and often flash floods are experienced. The population living in the catchment was 982,248 in 1993. There is a very little arable land for paddy rice and the area under irrigation area is 17,600 ha.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

69

Indonesia ― 10

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No

Name of Rivers

Length (km) Highest Peak (m) and Catchment Lowest Point 2 (m) Area (km )

Land Use (%)

Cities Population F

L

P

A

U

1

Jeneberang

78.8 727

2,833 0

Ujung Pandang 926,393

69

-

5

12

14

2

Jenelata

40 220

971 150

22,154

43

-

15

22

19

F: Forest

L: Lake

P: Paddy Field

A: Agriculture

U: Urban

70

Indonesia ― 10

2.4.


3


3.1


71

Indonesia ― 10

3.2 No.

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Elevation [m]

Station

711001 Bontosunggu 711007 Bontobili T: Temperature SR: Solar Radiation

3.3

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation precipitation evaporation Period [mm] [mm]

Observation items

10

S 05° 15' 00" 1975 - 1992 E 119° 26' 10"

2,166

54

DS, E, P, RH, SR, T, WV

-

S 05° 18' 00" 1980 - 1996 E 119° 32' 00"

1,810

62

DS, E, P, RH, SR, T, WV

RH: Relative Humidity DS: Duration of Sunshine

E: Evaporation P: Precipitation

WV: Wind Velocity


Station: Bontosunggu Observation Relative humidity [%]

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

91.2 90.6 89.2 85.8 84.2 81.2

82

82.6 79.2 83.4

85

88

Temperature [°C] 27.1 27.4 27.5 28.1 28.1 27.1 26.9 26.6 28.1 27.8 27.8 26.9 Evaporation* [mm] Solar radiation [MJ/m2/d] Duration of sunshine [hr]

85.2 1975-1992 27.4 1975-1992

133.2 121.9 136.4 147.3 143.7 139.6 156.3 182 211.2 206.7 153.4 129.2 1,861.2 1975-1992 3.2

3.4

3.3

3.5

3.3

3.3

3.4

3.9

3.8

4.0

3.5

3.1

3.5

1975-1992

153.4 154.1 190.8 218.9 241.9 217.4 266.4 300.9 256.3 241.2 206.6 182.2 2,630.2 1975-1992

* Average Class A Pan

3.4

Period for the mean

Long-term Variation of Monthly Precipitation Series

72

Indonesia ― 10

4.


4.1

Map of Stream Observation Stations

4.2


Station

Location


Observation period


4-805-0-1

Patalikang

S 05° 16' W 119° 36'

384.4

1974 - present

H2, Q

4-805-0-2

Parangloe

S 05° 17' W 119° 36'

318.3

1987 - present

H2, Q

H2: water level

Q: discharge

A: area

No.

−1) Q [m3/s]

Qmax2) [m3/s]

− Qmax3) [m3/s]

− Qmin4) [m3/s]

− Q/A [m /s/100km2]

Qmax/A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]


4-805-0-1

43.5

701

352.2

0.3

11.3

182.4

1974 ~ 1999

4-805-0-2

28.9

130.8

89.7

0.04

9.07

41.9

1987 - 1999



73

3

Indonesia ― 10

4.3


4.4


74

Indonesia ― 10

4.5

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges at Patalikang (384.4 Km2) 1)

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s] 212

2)

1)

2)

Minimum Date [m3/s]

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s]

Minimum Date [m3/s]

30 - 9

49.6

1987

20 - 11

354

24 - 7

1974

13 - 12

1975

24 - 4

495

2 - 10

64.4

1988

15 - 3

381

23 - 9

0.5

1976

20 - 3

322

20 - 10

51.8

1989

26 - 12

92

27 - 9

3.0

1977

17 - 2

564

4 - 11

11.2

1990

10 - 1

165

14 - 10

40.1

1978

11 - 1

307

26 - 8

8.3

1991

24 - 1

498

7 - 11

0.7

1979

11 - 1

258

28 - 9

0.5

1992

7-3

259

6 - 11

1.3

1980

9-1

246

7 - 10

0.5

1993

23 - 11

486

28 - 7

0.9

1981

17 - 11

456

21 - 10

1.7

1994

12 - 3

377

26 - 9

0.3

1982

6-2

701

10 - 11

0.9

1995

14 - 2

466

22 - 9

2.7

1983

30 - 12

355

31 - 7

3.8

1996

29 - 12

87

30 - 9

3.5

1984

29 - 12

516

29 - 8

6.9

1997

23 - 1

73

11 - 10

1.1

1985

6-3

245

29 - 10

1.2

1998

1-4

470

23 - 9

64.1

1986

13 - 1

663

1 - 10

3.6

1999

20 - 12

110

23 - 9

5.6

1), 2) Instantaneous observation

4.6


75

0.8

Indonesia ― 10

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Jeneberang river has a catchment area of 727 km2 and is located in the Province of South Sulawesi. Ujung Pandang is the capital city and the centre of economy for both South Sulawesi itself and the eastern part of Indonesia. The population growth of this area is 2.93% per year. The fresh waters of the Jeneberang River have been used since 1926, and water from the Kampili Dam irrigates 17,600 ha of rice field. To protect the city of Ujung Pandang from flooding, the government constructed a flood control structure at the down stream end of the Jeneberang River in 1978, the Bilibili Dam between 1988 and 1998, and finally the Jenelata Dam which was expected to be completed in 2000. The Bili-bili reservoir is multi-purpose, with its main objective being to supply drinking water to Ujung Pandang. However, it has also been designed to control floods up to a 50 year return period, irrigate 19,200 ha of land, and generate 69,000 MWh of electric power each year. The Jenelata River is an important tributary with a catchment area of 220 km2. This river has the potential for a 65 m high dam, with a reservoir of 221 x 106 m3 and a effective volume of 210 x 106 m3. The Jenelata dam is planned to control floods up to a 50 year return period and supply drinking water to Ujung Pandang by 2005.

5.2

Map of Water Resources Systems

76

Indonesia ― 10

5.3


Major Reservoirs Name of Dam




Purpose1)

Year of Completion

Jeneberang

Bili-bili

384

375

346

F, W, I

1998

Jenelata

Jenelata

220

240

233

F, W, I

2000

Name of River

F: Flood Control, W: Water Supply, I: Irrigation

5.4


Major Flood at Kampili (Catchment area 624 km ) Date

Peak Discharge [m3/s]

January 1977

2,130

5.5



Dead and missing


rainstorm

none

35 km

2

Water Quality

River Water Quality at Jeneberang (December 01, 1995) Location Parameter

Units

pH

Lebang

Bantojai

Sunggu

7.2

7.2

7.0

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/l

2.9

2.9

2.2

Suspended Solid

mg/l

13

15

41

6


The Jeneberang River is in Sulawesi Island (previously called Celebes Island). Ujung Pandang (previously called Makassar) is one the biggest cities on the island and is the capital city of South Sulawesi Province. Not only is the Jeneberang River the main water resource for the area of Ujung Pandang, but it is also the source of prosperity and happiness for the Makassar and Bugis tribes. The pride of the people in this river is shown by a popular folk song often song by young people. This song, ‘Maranno-ranno ri binangae Jeneberang’ means ‘making a happy-day together in the Jeneberang River’. ‘Jene’ is Makassaran for water, while ‘binanga’ is jargon for river. ‘Uwwae’ meaning river water and ‘saloo’ meaning river are the corresponding words used by the Bugis tribe of the area. Recently, the Bili-bili and Jenelata dams have been built in the Jeneberang River and its Jenelata tributary. These dams should increase the prosperity and happiness of the people living near the river.

77

Indonesia ― 10

7


Bili-bili Multipurpose Dam Project, (1988): Directorate General of Water Resources Development, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd. in Associate with P.T. Indah Karya and P.T. Exsa International, Jakarta, Indonesia. Study Kelayakan Bendungan Jenelata (1995): Proyek Induk Pengembangan Wilayah Sungai Jeneberang, P.T. Darma Didana Cipta Consultant, Jakarta. Buku Publikasi Debit (Year Book): Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Air, Bandung.

78

Japan Japan-10: Shinano-gawa Japan-11: Tone-gawa Japan-12: Yodo-gawa

79

Introduction The three rivers compiled into this volume are: the Shinano-gawa, the Tone-gawa and the Yodo-gawa, all of which are in Honshu Island. These rivers have very long histories especially in terms of the politics, economy and culture of Japan. The Shinano-gawa is famous for its length (367 km) as the longest river in Japan. The river originates from a high mountainous area (often referred to as the Japanese Alps) in the centre of Honshu Island. Its plentiful waters flow to the Echigo Plain, where rich rice paddy fields have been developed. The basin is famous for its agricultural production of rice and apples. Hydro-electric power is generated from many dams in the mountainous headwaters. The Tone-gawa, which flows through the north of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, is a major water resource for the city. The catchment area is the largest in Japan (16,840 km2) and its population is said to be 12 million. However, 30 million people, including the residents in the Tokyo Metropolitan area, are primarily dependent on the water resources of the Tone-gawa. The Yodo-gawa flows through the Kansai region, a political and cultural centre of Japan for more than 15 centuries. The famous ancient capitals of Nara (710-784) and Kyoto (784-1868) are located in the river’s middle reaches, while Osaka, a modern industrial and commercial city of Japan is at the river mouth. In the upper reaches of the river is Lake Biwa, the biggest lake in Japan. Lake Biwa is a significant water resource, helps to mitigate downstream flooding, and is an area of natural beauty with many tourist resorts. The historical characteristics of the river basin give it much cultural heritage. All three rivers have been modified in their downstream reaches and river mouth areas to mitigate flood damage to important cities such as Tokyo, Osaka and Niigata.

Acknowledgements The information on the three rivers was compiled by voluntary members of the IHP Working Group of the Japanese National Committee for UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme (IHP), which is chaired by Dr. TAKEUCHI Kuniyoshi, Yamanashi University. Generous assistance from governmental organizations is acknowledged. Contributors are listed as follows: Shinano-gawa: UJIHASHI Yasuyuki, Fukui University of Technology; and Hokuriku Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT): YOKOYAMA Syouichi, Research and Design Division, Shinano-gawa Downstream Office, YASUHARA Tatsushi and UMEMURA Koichiro, Shinano-gawa Office, YOKOYAMA Yoshio and TANAKA Yoshitaro, Chikuma-gawa Office. Tone-gawa: KONDOH Akihiko, Chiba University; and Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT: HARA Toshihiko and GOCHO Hiroshi, River Planning Division. Yodo-gawa: TACHIKAWA Yasuto, Kyoto University; and Kinki Regional Development Bureau, MLIT: HOSOKAWA Masaru, River Planning Division, KUBOTA Keijiro, Investigation Division, Yodo River Office, and KITANO Masaakira and FUJII Setsuo, Wide Area Water Control Division, Yodo River Dams Integrated Control Center. The manuscripts were reviewed by TAKARA Kaoru, Kyoto University, and Richard Ibbitt, NIWA, New Zealand. Liaison with government organizations was done by INOUE Tomoo, River Planning Division, River Bureau, MLIT. Financial support was provided by: The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), and The Infrastructure Development Institute (IDI) of Japan.

80

Japan ― 10

Shinano-gawa Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Shinano-gawa

Serial No. : Japan-10 N 36° 49' ~ 38° 09'

Location: Northern Honshu, Japan Area: 11,900 km

2

E 137° 34' ~ 139° 01'

Length of main stream: 367 km

Origin: Mt. Kobushi-ga-dake (2,483 m)

Highest point: Mt. Yari-ga-take (3,180 m)

Outlet: Japan Sea


Main geological features: Sedimentary rocks; Tertiary, Paleozoic, Volcanic rocks; Andesite, Granitoids Main tributaries: Chikuma-gawa (7,163 km2) (Upper reach), Sai-gawa (3,056 km2), Uono-gawa (1,504 km2) Main lakes: None 6

3

6

3

6

3

Main reservoirs: Takase (76.2×10 m ), Nanakura (32.5×10 m ), Omachi (33.9×10 m ), 6 3 6 3 Nagawado (123×10 m ), Saguri (27.5×10 m ) Mean annual precipitation: 1,822 mm (basin average) Mean annual runoff: 156×108 m3 (495 m3/s) Population: 2,900,000 (1990)

Main cities: Niigata, Nagaoka, Nagano, Matsumoto

Land use: Forest (68%), Rice paddy (11%), Other agriculture (6%), Urban (14%)

81

Japan ― 10

1.

General Description

The Shinano-gawa is one of the largest rivers in Japan. It has a catchment area of 11,900 km2, the third largest in Japan, and a length of 367 km, the longest in Japan. It is called the “Chikuma-gawa” in Nagano Prefecture and “Shinano-gawa” in Niigata Prefecture. The Chikuma-gawa originates from Mt. Kobushi-ga-take (2,475 m), flows north through the Saku basin and joins the Sai-gawa originating from Mt. Yari-ga-take (3,180 m) at Nagano City, and then turns northeast into the Niigata Prefecture through the Zenkouji basin. The Chikuma-gawa’s course is 214 km long, and it drains an area of 7,163 km2. In Niigata Prefecture its name changes to “Shinano-gawa”, and it flows northeast across the Echigo plain, one of the best rice producing districts in Japan, before joining the right tributary of the Uono-gawa at Kawaguchi. It finally discharges to Sea of Japan at Niigata City. The population in the basin is about 2,900,000. The spatial distribution of precipitation in the basin is complex. The middle part of the Chikuma-gawa and the middle and lower part of the Sai-gawa are some of the lowest precipitation areas of Japan with annual precipitation of about 1,000 mm. In contrast, the annual precipitation over the upper part of the Sai-gawa, and the upper and lower parts of the Chikuma-gawa, are 1,600-3,000 mm, 1,000-1,400 mm and 1,400-1,800 mm respectively. The central part of Niigata Prefecture, especially in the mountains, is one of the heavy snow regions of Japan. Sometimes, more than a metre depth of snow can fall during a night. The annual precipitation is from 2,200 to 3,000 mm, 40-50% of which is snowfall. The mean annual precipitation of the basin is about 1,800 mm, almost equal to the mean annual precipitation of Japan. Floods in the Shinano-gawa are caused mainly by frontal rain in early summer (Japan’s rainy season, Baiu), typhoons that hit Japan in summer to autumn, and snowmelt in spring. The Shinano-gawa has high-flows from March to September and is considered to be the best water resource in Japan

2.


2.1

Geological Map

82

Japan ― 10

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3

Characteristics of River and Main Tributaries

No.

Name of river


1

Shinano (Main river)

367 11,900

2

Chikuma (Upper reach)

214 7,163

Mt. Kobushi-ga-take 2,475

Nagano, Ueda 1,500,000

3

Sai (Tributary)

161

Mt. Yari-ga-take 3,180

Matumoto 208,972

4

Uono (Tributary)

68 1,504

Mt. Nakano-dak 2,085

Koide, Muikamachi 73,530

A: Other agricultural field (vegetable, grass) P: Paddy field


Cities Population

Land use

Mt. Yari-ga-take 3,180 Niigata, Nagaoka 2,900,000 River mouse 0

F: Forest L: Lake, River, Marsh U: Urban

83

O: Orchard

F (68%) P (11%) A (7%) U (14%)

Japan ― 10

2.4


3.


3.1


84

Japan ― 10

3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations

No.*

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation precipitation1) period evaporation [mm]


40316

Ohyu

300

N 37° 10' 36" 1954 - present E 139° 05' 24"

2,737.8

N

P

40318

Kamizyo

250

N 37° 20' 54" 1974 - present E 139° 03' 00"

2,725.2

N

P

40319

Myozin

162

N 37° 12' 07" 1955 - present E 138° 52' 36"

2,699.0

N

P

1,090

N 36° 03' 16" 1951 - present E 138° 29' 04"

1,047.8

N

P

845

N 36 07' 24" 1955 - present E 138 34' 18"

1,125.2

N

P

679

N 36° 14' 58" 1954 - present E 138° 16' 42"

1,004.1

N

P

4036513 Kakeyu

715

N 36° 18' 02" 1955 - present E 138° 08' 30"

1,236.6

N

P

4036522 Niekawa

900.5

N 36° 00' 29" 1954 - present E 137° 51' 38"

1,724.4

N

P

4036504 Kinasa

721.5

N 36° 40' 48" 1952 - present E 138° 00' 28"

1,427.6

N

P

4036521 Kitamaki 4036520 Koya 4036516

Nagakubo shinmachi

**

Nagano

418

N 36° 39' 06" 1889 - present E 138° 11' 07"

981

N

DS, P, SR

**

Niigata

2

N 37° 54' 30" 1886 - present E 139° 03' 00"

1,804

1,110.2 (1880 - 1950)

DS, P, SR

* Serial number used by River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation. ** Meteorological Obsevatory, Japan Meteorological Agency. 1) Period of the mean is from the beginning of the observation to present. 2) P: Precipitation DS: Duration of sunshne SR: Solar radiation

3.3


Observation item

Observation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun station

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for the mean

Temperature [°C]

Niigata

Precipitation [mm]

Niigata

180.3 128.0 104.6 93.6 103.3 128.3 178.2 142.7 163.0 148.9 200.6 204.4 1,775.8 1971 - 2000

Evaporation [mm]

Niigata

32.9 37.7 62.2 97.5 126.2 136.3 156.8 179.2 117.8 81.1 52.1 36.5 1,110.2 1888 - 1950

Solar radiation 2 [MJ/m /d]

Niigata

5.1


Niigata

56.1 72.9 130.9 181.9 204.8 168.1 182.7 214.8 146.4 142.8 90.0 59.4 137.6 1971 - 2000

2.6

2.5

7.7

5.4

11.2 16.1 20.4 24.5 26.2 22.0 16.0 10.2

11.3 15.7 18.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 12.6

85

9.9

6.1

5.3

4.4

13.5

11.8

1971 - 2000

1971 - 2000

Japan ― 10

3.4


4.


4.1


86

Japan ― 10

4.2


No.*

Station

Location


Observation period


40316

Odiya

45 km

9,719

1942 - present

Q (h)

402037

Tategahana

155.3 km

6,442.3

1975 - present

Q (h)

4036503

Ikuta

212.1 km

2,036.4

1975 - present

Q (h)

4036508

Kuisege

186.4 km

2,595.9

1949 - present

Q (h)

4036516

Koichi

9.0 km**

2,773.0

1953 - present

Q (h)

No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



40316

503

9,638

3,776

91

5.18

99

1951 - 1999

402037

232

7, 440

2,485

94

3.60

115.49

1975 - 1999

4036503

53.65

1,361.6

1,092.6

17.51

2.63

66.86

1975 - 1999

4036508

61.93

1,529.4

1,288.0

15.25

2.39

58.92

1949 - 1999

4036516

124.33

1,067.8

1,368.6

37.93

4.48

38.50

1953 - 1999

3)

3

* Serial Number used by The River Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation ** Distance from the confluence of the Chikuma river 1) Q(h): Discharge and Water level 2) Mean annual discharge 3) Maximum discharge 4) Mean maximum discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge

4.3


87

Japan ― 10

4.4


88

Japan ― 10

4.5


In ancient times, the present Echigo Plain was a giant estuary-like lake and was slowly filled with sedimentary deposits carried down by the Shinano-gawa, to form marshy, low-lying land. As it was marshy, once flooding occurred, water overflowed from the river and washed away houses and fields, and caused loss of life. In 1716, Kazuemon Honma first petitioned the government to construct the Ohkouzu diversion channel. It was to be requested again and again in the course of the following 200 years, until finally it was approved with construction beginning in 1909. The construction was completed some 22 years after it began in 1931. The diversion channel, approximately 10 km long, diverts the flood waters of the Shinano-gawa into the Sea of Japan. Before the construction of the diversion channel, major floods occurred on average every 3 or 4 years. But after the completion of the channel, there has been very little damage and as a result, the Echigo Plain has been developing rapidly. Myoken Weir was constructed in 1989 just upstream at Nagaoka City, where the Shinano-gawa pours onto the flood plain of the Nagaoka-Niigata area. The weir length is 524 m and 8 motor-controlled gates are installed. One of them is used for flushing sediment. Upstream of the weir the maximum control volume that can be stored is 1,100,000 m3. The weir has three functions: one is to protect the river bed from excessive erosion, the second is to stabilize the flow upstream of the weir which shows a diurnal fluctuation due to the operation of the Shinano-gawa (Odiya) Hydropower Plant just upstream of the weir, and the third is to support the planned bridge carrying the national highway. The Sekiya Diversion Channel is located on the western margin of central Niigata City. Although the Sekiya Diversion Channel was planned in the Edo era, the construction of the channel was not started until 1968, and was completed in 1973. The channel length is 1.8 km and it is 240-280 m wide. It has both flood control and water usage functions. It protects Niigata City, the largest seaside city on the Japan Sea, against flooding by the Shinano-gawa, and it prevents saltwater intrusion of the estuary. Moreover, it protects the Niigata coast from erosion and the Niigata-Nishi port against sedimentation.

4.6


Chikuma-gawa at Tategahana [6,442.3 km ] 1)

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s]

2)

1)

Minimum Month [m3/s]

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s]

2)


1984

5/2

1,261.35

1/30

83.71

1992

7/18

984.08

9/18

111.01

1985

7/1

4,238.46

3/7

72.33

1993

9/10

1,934.65

3/21

120.82

1986

7/17

1,108.30

2/23

105.59

1994

9/30

1,342.42

8/18

53.93

1987

3/21

692.42

10/30

44.16

1995

7/12

2,905.71

12/28

81.54

1988

6/4

1,912.44

2/29

56.06

1996

6/26

1,835.30

1/2

76.94

1989

9/20

2,062.76

1/5

120.58

1997

7/18

1,172.46

11/11

97.62

1990

9/20

1,401.36

7/29

44.64

1998

9/16

2,998.18

12/29

115.93

1991

9/19

2,524.96

2/9

144.99

1999

8/15

4,050.94

1/2

102.08


89

Japan ― 10

Shinano-gawa at Odiya [9,719 km2] Year

Maximum1) 3 Date [m /s]

Minimum2) 3 Date [m /s]

Year

Maximum1) 3 Date [m /s]

Minimum2) 3 Date [m /s]

1980

4/7

2,830

2/27

52

1990

9/20

3,570

8/17

53

1981

8/23

9,640

5/31

61

1991

8/31

3,230

12/8

50

1982

9/13

9,300

7/4

45

1992

6/21

2,090

8/20

23

1983

9/29

7,810

2/24

81

1993

5/14

3,100

1/25

80

1984

5/2

4,160

8/22

76

1994

4/13

2,010

2/6

74

1985

7/1

7,200

1/28

85

1995

7/12

4,700

2/26

61

1986

9/3

2,560

8/30

87

1996

6/26

2,360

8/15

76

1987

3/25

2,160

10/15

77

1997

4/8

2,790

9/3

88

1988

6/4

2,990

2/23

92

1998

9/16

5,970

2/12

108

1989

9/20

3,180

1/7

146

1999

6/30

4,000

8/3

69


4.7


Rainfall at Niekawa

Discharge at Odiya

Discharge at Tategahana

90

Japan ― 10

Discharge at Odiya Rainfall at Niekawa

Discharge at Tategahana

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Shinano-gawa has the greatest annual discharge, 154×108 m3, of any river in Japan. Development of this water resource was started before Word War II but greatly increased after the war. A number of dams for hydropower have been constructed in the Chikuma-gawa and upper Sai-gawa basins, both of which have many suitable places for dam construction because of their steep topography, especially in the Sai-gawa basin. Several large hydroelectric power plants have been built by the Tokyo Electric Company along the Takase-gawa in the upper reaches of the Sai-gawa near its source, Mt. Yari-ga-take (3,180 m). The Takase Dam with a height of 176 m is one of the largest dams in the Orient. The ShinTakase-gawa power plant is located downstream of the Takase Dam and its output is 1,280 MW. The combined output from the plants in the Takase-gawa is 1344.9 MW. The total power produced in all the basins is 2,618 MW. Nowadays, water from Shinano-gawa is fully used not only for hydropower but also for irrigation, industrial usage and municipal water supply. It irrigates 12,647 ha of agricultural land, and supplies 15.2 m3/s of municipal and 15.2 m3/s of industrial water.

91

Japan ― 10

5.2

Map of Water Resources Systems

5.3


Major Reservoirs Name of dam (reservoir)

Catchment area 2 [km ]

Gross capacity 6 3 [10 m ]

Effective capacity 6 3 [10 m ]

Purposes1)

Year of completion

Takase

Takase

131.0

76.2

16.2

P

1981

Takase

Ohmachi

193.0

33.9

28.9

F, N, W, P

1985

Azusa

Midono

431.0

15.1

4.0

P

1969

Azusa

Nagawado

380.5

123.0

94.0

A,P

1968

Sagurigawa

76.2

19.8

F, N, P, W

1991

Name of river

Saguri A: Agricultural use

F: Flood control

N: Maintenance of normal flows

27.5 P: Hydropower

92

W: Municipal water supply

Japan ― 10

5.4

Major Floods and Droughts

Major Floods at Odiya Date Peak discharge (year. month) [m3/s]



Dead and Missing


1959.8

5,570

-

Typhoon No.7

-

Mid stream

1969.8

6,110

8.8-8.12

Stationary front

0

Mid stream, Uono river basin

1978.6

5,870

385 6.25 - 6.27

Bai-u front

2

Mid stream, Uono river basin

1981.8

9,640

166 8.22 - 8.23

Typhoon No.15

0

Upper and mid stream

1982.9

9,300

167 9.11 - 9.12

Typhoon No.18

2


1983.9

7,810

116 9.27 - 9.28

Typhoon No.10

3


1985.7

7,200

107 6.29 - 6.30

Typhoon No.6

0


1998.9

5,970

113 9.15 - 9.16

Typhoon No.5

0

Mid stream

Major Drought Period

Affected areas


7 - 9, 1994

Whole basin

Water supply cut to 10-50% of normal. Duration 31 July to 21 August

5.5

Groundwater and River Water Quality 1)

2)

River Water Quality at Cyouseibashi between 2000/6 - 2001/5 Date

6/21

7/19

8/23

9/20

pH

7.2

7.6

7.6

7.8

7.9

7.4

BOD [mg/l]

0.9

1.3

1.1

0.7

1.1

0.7

CODMn [mg/l]

―

11.1

―

―

―

SS [mg/l]

10

112

12

52

5

Coliform group [MPN/100ml] Discharge4) [m3/s]

3)

10/18 11/15 12/20

1/17

2/21

3/21

4/18

5/16

7.3

7.5

7.9

7.5

7.2

7.5

0.7

0.8

1.1

1.1

0.6

0.8

―

―

―

―

―

―

2.1

10

12

8

6

15

20

14

2.3× 2.8× 3.3× 3.3× 1.3× 1.1× 1.7× 1.3× 4.9× 3.3× 1.7× 2.3× 104 103 104 104 104 104 103 102 103 103 103 103 368.2 597.9 227.2 417.5 234.0 303.4 503.7 373.1 343.5 603.4 1,170.5 703.8

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located in Nagaoka City 28 km upstream from the river mouth. 3) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) culture MPN (most probable number) method. 4) Discharge on the water quality observation date.

93

Japan ― 10

6.


The Chikuma-gawa catchment area is 7,163 km2, about 10% of which is flat land. The principal activity on this flat land is agriculture, mainly rice production, and the irrigated area is 49,600 ha. Apples are cultivated in the Zenkouji plain as one of the specialties of the Nagano Prefecture. There are many hot springs, such as Tokura, Kamiyamada and Nozawa, along the Chikuma-gawa,. Tourism is one of the major industries of the basin. As amply demonstrated by the Winter Olympic Games held in Nagano, there are many ski resorts as well as mountain and hot spring resorts. Moreover, every year 6,500,000 people visit “Zenkouji” because the head temple of the Buddhist Tendai sect is in Nagano city. The history of the Shinano-gawa is one of fighting floods. As described in Section 4.5, people suffered from floods until the completion of the Ohkouzu Diversion Channel. Nowadays, by using the plentiful waters of the Shinano-gawa, the Echigo Plain is the best granary in Japan, and specialises in rice production.

7.


Geographical Survey Institute (1984): The National Atlas of Japan, Ministry of Construction (2.1, 2.2). Geological Survey of Japan (1992): Geological Atlas of Japan, Ministry of Construction (2.2). Geological Survey of Japan (1993): 1:1,000,000-scale international map, (NI-52/53/54, NJ-52, 53, 54), Ministry of Construction (front page). River Bureau (1941-1998): Uryou nenpyou (Rainfall Yearbook), Vol.1 ~ 46, Ministry of Construction (3.2, 3.4). River Bureau (1948-1998): Ryuryo nenpyou (Streamflow Yearbook), Vol. 1 ~ 48, Ministry of Construction (4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6). Shinano River Work Office (1993): Shinano River, Japan’s longest, Hokuriki Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (2.4, 5.1). Shinano River Work Office (1979): A century of history of the Shinano-gawa, Hokuriku Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (1, 5.1, 6). Shinanocawa-karyu Work Office (1995): A report on drought in the lower reach of the Shinano-gawa in the summer of 1994, Hokuriku Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (5.4). Shinano River Work Office (1994): The Ohkouzu Diversion Channel, Hokuriki Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (4.5). Tokyo Electric Power Company: Hydroelectric power plants along the Takase River (5.1).

94

Japan ― 11

Tone-gawa Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Tone-gawa

Serial No.: Japan-11 N 35° 32' - 37° 5'

Location: Central Honshu, Japan Area: 16,840 km

2

E 138° 24' - 140° 51'


Origin: Mt. Ohminakami

Highest point: 1,834 m (trunk of Tone-gawa)

Outlet: Pacific Ocean


Main geological features: Mountain area: sandstone, slate, limestone from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras, and volcanic rock, Plain area: Pleistocene and alluvium Main tributaries: Katashina-gawa (676.1 km2), Agatsuma-gawa (1,355.2 km2), Kanna-gawa (417.6 km2), Kabura-gawa (632.4 km2), Karasu-gawa (759.1 km2), Watarase-gawa (2,621.4 km2), Kokai-gawa (1,043.1 km2), Kinu-gawa (1,760.6 km2) Main lakes: Kazumigaura, Kitaura, Chuzenji-ko, Imba-numa, Tega-numa, Ushiku-numa 6

3

6

3

6

3

Main reservoirs: Yagisawa (115.5 x 10 m , 1967), Naramata (85.0 x 10 m , 1991), Hujiwara (31.0 x 10 m , 1958), 6 3 6 3 6 3 Aimata (20.0 x 10 m , 1959), Sonohara (13.2 x 10 m , 1966), Shimokubo (120.0 x 10 m , 1969), Ikari (32.0 x 106m3, 1956), Kawamata (73.1 x 106m3, 1965), Kawaji (76.0 x 106m3, 1983) Mean annual precipitation: 1162.6 mm at Maebashi, 1580.1 mm at Choshi (1971 - 2000). Mean annual runoff: 165.2 m3/sec at Yattajima, 220.6 m3/sec at Kurihashi (1960 - 2000) Population: about 12,000,000

Main cities: Maebashi, Takasaki, Saitama, Tsukuba Utsunomiya

Land use: Forest (45.5%), Paddy field (18.2%), Cropland (11.2%), Orchard (3.3%), Urban (3.7%), Residential area (6.4%), Water surface (5.1%), Other (6.6%)

95

Japan ― 11

1.

General Description

The Tone River (Tone-gawa) has the largest catchment area (16,840 km2) and the second longest main river channel (322 km) in Japan. The river originates at Mt. Ohminakami in the Echigo Mountains and runs across the Kanto Plain, the largest plain in Japan. The ancient Tone River flowed to Tokyo Bay. During the “Eastward Transfer Project” carried out by the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo era (16031867) its course was shifted during the 17th century. The present Tone River flows out to the Pacific Ocean at Choshi City. The Kanto Plain includes the capital of Japan, Tokyo, and the Tokyo Metropolitan area has been expanding into the plain. Although the catchment area of the Tone River occupies only 4.5% of the land area of Japan, about 10% of the Japanese population live in the catchment. The high population density of the basin increases the importance of the Tone River in Japan. Modern river management in the basin started in the Meiji era (1868-1912). Since then there have been unprecedented floods in the basin, and the design flood flow has been revised several times after large floods. In 1947, Typhoon Kathleen brought heavy rainfall, and embankments broke in the middle reaches of the Tone River. The resultant flooding extended to Tokyo, and caused great damage to the Tokyo Metropolitan area. One of the causes of the flooding is urbanization of the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The population of Tokyo and the prefectures in Kanto District was about 10,000,000 in the Meiji era. However, since then it has increased to about 30,000,000, and property values have increased very much. Demand for the available water resources has also increased, and recent droughts have caused serious social problems.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

* Based on the Geological Map of Japan 1:1,000,000, 3rd Edition CD-ROM, Geological Survey of Japan.

96

Japan ― 11

2.2

Land Use Map

Legend 0: Not used 1: Paddy field 2: Cropland 3: Orchard 1 4: Orchard 2 5: Forest 6: Wasteland 7: Urban area 8: Residential area 9: Transportation area 10: Other land use 11: Lake 12: Riverbed 13: Riverbed 14: Seashore 15: Ocean

* Based on the National Land Information, National Land Agency, Japan

2.3


No.

Name of river




1

Tone (Main river)

322 16,840

1834 0

Ohmiya, Tsukuba (435,463), (150,351)

2

Katashina (Tributary)

60.8 673.3

2163 288.5

Numata (47,378)

3

Agatsuma (Tributary)

76.2 1,352

1362 169.9

Shibukawa (48,385)

4

Karasu (Tributary)

61.8 470

1654 56.6

Takasaki (238,228)

5

Kanna (Tributary)

87.4 407

1818 64

Fujioka (63,516)

6

Watarase (Tributary)

107.6 2,621.4

2144 13

Kiryu, Ashikaga (119,559), (164,841)

7

Kinu (Tributary)

176.7 1,760.6

2141 7

Utsunomiya, Nikko (434,770), (18,837)

8

Kokai (Tributary)

111.8 1,043.1

185 5

Shimodate, Mouka (66,125), (61,754)

97

Japan ― 11

2.4


3.


3.1


* Based on the National Land Information, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan

98

Japan ― 11

3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Mean annual Mean annual Observation precipitation temperature period [mm] [°C]


Elevation [m]

Location

42046 Fujiwara *

700

N 36° 51.9' E 139° 3.8'

21

1,801.7

8.7

A

42091 Minakami *

520

N 36° 47.8' E 138° 59.7'

103

1,692.3

10.2

A

42121 Kusatsu *

1,230

N 36° 36.9' E 138° 35.6'

103

1,689.7

7.4

A

42146 Numata *

430

N 36° 39.0' E 139° 3.9'

103

1,084.8

11.4

A

42221 Tashiro *

1,230

N 36° 27.6' E 138° 27.9'

21

1,482.7

7.1

A

180

N 36° 22.5' E 138° 53.9'

21

1,329.2

13.3

A

47624 Maebashi **

112.1

N 36° 24.1' E 139° 3.8'

30

1,162.6

14.2

M

47626 Kumagaya **

30.0

N 36° 8.8' E 139° 23.0'

30

1,243.2

14.6

M

47615 Utsunomiya **

119.4

N 36° 32.8' E 139° 52.3'

30

1,443.4

13.4

M

47648 Choshi **

20.1

N 35°44.2' E 140° 51.6'

30

1,580.1

15.3

M

No.

Station

42286 Kamisatomi *

* Serial Number used by JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency). ** Serial Number used by WMO (World Meteorological Organization). 1) A: The AMeDAS (Automatic Meteorological Data Acquisition System) established in 1979. Some stations have long term records before the installation of the AMeDAS system. The observation items are precipitation, air temperature, wind speed, wind direction and sunshine duration. M: Meteorological Observation, JMA, records 14 items including precipitation, air temperature, sunshine duration, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction.

3.3


Observation Item



Period for the mean

Temperature [°C]

Maebashi

3.3

Precipitation [mm]

Maebashi

20.8 33.0 56.3 78.7 90.7 151.4 183.0 184.7 214.8 93.4 42.7 13.2 1,162.6 1971 - 2000


Maebashi

9.4

Duration of Sunshine [hr]

Maebashi

3.6

6.9

12.9 17.7 21.2 24.7 26.1 21.9 16.1 10.5

11.7 14.4 16.1 17.3 13.9 14.4 14.8 11.1 10.5

9.0

5.8

8.4

14.2

12.6

1971 - 2000

1971 - 2000

203.9 186.1 202.8 187.4 193.7 119.0 135.2 162.8 116.8 158.1 173.3 198.6 2,037.7 1971 - 2000

99

Japan ― 11

3.4


4.


4.1


Locations for the telemetric water level (open triangle) and water quality (filled circle) stations were chosen by the Foundation of River and Basin Integrated Communications (FRICS). The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport operates 355 water level stations in the Tone River Basin. Some of small stations are not included in the above diagram.

100

Japan ― 11

4.2

List of Selected Hydrological Observation Stations

No.*

Station

Location


Observation period

Observation items1)

30302

Yakatabara

N 36° 37' 02" E 139° 02' 39"

980.9

1954 - present

Q

30306

Yattajima

N 36° 15' 37" E 139° 12' 37"

5,150.0

1951 - present

Q

30404

Kurihashi

N 36° 08' 25" E 139° 42' 20"

8,588.0

1938 - present

Q

30506

Fukawa

N 35° 50' 59" E 140° 08' 31"

12,458.0

1938 - present

Q, WQ

30602

Noda

N 35° 56' 08" E 139° 51' 18"

8,687.9

1955 - present

Q

No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

max 3 [m /s]

min 3 [m /s]

Q/A [m3/s/100km2]



30302

40.62

1,120

1,254.16

0.02

4.14

114.18

42

30306

158.91

17,000

9,222.35

24.20

3.09

3,300.97

46

30404

250.50

13,000

11,443.50

6.10

2.92

1,513.74

60

30506

221.88

8,170

7,559.39

1.64

1.78

65.58

55

30602

109.93

3,700

1,271.55

23.93

1.27

42.59

44

3)

4)

5)

*: Serial number used by The River Bureau, Ministry of Construction 1) Q: Discharge, WQ: Water quality 4) Mean maximum discharge 2) Mean annual discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge 3) Maximum discharge

4.3


101

Japan ― 11

4.4


102

Japan ― 11

4.6


Station: Yattajima [5,150 km ] Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

1970

1,043

26.8

1980

793

59.1

1990

2,841

57.9

1971

2,562

24.2

1981

7,690

62.4

1991

4,589

84.1

1972

5,370

44.1

1982

8,192

59.0

1992

946

42.7

1973

808

36.1

1983

4,267

60.6

1993

1,623

-

1974

5,553

48.9

1984

-

-

1994

2,758

65.2

1975

1,169

47.3

1985

4,077

43.5

1995

1,209

47.2

1976

1,876

31.1

1986

4,454

55.8

1996

1,079

54.8

1977

2,240

52.1

1987

781

46.2

1997

1,203

55.0

1978

630

44.5

1988

3,047

32.0

1998

9,222

-

1979

1,738

43.3

1989

2,990

43.0

1999

5,202

67.5

103

Japan ― 11

2

Station: Kurihashi [8,588 km ] Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

Year

Maximum 3 [m /s]

Minimum 3 [m /s]

1970

859

52.1

1980

1,094

54.7

1990

4,472

30.8

1971

3,878

46.9

1981

7,940

58.1

1991

6,543

75.5

1972

6,709

33.2

1982

11,444

65.1

1992

1,207

67.6

1973

579

37.4

1983

5,938

36.1

1993

2,583

73.9

1974

4,926

52.6

1984

-

-

1994

3,157

55.0

1975

1,258

51.1

1985

5,648

36.4

1995

2,074

43.7

1976

2,107

62.5

1986

4,062

50.4

1996

2,217

47.2

1977

3,506

61.3

1987

1,861

28.3

1997

2,176

55.6

1978

1,666

27.0

1988

2,368

35.4

1998

10,577

71.8

1979

3,631

25.1

1989

3,065

55.3

1999

6,608

59.1

4.7


104

Japan ― 11

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

Takasaki City, in 1887, was the first city to use the water resources of the Tone River for domestic water supply. The Tokyo Metropolitan government began by exploiting the water resources of the Tama River catchment. The development of this water resource approached its limit with the completion of Ogouchi Dam in 1957 and so Tokyo had to increase its dependence on the Tone River basin for domestic water. Today, seventy five percent of Toyko’s water comes from the Tone River. Some 88% of the domestic water supply comes from dams located in the upper reaches of the Tone River and its main tributaries. There are eight dams in the headwater regions of the Tone River, and three dams in the Kinu River basin, with a total combined capacity is 642,730,000 m3. The water produced from the dams in the Tone River is transferred to the Ara River through the Musashi Canal located in the middle reach of the Tone River, and is then supplied to the Tokyo Metropolitan area for domestic use. Water transferred to the Edo River is taken to the Kanamachi water purification plant, and is used to supply domestic water to the eastern part of Tokyo. The North-Chiba Water Conveyance Channel was constructed to carry water from lower reaches of the Tone River when there is a shortage of water in Tokyo. The amount of water supplied from the Tone River is about 6,500,000 m3 per day. The population using Tone water is about 12,000,000. About 250,000 ha of land are irrigated in the Tone River basin. There are about 4,600 water intake facilities, and water rights for agricultural use total 1,320 m3/s.

5.2


105

Japan ― 11

5.3






Purposes1)

Year of completion

Tone

Yagisawa

167.4

204.3

175.8

F, A, P, W

1966

Tone

Fujiwara

401.0

52.5

35.9

F, A, P

1957

Naramata (Tone)

Naramata

60.1

90.0

85.0

F, A, W

1991

Aimata

110.8

110.8

20.0

F, A, P

1958

Sonohara

493.9

493.9

14.1

F, A, P

1965

Shimokubo

3229

130.0

120.0

F, A, P, W, I

1966

Kinu

Ikari

271.2

55.0

46.0

F, A, P

1956

Kinu

Kawamata

179.4

87.6

73.1

F, A, P

1965

Kinu

Kawaji

323.6

83.0

76.0

F, A, W, I

1983

Watarase

Kusaki

254.0

60.5

50.5

F, A, P, W, I

1976

Name of river

Akatani (Tone) Katashina (Tone) Kanna (Tone)

Major Interbasin Transfer Name of transfer line

Name of rivers and places connected

Length [km]

Maximum capacity [m3/s]

Purpose1)

Year of completion

From

To

Musashi Canal

Tone-gawa

Ara-kawa

14.52

50.0

I, W

1968

Tone Saitama Canal Diversion Minumadai Canal

Tone-gawa

(Agricultural field)

16.68

34.0

A

1968

Tone-gawa

(Agricultural field)

102.9

43.4

A, W

1968

Tone-gawa

Edo-gawa

28.5

40.0

F, W, N

1995

North-Chiba Water Conveyance Channel 1) A: Agricultural use F: Flood control W: Municipal water supply

I: Industrial use


106

P: Hydro-power

Japan ― 11

5.4


Major Floods at Yattajima and Kurihashi Peak discharge Peak discharge at Yattajima at Kurihashi [m3/s] [m3/s]

Date



Dead and Major damages** missing

1947.9

17,000

-

300.5*

Typhoon “Catherine”

104 15

IAF: 121,762 IBF: 45,902

1948.9

-

6,640

203.0*

Typhoon “Ion”

36 7

IAF: 5,497 IBF: 2,861

1949.8

9,680

7,180

186.2*

Typhoon “Kitty”

83 6

IAF: 27,338 IBF: 19,508

1950.8

6,320

7,530

180.0*

Stationary Depression

8 14

IAF: 2,327 IBF: 3,848

1958.9

9,730

7,340

174.3*

Typhoon-22 “Kanogawa”

14 14

IAF: 970 IBF: 19,908

1959.8

9,070

10,050

217*

Typhoon-7

14 2

IAF: 984 IBF: 2,591

1966.6

5,880

5,490

170.1*

Typhoon-4

53 2

IAF: 1,561 IBF: 18,815

1971.8

2,460

3,940

166.4*

Typhoon-20

-

N.A.

1972.9

4,380

7,020

199.2*

Typhoon-20

-

N.A.

Continuous Rain

-

N.A. N.A.

1977.8

-

3,621

over 300 mm (22 days)

1979.10

1,756

3,572

300 mm at Watarase area

Typhoon-20

-

1981.8

7,367

8,174

300-500 mm in mountain area

Typhoon-15

-

IAF: 78 IBF: 20

1982.8

7,529

11,118

-

Typhoon-18

-

IAF: 1

1982.10

8,007

11,606

-

-

IAF: 1,268 IBF: 408

1991.9

-

4,688

-

Typhoon-18

-

N.A.

1998.9

9,770

10,430

-

Typhoon-5

-

Inundated Area 182 ha

* Whole Tone basin, three day total precipitation. ** IAF: Inundation above floor, IBF: Inundation below floor in number of houses.


Affected areas


1964.5 - 1964.7

Kanto district

So called Olympic drought

1987.6 - 1987.8

Kanto district

Maximum cut ratio 30%

1994.7 - 1994.9

Kanto district


1995.8 - 1995.9

Kanto district


107

Japan ― 11

5.5

River Water Quality 1)

River Water Quality at Kurihashi in 2000 1 Jan

Date

1 Feb 1 Mar 18 Apr 30 May 21 Jun 25 Jul 24 Aug 5 Sep 11 Oct 7 Nov

7 Dec

pH

7.6

7.6

7.5

7.3

7.2

7.4

7.5

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.5

7.5

BOD [mg/l]

2.6

2.4

2.7

1.4

0.6

1.6

1.4

2.5

1.1

0.9

1.1

3.1

DO [mg/l]

11.8

12.5

12.2

10.7

9.6

8.0

7.7

6.6

7.6

8.2

8.1

11.0

SS [mg/l]

5

9

7

10

17

17

27

100

21

9

15

8

1.7

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.5

3.3

2.8

23.0

4.9

13.0

0.0

3.3

Coliform group2) [x103MPN/100ml]

3) 3 Discharge [m /s] 90.40

86.07 82.11 125.82 245.53 121.58 161.1 229.29 132.5 223.5 212.6 109.5

River Water Quality1) at Fukawa in 2000 1 Jan

Date

1 Feb 1 Mar 18 Apr 30 May 21 Jun 25 Jul 24 Aug 5 Sep 11 Oct 7 Nov

7 Dec

pH

7.6

7.5

7.8

7.4

7.4

7.5

7.9

7.7

7.7

7.5

7.5

7.6

BOD [mg/l]

2.4

2.3

3.1

2.3

1.4

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.4

0.5

1.1

0.9

DO [mg/l]

6.1

11.9

12.4

10.1

8.4

7.6

8.2

8.4

8.1

8.7

9.3

11.5

4

8

6

13

12

16

12

13

23

14.5

11.5

7

1.1

1.3

2.3

4.9

7.9

7.0

4.9

11.0

1.2

7.9

7.0

1.3

73.6

93.8

84.5

195.6

85.2

161.0

SS [mg/l] 2)

Coliform group [x103MPN/100ml]

Discharge3) [m3/s] 122.8

196.1 131.2 294.7 242.1 151.6

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) culture MPN (most probable number) method. 3) Discharge on the water quality observation date.

6.


The sea surface level is estimated to have fallen by over 100 m at the last glacial maximum some 20,000 years ago. The sea surface then started to rise in the inter-glacial stage, and about 5,000 years ago, reached a level several metres higher than the present level. At that time, the Kanto plain was a bay. When the sea level was falling, the ancient river course of the Tone was created. About 1,000 years ago the Tone River flowed to Tokyo bay, but about 300 years ago the course was diverted to the Pacific Ocean by the Tokugawa Shogunate. The “Eastward Transfer of the Tone River” project was begun by Ieyasu Tokugawa, the first Shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the Edo era. The purposes of the project were to protect the capital of Edo (the present day Tokyo) from floods, and to develop agriculture in the middle reaches of the Tone River. The project also provided the capital with a defensive barrier against attack by the kingdom of northern Japan. The first western style flood control scheme was introduced in 1897. The design flood flow was set at 3,750 m3/s at Kurihashi. In the severe flood of 1910, the estimated peak flow was about 7,000 m3/s at Kurihashi, about twice the size of the design flood. This event led to a revision of the flood control scheme in the Tone River. However, since then the design flood flow has had to be revised several

108

Japan ― 11

times because of floods that have exceeded the previous design values. Edo, the capital of Tokugawa Shogunate, was renamed to Tokyo in the Meiji era, and continued to grow as the capital of Japan. The Tone River basin is located upstream of the Tokyo Metropolitan area, and rapid changes in land use have led to the need for repeated revisions of the design flood flow. After the serious flooding caused by Typhoon Catherine in 1947, the Tone River has not experienced any breach of its embankments in spite of several major rainfall events. The Kanto Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, has a responsibility for river management and continues to maintain this valuable water resource, to prevent flood disasters, and to preserve the nature and environment of the Tone River.

7.


Geological Survey of Japan (ed.) (1995): Geological Map of Japan 1:1,000,000, 3rd Edition, CD-ROM Version. Digital Geoscience Map G-1, Geological Survey of Japan. Japan Meteorological Agency (2001): Japan Climatological Chart, 320 pp. (in Japanese) Kanto Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (1999): Catalogue of Hydrological Stations, 165 pp. (in Japanese) Kanto Regional Construction Bureau (1993): TONEGAWA―Flood Control and Water Resources―. Kokudochousa-kai, 195 pp. (in Japanese) Kanto Regional Construction Bureau (1987): Tonegawa hyakunenshi (100 year’s history of the Tone River), Ministry of Construction, 2303 pp. (in Japanese) Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT (2001): Flood Control and Water Resources in the Tone River, Japan River Association, 14 pp. (in Japanese) Kinu River Dam Control Office, Kanto Regional Construction Bureau, Outline of Dams in Kinu River Basin. 35 pp. (in Japanese) Lower Tone River Office, Edo-gawa River Office, Kanto Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction (2000): North-Chiba Water Conveyance Channel, 26 pp. (in Japanese) Lower Tone River Office, Kanto Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction: Tone River ―Lower Basin of the Tone River, 22 pp. River Bureau (1947-2000): Ryuryo nenpyo (Streamflow yearbook). Tone River Dam Control Office, Kanto Regional Development Bureau, MLIT (2001): Outline of Dams in Tone River Basin. (in Japanese) Tomiyama, Kazuko (1974): Water, Green, and Soil. Chuko-Shinsho, (in Japanese) Upper Tone River Office, Kanto Regional Development Bereau, MLIT (2001): Encyclopedia of TONEGAWA, http://www.tonejo.go.jp/jiten/ (Japanese contents) Upper Tone River Office, Kanto Regional Construction Bureau: Tone River, 29 pp. (in Japanese) Water Resources Development Public Corporation: Outline of Tone Water Canal. (in Japanese)

109

Japan ― 12

Yodo-gawa Map of River

110

Japan ― 12

Table of Basic Data Name: Yodo-gawa Location: Honshu, Japan 2

Serial No. : Japan-12 N 34° 24' ~ 35° 44'

E 135° 19' ~ 136° 29'

Area: 8,240 km


Origin: Lake Biwa

Highest point: Mt. Ibuki (1,377 m)

Outlet: Osaka Bay

Lowest point: River Mouth (0 m)

Main geological features: andesite, tuff, granite, schist Main tributaries: Uji River (506 km2), Katsura River (1,100 km2), Kizu River (1,596 km2) Main lakes: Lake Biwa (670 km2) Main reservoirs: Takayama (49.2 x 106m3, 1969), Hiyoshi (58.0 x 106m3, 1998), Shorenji (23.8 x 106m3, 1970), Nunome (15.4 x 106m3, 1992), Hinachi (18.4 x 106m3, 1999), Murou (14.3 x 106m3, 1974), Hitokura (30.8 x 106m3, 1983) Mean annual precipitation: 1387.8 mm (1976 ~ 2000) at Hirakata Mean annual runoff: 270.8 m3/s (1952 ~ 1998) at Hirakata Population: 10,630,000 (1994)

Main cities: Kyoto, Osaka, Otsu

Land use: Mountainous area (71.9%), Flat area (28.1%)

1.

General Description

The 75 km long Yodo River (Yodo-gawa) system, located in the central part of Japan, is the seventh largest river basin in Japan with a catchment area of 8,240 km2. Flowing south out of Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, first as the Seta River and then the Uji River, it merges with the Kizu and Katsura Rivers near the border between Kyoto and Osaka Prefectures. The Yodo River runs through the heartland of the Kinki region and flows into Osaka Bay. The Yodo River basin consists of six sub-catchments, which are the Lake Biwa basin (3,802 km2), the Uji River basin (506 km2), the Kizu River basin (1,647 km2), the Katsura River basin (1,152 km2), the lower Yodo River basin (521 km2) and the Kanzaki River basin (612 km2). It extends over the six prefectures of Shiga, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyogo, Nara and Mie. City areas spread throughout the basin. Metropolitan areas such as Osaka, Kyoto, and Otsu are located along the rivers. The population of the basin is about 10,630,000, which is 9% of the population of Japan and 53% of that in the Kansai region. In the lower Yodo River basin, most of the heavily populated urban developments are located in areas lower than the river water level. In Osaka City, it is estimated that 94.9% of the total metropolitan area is located in flood-prone areas. Precipitation in the basin is widely distributed in time and space. The annual precipitation of the Lake Biwa, Katsura River, Kizu River, and the lower Yodo River basins are about 1,880 mm, 1,640 mm, 1,590 mm, and 1,400 mm respectively. The mean annual precipitation of the whole Yodo River basin is about 1,600 mm. The Lake Biwa basin, the Katsura River basin, and the Kizu River basin have high flows in the snow melt season from March to April, the rainy season from June to July, and the typhoon season from September to October, respectively. Due to the time and space dispersion of high flows in tributaries and the large storage capacity of Lake Biwa, the river flow conditions are more stable than those of other Japanese basins.

111

Japan ― 12

2.


2.1

Geological Map

112

Japan ― 12

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Name of river



Cities population

1

Yodo (Main river)

37 231

Sekidougaoka 680 River mouth 0

Osaka 2,607,700

2

Biwa (Lake)

3,802

Mt. Ibuki 1,377 Outlet 80.8

Otsu 289,601

3

Uji (Tributary)

38 506

Mt. Shubu 681 Confluence 19.0

Uji 191,122

M 71.9

4

Katsura (Tributary)

114 1,100

Mt. Jizou 948 Confluence 17.7

Kyoto 1,467,521

F 28.1

5

Kizu (Tributary)

99 1,596

Mt. Kuroso 1,038 Confluence 15.8

Ueno 59,765

6

Kanzaki (Tributary)

13 612

Mt. Keno 785 River mouth 0

Osaka 2,607,700

M: Mountainous area

F: Flat area

113

Land use [%]

Japan ― 12

2.4


3.


3.1


114

Japan ― 12

List of Meteorological Observation Stations1)

3.2 No.2)

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Observation period

Mean annual precipitation [mm]


60051

Imazu

88

N 35° 24' 36" E 136° 01' 54"

1974 ~ present

1,829.7 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

60131

Hikone

87

N 35° 16' 24" E 136° 14' 48"

1974 ~ present

1,608.8 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

60216

Otsu

86

N 34° 59' 18" E 135° 54' 54"

1977 ~ present

1,659.7 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

53112

Ueno

159

N 34° 45' 30" E 136° 08' 56"

1985 ~ present

1,480.0 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

61271

Sonobe

195

N 35° 03' 12" E 135° 27' 30"

1974 ~ present

1,650.4 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

61286

Kyoto

41

N 35° 00' 42" E 135° 44' 06"

1974 ~ present

1,565.9 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

62051

Toyonaka

9

N 34° 46' 24" E 135° 26' 54"

1974 ~ present

1,378.2 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

62046

Hirakata

26

N 34° 48' 18" E 135° 40' 36"

1975 ~ present

1,453.2 1989 ~ 1998

DS, P, T, W

1) 30 rainfall observation stations managed by Japan Meteorological Agency and 27 managed by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport are operated in the Yodo River basin. Only some of the stations are listed here. 2) Serial Number used by Japan Meteorological Agency. 3) DS: Duration of sunshine, P: Precipitation, T: Air temperature, W: Wind velocity and wind direction.

3.3

Monthly Climate Data (Observation station: Osaka)

Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Temperature[°C] 5.8

5.9

9.0

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

14.8 19.4 23.2 27.2 28.4 24.4 18.7 13.2

8.3

Period for the mean

16.5 1971~2000

Precipitation [mm]

43.7 58.7 99.5 121.1 139.6 201.0 155.4 99.0 174.9 109.3 66.3 37.7 1036.1 1971~2000

Solar radiation 2 [MJ/m /day]

7.4

9.2

11.8 15.0 16.9 15.2 16.6 16.6 12.6 10.5

8.1

6.9

12.3 1971~2000


142

131

158

147

149

1967 1971~2000

183

200

150

186

115

211 149

162

Japan ― 12

3.4

4. 4.1


Hydrological Information Map of Streamflow Observation Stations

116

Japan ― 12

List of Hydrological Observation Stations1)

4.2

Station

Location


Observation period


60465

Kamo

66.5 km from the river mouth

1,456.0

1898 ~ present

H, Q

60503

Shinmachi


540.0

1956 ~ present

H, Q

60582

Gunkoubashi


322.8

1954 ~ present

H, Q

60532

Hirakata


7,281.0

1955 ~ present

H, Q

No.

2)

−4) Q [m3/s]

Qmax5) [m3/s]

− Qmax6) [m3/s]

− Qmin7) [m3/s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



60465

45.56

6,200.00

1,610.31

7.13

3.13

425.82

1938 ~ 1996

60503

18.04

1,704.40

679.56

0.71

3.34

315.63

1969 ~ 1997

60582

8.53

1,571.70

613.19

0.26

2.64

486.90

1955 ~ 1996

60532

272.05

7,970.00

3,177.59

91.05

3.74

109.46

1952 ~ 1977

No.

2)

3

1) 53 water stage stations and 9 discharge stations are operated in the Yodo River basin. 2) Serial Number used by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 3) H: water level, Q: discharge, Q is obtained from rating curve. 4) − Q: Mean annual discharge 5) Q max : Maximum discharge 6) − Q: max: Mean maximum discharge 7) − Q min: Mean minimum discharge

4.3


117

Japan ― 12

4.4


4.5


The Yodo River basin includes Lake Biwa, which is the largest fresh-water lake in Japan with an area of about 670 km2 and a storage capacity of 27.5 billion m3. The catchment area of Lake Biwa is 3,848 km2, which accounts for 47% of the Yodo River basin. Water flows into Lake Biwa from more than one hundred rivers before being discharged into the Seta River, which is the only natural outflow river from the lake. Lake Biwa plays an important role as a regulating reservoir for flood control. In the case of flooding of the main Yodo River, the Setagawa Weir, located at the outlet of Lake Biwa, is controlled to reduce flows to the lower basin. Lake Biwa also has a role as the water source for the 13 million people in Kansai region. When severe drought occurs, the downstream water users, the Central Government, and relevant local governments convene a task force that coordinates drought mitigation measures. The minimum water needed by downstream areas is discharged from Lake Biwa.

118

Japan ― 12

4.6


Station: Hirakata [7,281 km ] 1)

2)

1)

2)

1952

Maximum 3 Date [m /s] 6.24 4,200

1976

Maximum 3 Date [m /s] 9.11 3,391

1953

9.25

7,800

1.3

104.0

1977

3.31

1,567

10.30

75.5

1954

7.6

3,540

4.11

74.0

1978

6.24

2,406

10.27

65.6

1955

10.21

1,124

5.11

94.8

1979

6.29

2,281

1.25

70.5

1956

9.27

5,025

8.21

134.0

1980

7.11

1,690

11.21

112.1

1957

6.28

2,740

4.19

93.6

1981

10.9

1,378

8.20

106.8

1958

8.26

3,990

3.26

95.0

1982

8.2

6,271

7.6

103.4

1959

9.27

7,970

6.19

119.3

1983

9.29

3,750

6.12

99.9

1960

8.30

3,775

-*

115.0

1984

6.27

1,960

11.12

58.3

1961

10.28

7,206

9.14

97.8

1985

6.26

2,669

2.8

73.5

1962

8.26

2,615

12.28

103.2

1986

7.22

4,091

12.14

59.0

1963

5.18

1,801

11.29

101.1

1987

7.20

1,436

1.12

61.4

1964

7.20

955

8.21

94.3

1988

6.3

2,388

1.21

65.9

1965

9.18

6,868

8.31

93.1

1989

9.3

3,599

1.6

96.6

1966

7.2

2,442

11.13

113.1

1990

9.20

3,949

9.11

89.3

1967

7.10

3,077

6.22

95.7

1991

-*

-*

-*

-*

1968

8.30

1,702

2.5

93.7

1992

8.20

2,308

8.17

58.1

1969

7.9

2,064

12.22

81.0

1993

7.5

4,104

4.24

74.9

1970

6.16

2,638

1.26

73.5

1994

9.30

2,753

9.14

60.8

1971

9.7

2,096

11.26

112.0

1995

5.12

4,760

11.26

73.7

1972

9.17

5,228

10.30

110.7

1996

8.29

1,627

1.21

75.4

1973

5.2

1,114

8.13

75.5

1997

7.27

3,835

6.20

42.5

1974

7.25

2,744

1.5

93.1

1998

10.17

2,348

9.3

66.5

1975

8.23

2,774

1.13

94.8

1999

6.30

3,811

10.25

107.1

Year

Minimum 3 Date [m /s] 8.27 80.0

Year

1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording chart * missing data

4.7

Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood

119

Minimum 3 Date [m /s] 2.16 103.4

Japan ― 12

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The water of the Yodo River was mainly used for agricultural water and transportation services in the past. The first water utilization canal from Lake Biwa to the Kyoto City area (the Lake Biwa Canal) was constructed in 1890 and the water was used for various purposes including the nation’s first hydroelectric power generation, transportation, irrigation and public water supply. In 1912, the second water utilization canal was completed aimed at expansion of the public water supply and power generation. In the Uji River, hydroelectric power generation was developed, and the Uji power generation plant was built. After that, the first phase of the Yodo River Water Control Works was implemented to cope with the increasing demand for water needed for the development of an industrial economy, and the water utilization started through the regulation of the water level in Lake Biwa. In 1962 the Water Resources Development Promotion Law of Japan was used to give the Yodo River system a special designation that has since allowed various projects to be implemented. Now eight dams and two river weirs are operated for the prevention of flood disasters and for the water resources needs of the 13 million people living in the Kansai area.

5.2


120

Japan ― 12

5.3






Purpose1)

Year of completion

Nunome

Nunome

75

17.3

15.4

F, N, W

1992

Nabari

Hinachi

76

20.8

18.4

F, N, P, W

1999

Nabari

Takayama

615

56.8

49.2

F, N, P, W

1969

Katsura

Hiyoshi

290

66.0

58.0

F, N, W

1998

Shorenji

Shorenji

100

27.2

23.8

A, F, N, P, W

1970

Murou

169

16.9

14.3

F, N, W

1974

Hitokura

115

33.3

30.8

F, N, W

1983

Name of river

Uda Ina 1) A: Agricultural use P: Hydro-power

F: Flood control I: Industrial use W: Municipal water supply


Major Water Transfer

Unit: m3/s

121

Japan ― 12

5.4


Major Floods Rainfall [mm] Peak Duration discharge Date at Hirakata Kizu Katsura **Uji [m3/s] River River River 1953. 9.25

*(8,650) 7,800

1956. 9.27

4,610

1958. 8.27

4,030

1959. 8.14

6,800

261

268

204

137

166

N.A. 210

130

184

N.A. 305

322

296

1960. 8.30

3,840

1961. 10.28

7,800

177

282

3 days 129

265

60

3 days 289

245

209

4 days 205

1965. 9.17

7,300

1972. 9.17

5,230

1982. 8.2

6,260

1994. 9.30

2,750

1995. 5.12

4,760

216

Typhoon No.13

145

Typhoon No.15

N.A.

N.A.

Typhoon No.17

N.A.

N.A.

Low pressure front and Typhoon No.7

23

159

159

Typhoon No.16 and Typhoon No.18

28

Houses totally destroyed: 47 Houses partly destroyed: 158 Houses washed away: 15 Houses inundated: 28,979

Low pressure front and Typhoon No.26

4

Houses inundated: 12,589

Typhoon No.24

11


Typhoon No.20

12

Houses totally destroyed: 55 Houses partly destroyed: 605 Houses inundated: 78,393

Typhoon No.10

49


Typhoon No.26

N.A.

Houses partly destroyed: 3 Houses inundated: 323

Low pressure front

N.A.

Houses inundated: 55

206

158

248

2 days 178

59

113

4 days 181

199

191

6 days

Houses total destroyed: 5,051 Houses partly destroyed: 13,833 Houses washed away: 1,633 Houses inundated: 137,344

1,674

2 days 312


Typhoon No.15 (Ise Gulf Typhoon)

2 days 167


Houses totally destroyed: 2,820 Houses partly destroyed: 7,808 Houses washed away: 517 Houses inundated: 227,577

265

3 days

7,200

Dead and missing

2 days

250

1959. 9.27


* Hypothetical value assuming no damage to the dike. ** Except for the Lake Biwa catchment area.

122

Japan ― 12

Major Droughts Rainfall - Lake Biwa catchment area (mm/month) (ratio to the average value in %) Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lake Biwa Lowest water mark

1973

50 (21)

116 (75)

181 (86)

166 (127)

71 (71)

64 (54)

-54 cm Sept. 2

80.9 m3/ s Aug. 13

1977

68 (29)

88 (57)

165 (79)

59 (45)

165 (165)

141 (119)

-58 cm Nov. 2

82.8 m3/ s Oct. 30

1978

41 (18)

71 (46)

195 (93)

83 (63)

95 (95)

89 (75)

-73 cm Nov. 29

73.8 m3/ s Nov. 19

1984

183 (78)

57 (37)

98 (47)

70 (53)

45 (45)

133 (113)

-95 cm Jan. 26

68.4 m3/ s Dec. 10

1986

360 (154)

31 (20)

95 (45)

95 (73)

60 (60)

133 (113)

-88 cm Dec. 14

65.2 m / s Dec. 7

1990

176 (75)

86 (55)

450 (214)

168 (128)

234 (234)

128 (108)

-69 cm Sept. 12

73.1 m / s Aug. 7

1994

25 (11)

65 (42)

305 (145)

37 (28)

53 (53)

88 (75)

-123 cm Sept. 15

52.7 m / s Sept. 14

Year

Water restriction period Month/Day

Year

1st. 2nd. 1st. 1st. 1st. 2nd. 1st.

1973 1977 1978 1984

2nd. 1st. 2nd. 1994 3rd.

5.5

3

3

3

Water restriction ratio

No. of days with restriction

Tap water

96 1 134 159 154 115 56

10% 20% 10% 10% 10% 20% 10%

15% 25% 15% 15% 12% 22% 12%

60 12 9

20% 10% 15%

22% 10% 15%

14

20%

20%

7/31 ~ 9/4 ~ 8/25 ~ 9/1 ~ 10/9 ~ 11/6 ~ 10/17 ~ 11/28 1/27/87 ~ 2/10/87 11/28 ~ 1/27/87 8/22 ~ 9/3 9/3 ~ 9/10 9/27 ~ 9/29 9/10 ~ 9/16 9/19 ~ 9/27

1986

Yodo River, Hirakata Lowest flow

Industrial water

River Water Quality

River Water Quality1) at Hirakata-oohashi2) in 2000 Date

1/12

2/2

3/8

4/12

5/10

6/7

7/5

8/2

9/6

10/4

11/8

12/6

pH

7.5

7.4

7.4

7.5

7.8

7.6

7.5

7.7

7.7

7.4

7.4

7.4

BOD [mg/l]

1.6

1.8

1.4

1.4

1.7

0.8

1.2

0.9

1.5

0.9

0.9

0.9

CODMn [mg/l]

3.6

3.8

3.5

3.5

4

3.5

4.7

3.6

4.2

3.8

3.8

3.4

7

10

11

7.8

4

7

25

4

6

7

7

5

101

107

132

136

127

200

218

156

116

145

145

122

SS [mg/l] 3)

3

Discharge [m /s]

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near Osaka City 25 km upstream from the river mouth. 3) Discharge on the water quality observation date.

123

Japan ― 12

Present water quality of the Yodo River

6.


The Yodo River basin contains two large historical cities, Kyoto and Osaka. Kyoto played a central role in the development of Japan’s history. The ancient capital was transferred from Nara to Kyoto in 794, which then became the centre of Japanese politics and culture for about 1,100 years until the transfer of the government to Tokyo in 1868. Osaka also fulfilled a vital role as a city of commerce, trade and diplomatic relations with Asian countries. To support the development of the region, many river works have been conducted. The oldest flood control works in the area date back to the time of Emperor Nintoku (about 320 A.D.). Many flood control works have been performed since then, such as the separation of Ogura pond and the Uji River, the construction of the Bunrokutsutsumi (Bunroku Dike) by Hideyoshi Toyotomi in the 16th century, and the Yamato River redirection works during the first part of the 18th century. In the Meiji Period, western techniques were introduced to Japan by De Lekay, an engineer from Holland, Tadao Okino and others, which brought about the start of modern flood control water works and reformed the Yodo River into a new waterway. Based on the historical development, this region constitutes the second largest economic bloc after the Tokyo Metropolitan area.

7.


Geographical Survey Institute (1984): The national atlas of Japan, Ministry of Construction. Biwa Lake Construction Work Office: Seta River Weir (brochure in English), Kinki Regional Construction Bureau, Ministry of Construction, 19pp. Kinki Regional Bureau: Yodogawa Hyaku-nenn-shi (History of The Yodo River for a hundred years), Ministry of Construction, 1821pp. River Bureau: Uryo nenphyo (Rainfall Yearbook), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. River Bureau: Ryuryo nenphyo (Stream flow Yearbook), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. River Bureau: Suisitsu nenphyo (River Water Quality Yearbook), Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. Yodo River Office: The Yodo River (brochure in English), Kinki Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 10pp.

124

Republic of Korea Korea-10: Seomjin-gang Korea-11: Milyang-gang Korea-12: Sapkyo-chun

125

Introduction The Korean peninsula, which lies between the Yellow Sea and the East Sea, is about 1,300 km long and 300 km wide and is located at the eastern end of the Asian continent. The eastern coast line of the peninsula runs directly along the edge of steep mountain ranges, while the curved shapes of the western and southern coast lines indicate the occurrence of wide alluvial plains. In general, rivers running to the eastern coast are short and steep. Long rivers with gentle slopes, such as the Han River, the Geum River, the Nakdong River, and the Seomjin River, discharge to the southern or western coasts. Korea is in the moderately humid zone of medium latitudes. It has a definite, seasonal climate that is greatly defined by dry, cold continental air masses during the winter, and humid warm air masses from the ocean during the summer. The average annual temperature is 14° C (57° F) along the southern coast, while it drops to as low as 11° C and 8° C (52° F and 46° F), respectively, over the mid and northern climatic zones. The yearly distribution of precipitation is determined by westerly and northwesterly dry winds from the Asian continent in the winter and moist south-easterly winds from the Pacific Ocean in the summer. Thus the rainfall is concentrated in the summer. Of the annual precipitation of 1,274 mm, approximately 66% occurs during the rainy season from June to September, 16% during the transition period from April to May, and the remaining 18% during the six months from October to March. As of 2000, the population of Korea was 46,136,000 with a population density of 462 person/km2. Of a total land area of 99,450 km2, farm lands account for 21,379 km2 while forests cover about 63,762 km2. The three rivers catalogued in this volume are the Seomjin-gang, the Milyang-gang, and the Sapkyochun. They are representative of Korean rivers. The Seomjin-gang is the fourth largest river in Korea, and flows through the south-western part of the Korean peninsula. The Milyang-gang is one of the main tributaries of the Nakdong river which flows through the south-eastern part of the Korean peninsula. The Unmun and Milyang Dams play important roles by providing drinking water to the residents of nearby Taegu, Milyang and other areas. The Sapkyo-chun is located in the north-west of the Geum river basin and is a typical agricultural area. At the estuary of the Sapkyo-chun, the Sapkyo sea-dike was constructed for the irrigation in 1979.

Acknowledgements A working group was established for the preparation of the contributions to the Catalogue of Rivers as part of the IHP project of 1997 that was supported by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation of the Republic of Korea. The working group members are as follows: Lee, Soontak (Chair), Yeungnam University, Ahn, Sang-Jin, Choongbuk University, and Chun, Byung-Ho, Korean Military Academy. The organizations that have contributed include: The River Planning Division, Water Resources Bureau, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, The Han River Flood Control Office, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, The Nakdong River Flood Control Office, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, The Geum River Flood Control Office, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, The Korean Water Resources Association, and The Korean Water Resources Corporation.

126

Korea (Republic of ) ― 10

Seomjin-gang Map of River

Geographical Survey, MOCT. Korea

Table of Basic Data Serial No. : Korea (R. of) -10

Name(s): Seomjin-gang Location: Junra Province, Korea

E 126° 51' 50" ~ 127° 53' 05" N 35° 11' 44" ~ 35° 50' 00"

2

Area: 2,447.5 km


Origin: Mt. Palgong (1,151 m)

Highest Pt: Mt. Bakun (1,279m)

Outlet: Seomjin-gang

Lowest Pt: Abrog (28.5 m)

Main base rocks: Precambrian Gneiss, Cretaceous to Middle Granite, Sedimentary Rock 2

2

Main tributaries: Yocheon (477.4 km ), Osucheon (374.3 km ) Main lakes: None Main reservoirs: Seomjin reservoir (466×106m3, 1996) Mean annual precipitation: 1,295 mm (1969 ~ 1996) Mean annual runoff: 75.7 m3/sec at Abrog (2,447.5 km2 (1984 - 1996) Population: 250,000 (1996)

Main cities: Namwon

Land use: Forest (78.7%), Rice paddy (5.6%), Others (15.7%), (1995)

127

Korea (Republic of) ― 10

1.

General Description

The Seomjin river is the fourth largest river in Korea with a total catchment area to the sea of 4,896.5 km2 and a total river length of 212.3 km. It originates from Mt. Palgong (1,151 m), and flows through the south-western part of the Korean peninsula before discharging into the Korean Strait (South Sea). The northern part of the basin, (2,477.5 km2), has two main tributaries, the Yocheon and the Osucheon, which flow from the north-east. The average annual precipitation over the basin area is 1,295mm and the average annual discharge at Abrog, the basin outlet, was 75.7 m3/sec during 1984∼1996. The population of this basin was 250,000 in 1996.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

128


2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Name of River


Highest peak [m]


1

Seomjin-gang (Main River)

156.3 2,447.5

Mt. Palgong 1,151

Koksun Gun 138,727

2

Yocheon (Tributary)

60.4 477.4

Mt. Bakun 1,279

Namwon City 112,961

3

Osucheon (Tributary)

40.5 374.3

Mt. Cheonwhang 910

Imshil Gun 44,637

F: Forest L: Lake, river, marsh P: Paddy field A: Agricultural field (vegetable field, grass field)

U: Urban

O: Orchard

129

Land use [%] F (78.7) P (5.6) U (2.1) A (11.3) L (2.2) O (0.1)


2.4


3.


3.1


130


3.2


No.

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation Observation Precipitation1) Evaporation2) items period [mm] [mm]

31**

Imshil

244.0

N 35° 37' E 127° 17'

1973 ~ present

1,279.5

1,106.4

P (TB) E, DS

32*

Namwon

89.6

N 35° 24' E 127° 20'

1973 ~ present

1,261.8

1,052.9

P (TB) E, DS

265*

Dunnam

320.0

N 35° 32' 28" 1990 ~ present E 127° 20' 22"

1,070.6

---

P (TB)

269*

Ogog

30.0

N 35° 15' 02" 1990 ~ present E 127° 22' 10"

1,170.4

---

P (TB)

272*** Gangjin

360.0

N 35° 31' 37" 1961 ~ present E 127° 09' 55"

1,345.0

---

P (TB)

106*** Seongsu

420.0

N 35° 42' 30" 1991 ~ present E 127° 20' 48"

---

---

P (TB)

107*** Saangchi

350.0

N 35° 29' 06" 1991 ~ present E 127° 12' 26"

---

---

P (TB)

* Serial number used by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation ** Serial number used by Weather Office, Korean Meteorological Agency *** Serial number used by Korean Water Resources Corporation P: Precipitation E: Evaporation DS: Duration of sunshine TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart 1) Period for the mean is from the beginning of the observation period to 1992 2) Measured by 20 cm pan

3.3


Station: Namwon Observation item

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

Period for the mean

Temperature [°C]

-1.8

0.4

5.4

11.8

17.2

21.1

25.0

25.5

19.4

13.8

6.3

0.4

12.0

1973~1996

Precipitation [mm]

31.3

39.9

54.1

96.3

89.3

178.3 282.6 223.7 131.6

58.9

47.5

31.4

1,261.8 1973~1996

Evaporation [mm]*

39.3

48.1

82.9

107.6 135.4 124.2 121.5 133.9 94.7

81.4

46.4

37.0

1,052.9 1973~1996


149

147

198

197

137

134

210

243

193

180

* measured by 20 cm pan

131

211

180

2,179

1973~1996


3.4


4.


4.1


132


4.2


No.*

Station

Location


Observation period

Observation items

168

Ogog

N 35° 14' 02" E 127° 22' 10

2,380.6

1990 ~ present

H1

171

Jeogsong

N 35° 23' 54" E 127° 13' 09"

1,384.5

1990 ~ persent

H1

173

Namwon

N 35° 24' 21" E 127° 23' 26"

219.2

1990 ~ persent

H1

177

Abrog

N 35° 11' 44" E 127° 22' 24"

2,447.5

1917 ~ persent

H1

181

Osu

N 35° 26' 11" E 127° 14' 38"

352.3

1970 ~ persent

H1

No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

177

75.7

4,689.0

2,296.0

4.4

3)

* Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and Transportation 1) H1: water level in recording chart 2) Mean annual discharge

4.3

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



3.1

191.6

1984 ~ 1996

3

3) Maximum discharge 4) Mean annual maximum discharge 5) Mean annual minimum discharge


133

1)


4.4


4.5


Note that the Seomjin Dam was constructed in 1966

134


4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges

Station: Abrog Maximum Year Date

Maximum

Minimum

Discharge1) Discharge2) Month 3 [m /s] [m3/s]

Year Date

Minimum


1984

7.8

4,689

1

10.8

1991

7.10

1,797

10

0.7

1985

9.19

3,066

12

4.0

1992

7.19

1,261

12

2.8

1986

6.25

3,911

1

3.1

1993

7.12

1,419

4

0.4

1987

7.16

3,980

7

12.9

1994

8.12

145

7

0.2

1988

7.16

734

7

10.3

1995

8.26

836

1

0.3

1989

7.25

4,689

6

3.7

1996

6.25

1,299

1

2.4

1990

6.20

2,017

1

5.3


4.7


135


Based on the data of Ministry of Construction and Transportation

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The basin is composed of complex geological formations, and throughout the basin area mountainous forests are dominant. Except for some narrow flat areas in the valleys, most of the basin is mountainous. The area is covered by shallow well-drained soils. In the dry season there is very little runoff in the rivers, with about 70% of the annual runoff occurring between June and September. The site of the concrete gravity Seomjin Dam is in the north-eastern part of the basin. The dam is 64 m high with a crest length of 344.2 m, a gross storage capacity of 466×106 m3, an active storage capacity of 370×106 m3, a flood control space of 32×106 m3, and an annual energy output of 6×106 kwh/yr. This reservoir contributes to: the reduction of flood damages in downstream areas; and the supply of water for municipal and irrigation purposes, and for electric power generation. Some 1,890 m3/day are supplied to the Chilbo power plant (160×106 kwh/yr) which is located about 6.2 km west of the Seomjin dam, and a further 130 m3/day of water goes to Junju city, located near about 22.5 km north of the dam, as drinking water.

136


5.2


5.3


Major Reservoir Name of river Seomjin-gang 1) W: Municipal water supply

Name of dam

Catchment area 2 [km ]

Gross capacity 6 3 [10 m ]

Effective capacity 6 3 [10 m ]

Purpose

Seomjin Dam

763

466

370

W, F, I, M, P

F: Flood control

I: Industrial use

M: Maintenance of normal flows

1)


P: Hydro-power

Major Interbasin Transfer Name of transfer line

Name of rivers connected

Length [km]

Maximum capacity [m3/s]

Purpose1)

Year of completion

From

To

Chilbo Conveyance Channel

Seomjin Dam

Chilbo

6.2

21.9

A

1995

Junju Conveyance Channel

Seomjin Dam

Junju

22.5

1.5

W

1996

1) W: Municipal water supply

A: Agricultural use.

137


5.4


Major Floods Date

Peak discharge 3 [m /s]


Meteorological Cause

Dead and Missing


1984.7.8

4,689

584.0 7.4 ~ 4

Heavy Storm

3

Namwon

1987.7.16

3,980

251.2 7.11 ~ 16

Typhoon

3

Namwon, Imshil, Sunchang

1989.7.25

4,189

334.7 7.23 ~ 25

Heavy Storm

1

Namwon, Sunchang

Major Droughts

5.5

Period

Areas affected


1988.8 ~ 12

Namwon, Koksung, Sunchang

Supply cut ratio at the first stage: 10%

1981.1 ~ 12



1995.1 ~ 6



Groundwater and Water Quality 1)

2)

River Water Quality at Seomjin Dam Site in 1996 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

pH

6.6

6.9

7.1

7.3

6.9

6.9

6.9

7.3

6.6

6.9

7.0

6.9

BOD [mg/l]

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

1.4

2.1

1.8

2.3

2.0

1.7

1.7

1.8

CODMn [mg/l]

2.4

2.1

2.2

2.0

2.4

2.5

2.6

3.1

2.7

2.8

2.6

2.8

SS [mg/l]

1.9

2.6

1.4

2.7

3.7

3.9

3.8

3.0

4.2

2.4

3.5

2.9

Coliform group 3) [MPN/100ml]

500

340

340

330

210

200

100

260

310

300

270

430

Discharge [m3/s] 4)

1.5

1.0

26.36

5.7

6.4

65.9

46.4

3.7

3.0

1.6

4.7

8.1

Date

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near Chongju City 12 km from the river mouth. 3) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) method. 4) Discharge on the observation date.

138


6.


The main city of the basin, Namwon, is well known for hosting the Korean drama, ‘Chunhyangjun’. The Palpal highway, an important component of national transportation system that links Taegu to Kwangju, passes through the basin. In the eastern part of this basin is the famous Jirisan national park. Other tourist attractions such as the Naejangsan national park, the Dugyusan national park and the Kurye springs are also near the basin.

7.


Agriculture and Fisheries Development Corporation, List of Hydrological Facilities, 1987, (2.2) (in Korean) Geological Survey of Korea, Geological Atlas of Korea (1/250,000), 1973, (2.1) Junbook Province Office, A Government Report of Water Damage for 1984 ~ 1996, (5.3) (in Korean) Han River Flood Control Instrument, Stage Self Record Paper (Seomjin River Part), 1957 ~ 1996, (4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7) (in Korean) Korea Meteorological Administration, Annual Climatological Report 1973 ~ 1996, (3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4) (in Korean) Korea Water Resources Corporation, Korea River Investigation, 1992, (2.3) (in Korean) Ministry of Construction, Annual Hydrological Data Report, 1957 ~ 1996 (4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7) (in Korean) Ministry of Construction, Basic Planning for the Maintenance of the Seomjin River, 1989, (1.1, 5.1) (in Korean) Ministry of Construction, Floods in Korea, 1973 ~ 1996, (5.4) (in Korean) Ministry of Environment, Annual Report of Water Quality Observation, 1996, (5.5) (in Korean) Seomjin River Flood Control Instrument, Report of Flood Forecasting in Seomjin River, 1996, (1.1, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1) (in Korean) Seomjin River Flood Control Instrument, Stage Self Record Papers, 1991 ~ 1996, (4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7) (in Korean)

139


Milyang-gang Map of River

Geographical Survey, MOCT, Korea

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Milyang-gang

Serial No. : Korea (R. of) -11

Location: Kyongnam Province, Korea 2

E 128° 32' ~ 129° 15'

N 35° 20' ~ 35° 40'

Area: 1,467.6 km


Origin: Mt. Kohyeon (1,033 m)

Highest Pt: Mt. Kaji (1,240 m)

Outlet: Nakdong River

Lowest Pt: Confluence (11.2 m)

Main geological features: Main tributaries: Tanjang-chun (358.40 km2), Dongchang-chun (4.13 km2), Chongdo-chun (341.33 km2) Main lakes: None Main reservoirs: Unmun reservoir (135×106m3, 1994) Mean annual precipitation: 1,269.5 mm (1916 ~ 96) (basin average) 3

2

Mean annual runoff: 34.3 m /s at Milyang (1,359.0 km ) (1973 ~ 96) Population: 200,000 (1994)

Main cities: Milyang, Chongdo

Land use: Forest (80.1%), Rice paddy (12.7%), Urban (1.2%), Others (6.0%), (1993)

140


1.

General Description

The Milyang-gang is one of the main tributaries of the Nakdong river flowing through the south eastern part of the Korean peninsula. The catchment area is 1,467.6 km2 and the main stream, originating from Mt. Kohyeon (1,033 m), is 96.2 km long and flows into the downstream part of main stream of the Nakdong river. The average annual precipitation is 1,269 mm over the basin and the average annual discharge at Milyang (1,359 km2) was 34.3 m3/s in 1973~1996. The population of the basin was 200,000 in 1994. The Unmum dam, one of the main hydraulic structures in the basin, was built in 1994 to store 135×106m3 of water. The Milyang dam was to have been completed by 1998. These dams provide the cities of Taegu, Milyang and other areas with drinking water.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

141


2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Name of River


Highest peak [m]


1

Milyang-gang (Main River)

96.20 1,467.6

Mt. Kaji 1,240

Milyang City 134,160

2

Tanjang-chun (Tributary)

69.80 358.40

Mt. Kaji 1,240

Milyang City 134,160

3

Dongchang-chun (Tributary)

5.30 4.13

Mt. Kaji 1,240

Chongdo Gun 56,827

4

Chongdo-chun (Tributary)

41.00 341.33

Mt. Piseul 1,083

Chongdo Gun 56,827


2.4

U: Urban

O: Orchard


142

Land use [%]

F (80.1) P (12.7) U (1.2) A (3.1) L (1.4) O (1.5)


3.


3.1


3.2


No.

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation Observation Precipitation1) Evaporation2) items period [mm] [mm] P (TB) E, DS

020620* Milyang

19.8

N 35° 27' 30" 1916 ~ present E 128° 47' 17"

1,269.5

020700* Chongdo

56.7

N 35° 41' 13" 1988 ~ present E 128° 45' 27"

1,049.6

P (TB)

020600* Sannae

200.0

N 35° 34' 51" 1962 ~ present E 128° 53' 00"

1,118.4

P

024300* Yongseong

250.0

N 35° 44' 53" 1988 ~ present E 128° 54' 34"

1,052.6

P

*: Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and Transportation P: Precipitation E: Evaporation DS: Duration of sunshine TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart 1) Period for the mean is from the beginning of the observation period to 1990 2) Measured by 20 cm pan

143

1,172.6


3.3


Station: Milyang Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

Period for the mean

Temperature [°C]

-0.5

1.4

6.5

12.8

17.4

21.6

25.0

25.5

20.4

14.4

7.6

1.5

12.8

1960~1996

Precipitation [mm]

22.8

30.6

62.6

116.3 101.2 195.3 262.2 223.3 138.7

54.2

45.2

17.1

1,269.5 1916~1996

Evaporation [mm]*

53.7

63.0

96.0 118.5 142.9 137.0 128.6 135.3 100.8

88.9

58.9

49.1

1,172.6 1960~1996


8.1

11.3

12.6

13.4

16.2

15.4

14.1

14.9

13.1

12.2

10.6

7.9

12.5

1974~1996


204

192

225

233

256

209

187

217

192

215

188

201

2,519

1974~1996

* measured by 20 cm pan

3.4


144


4.


4.1


4.2


Station

Location


Observation Period

Observation items1) [Frequency]

52*

Milyang

N 35° 28' E 128° 46'

1,359

1973 ~ 1996

H1

No.

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

52*

34.3

2,595.4

1,012.9

1.90

3)

*: Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and Transportation 1) H1: water level in recording chart 2) Mean annual discharge

− Q/A [m /s/100km2]



2.52

190.9

1973 ~ 1996

3


145


4.3


4.4


3

Q = 102. 44 m /s

146


4.5


4.6


Station: Milyang

Date

Discharge [m3/s]

Maximum

Minimum

Maximum Year

1)

Month

Discharge [m3/s]

2)

Year Date

Discharge [m3/s]

Minimum 1)

Month

Discharge2) [m3/s]

1973

9.01

236.2

4

5.7

1985

6.24

799.1

2

1.8

1974

5.19

719.8

11

1.6

1986

6.25

922.7

2

2.0

1975

9.16

609.6

2

1.3

1987

7.16

437.7

3

0.2

1976

6.08

1,472.7

1

1.6

1988

7.26

348.0

2

3.1

1977

7.28

400.5

12

1.2

1989

7.29

1,226.6

1

1.4

1978

6.18

2,147.4

11

1.8

1990

6.20

757.9

12

1.7

1979

8.25

2,595.4

1

2.6

1991

8.23

1,370.8

1

1.9

1980

9.11

1,229.6

1

1.4

1992

9.24

804.3

2

2.1

1981

8.30

1,880.6

11

1.8

1993

8.22

1,175.1

11

2.0

1982

8.14

1,761.1

2

3.2

1994

8.01

588.0

1

0.5

1983

8.17

860.9

12

2.4

1995

9.12

263.4

1

0.6

1984

7.07

1,478.9

1

2.1

1996

9.09

224.7

2

1.7


147


4.7


5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Milyang river basin occupies about 6.2% of the Nakdong river basin, and agricultural and forestry areas in this basin are about 3.1% and 80.1% of the total basin area, respectively. The runoff of the river in the dry season is very small while floods are frequent in the wet season. The average annual precipitation in the basin is far greater than the average value for the whole of Korea, and most of the precipitation occurs between June and September. Because of the above average precipitation and its variability, floods or drought are likely almost every year. The Unmum reservoir provides domestic water supply for cities in the basin with the water being treated at the Jain and Unmum purification plants.

148


5.2


5.3


Major Reservoir Name of river Milyang 1) W: Municipal water supply

Name of dam




Purpose

Unmun Dam

301.3

135.3

126.17

W, A, I

I: Industrial use

1)



Major Inter-basin Transfer Name of transfer line

Name of rivers connected

Length [km]

Maximum capacity Purposes1) 3 [m /s]

Year of completion

From

To

Chongdo Conveyance Channel

Unmun Dam

Chongdo

27.4

0.19

W, A

1995

Taegu Conveyance Channel

Unmun Dam

Taegu

27.5

3.47

W, I

1994

Youngchon Conveyance Channel

Unmun Dam

Youngchon

24.6

0.46

W, I

1994


I: Industrial use


149


5.4


Major Floods Date




Dead and missing


1972.7.4

1,082.4

124.5

Typhoon

2

Milyang City Changdo Gun

1978.6.18

2,147.4

227.9

Typhoon

3


1979.8.25

2,595.4

271.4

Typhoon

1989.7.29

1,426.6

138.5

Typhoon

1993.8.22

1,175.1

133.5

Typhoon

Milyang City Changdo Gun Milyang City Changdo Gun

1



5.5

Areas affected


1976. 6 ~ 9

Milyang City Chongdo Gun


1982. 8 ~ 11



1994. 7 ~ 10



Groundwater and Water Quality

River Water Quality1) at Dongchang-chun2) in 1996 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

pH

7.3

7.8

7.1

7.8

7.0

6.8

7.2

7.1

8.2

7.8

7.7

7.8

BOD [mg/l]

0.8

2.6

2.6

3.0

2.3

2.3

3.2

2.3

4.2

3.0

1.6

2.2

CODMn [mg/l]

1.2

3.7

3.0

3.8

4.6

7.2

6.5

4.3

4.9

6.4

2.7

5.9

SS [mg/l]

2.0

12.4

2.0

7.2

17.5

58.8

19.2

20.8

5.5

7.5

2.5

6.0

Coliform group [MPN/100ml] )3

33

17

27

33

34

35

220

110

110

130

79

540

-

-

-

-

3.7

1.3

-

-

-

-

-

-

Date

Discharge [m3/s] 4)

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near Chongdo Gun 18 km from Unmun dam 3) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) method. 4) Discharge on the observation date.

150


6.


The Milyang river is located in the south eastern part of the Korean peninsula. The railroad between Seoul and Pusan, the “Kyongbusun”, goes through Milyang city, the main city of the basin. The “Kyongbusun” also passes through the city of Chongdo in this basin. In addition, the Pusan-Taegu expressway runs parallel to the Seoul-Pusan railway line. Thus these cities lie on an important route from Seoul and Taejun to Ulsan, one of the largest industrial cities in Korea, and Pusan, the most important trade port.

7.


MOC, Milyang Dam Establishment Project Report, MOC/ISWACO, 1991.7 (5.2) (in Korean) MOC, National River Report, MOC/ISWACO, 1992.12 (in Korean) Lee, S. T., S. W. Kim, H. K. Jee, A Mathematical Model to Forecast Community Water Demand, Presented at Vth Water Congress on Water Resources, IWRA, Brussels, Belgium, 1985 (5.3, 5.4, 5.5) Lee, S. T., Optimal Water Allocation Model through Inter-Basin Water Transfer, Proceedings of IWRA Beijing Seminar on Inter-Basin Water Transfer, Beijing, China 1986 (5.2, 5.3) Korean Meteorological Administration, Annual Climatological Report, 1960-1993 (3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7) (in Korean)

151


Sapkyo-chun Map of River

Geographical Survey, MOCT. Korea

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Sapkyo-chun

Serial No. : Korea (R. of) -12

Location: Chungnam Province, Korea

E 126° 36' 29" ~ 127° 12' 51" N 36° 23' 34" ~ 36° 34' 20"

Area: 1,612.0 km2


Origin: Mt. Jo Chup (791 m)

Highest Pt: Mt. Jo Chup (791 m)

Outlet: A-san Bay

Lowest Pt: A San Bay (D. W. L - 1.50 m)

Main base rocks: Granite, metamorphic rock, a pyrogenic rock 2

2

Main tributaries: Muhan-chun (465.04 km ), Gokkyo-chun (542.14 km ) Main lakes: Sapkyo Lake (84.1×106m3) Main reservoirs: Yedang Reservoir (47.1×106m3) Mean annual precipitation: 1,254.0 mm (1983 ~ 92) (basin average) 3

Mean annual runoff: 2.2 m /s at Suchun Population: 561,943 (1993)

Main cities: Yesan, Hongsung, A-san

Land use: Forest (48.5%), Rice Paddy (25.2%), Agriculture (13.13%), Urban (3.63%), Others (9.54%), (1993)

152


1.

General Description

The Sapkyo-chun is located in the middle-west of the Korean peninsula and consists of two tributaries, the Muhan-chun, and the Kogkyo-chun. The catchment area is 1,612.1 km2 and the length of river is 63.47 km. This river originates from Jochop Mountain (EL. 791.0 m) and flows into the Sapkyo Sea. The average annual precipitation of the river basin is 1,254 mm and the average annual runoff is 2.2 m3/sec at the Suchun water level gauging station. The total population of the Sapkyo river basin was 561,943 persons in 1993. The Sapkyo Sea Dike for the supply of irrigation water was completed in 1979 and has 84.1million m3 of gross storage capacity. Hongsung and Yesan cities in the Sapkyo river basin were built on well-developed plains and small hills, and are typical of modernized rural villages.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

153


2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Names of River


Highest peak [m]


1

Sapkyo-chun (Main River)

63.47 634.72

Mt. Gaya 671.0

Hong Sung Gun 57,672

2

Muhan-chun (Tributary)

48.24 465.04

Mt. Bong Su 534.4

YeSan City 114,695

3

Gokkyo-chun (Tributary)

58.26 542.14

Mt. Seunggyu 574.0

ChunAn City 205,665 A-San City 123,525


U: Urban

O: Orchard

154

Land use [%]

F (48.45) P (25.2) U (3.63) A (11.08) L (0.0) O (2.10)


2.4


3.


3.1


Based on the data of Ministry of Construction and Transportation

155


3.2 No.*


Elevation [m]

Location

Observation period

Mean annual Mean annual Observation Precipitation1) items** evaporation2) [mm]

256

Yesan

50.0

N 36° 41' 05" 1933.9 ~ present E 126° 47' 33"

1,153.24

P (TB)

257

Ducksan

20.0

N 36° 31' 53" 1957 ~ present E 126° 40' 04"

1,224.80

P (TB)

258

Hongsung

30.0

N 36° 35' 59" 1918 ~ present E 126° 39' 46"

1,124.70

P (TB)

38

A-san

24.5

N 36° 47' 00" 1971 ~ present E 126° 59' 00"

1,250.30

1,002.9

P (TB)

* Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and Transportation ** P: Precipitation, TB: Tipping bucket with recording chart 1) Period for the mean is from the beginning of the observation period to 1992 2) Measured by 20 cm pan

3.3


Station: A-san Jan

Nov

Dec

Annual

Period for the mean

6.43

-0.05

11.64

1982~1994

119.2 252.0 248.1 152.6 101.0 115.5

43.9

1,282

1982~1994

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Temperature [°C]

-2.91 -1.05

4.37

11.35 17.12

21.5

Precipitation [mm]

23.8

52.3

54.4

Evaporation [mm]*

29.79 39.68 66.95 111.6 136.0 137.6 119.6 126.7 98.51 77.27 41.06 29.82 1,014.5 1982~1994


172.2 188.5 224.2 248.1 264.0 348.0 210.3 235.0 214.8 220.1 165.3 161.3 2,551.9 1982~1994

31.2

88.1

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

24.78 25.15 19.91 13.12

*measured by 20 cm pan

156


3.4


4.


4.1


157


4.2


No.*

Station

Location


Observation period

Observation items1) [Frequency]

163

Su Chon

N 36° 41' 00" E 126° 43' 57"

223.26

1945 ~ present

H1

162

Gu Man

N 36° 44' 00" E 126° 45' 25"

317.50

1962 ~ present

H1

167

Won Pyong

N 36° 40' 51" E 126° 49' 23"

379.50

1929 ~ present

H1

166

Chang So

N 36° 45' 55" E 126° 50' 00"

420.30

1962 ~ present

H1

165

Kang Cheong

N 36° 49' 17" E 126° 56' 06"

433.70

1962 ~ present

H1

No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



163

0.79

350.3

80.87

0.019

0.350

1.57

1976 ~ 1995

167

0.27

802.7

45.29

0.049

0.071

2.12

1976 ~ 1995

165

19.45

750.4

228.25

1.250

4.480

1.73

1976 ~ 1995

3)

* Serial number used by Ministry of Construction and Transportation 1) H1: water level in recording chart 2) Mean annual discharge

4.3

3



158


4.4


4.5


159


4.6


Station: Suchon (223.26 km )

Date

Maximum

Minimum

Maximum Year


Year Date

Minimum


1971

7.26

97.86

1

2.29

1984

7.14

97.86

11

1.39

1972

7.9

32.35

1

1.63

1985

10.10

102.91

2

1.62

1973

7.3

8.99

8

2.21

1986

7.19

269.49

6

4.87

1974

7.9

57.54

11

2.59

1987

8.29

195.66

5

2.35

1975

8.6

18.20

5

1.75

1988

7.17

9.26

9

1.91

1976

2.16

11.49

2

1.39

1989

9.15

331.20

5

1.79

1977

7.13

21.71

6

1.69

1990

6.22

185.42

1

3.27

1978

7.7

67.85

1

1.65

1991

5.25

20.13

7

2.04

1979

6.26

79.62

12

2.12

1992

8.28

25.09

8

2.29

1980

7.14

40.25

6

1.72

1993

7.13

100.87

5

2.39

1981

7.12

80.46

6

0.72

1994

8.29

64.96

8

1.87

1982

7.15

131.49

6

0.82

1995

8.92

137.92

9

1.76

1983

8.24

55.64

1

1.65


4.7


160


5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Sapkyo-chun flows into the Yellow Sea from the middle part of the Korean peninsula. The Sapkyochun has a total catchment area of 1,612.0 km2 and consists of a main stream and two tributaries, the Muhan-chun and the Gokkyo-chun. About 38.4% of the total river basin is cultivated land and 48.5% is forested. Of the total annual runoff, 75.6% occurs in the flood season, June to September, with the remaining 24.4% being spread through the rest of the year. The total amount of municipal water needed for cities in the basin is 33.46 million m3/year and this has been supplied from outside the basin by the Daechong wide area water supply system. Of the 53,918 m3/day used by industry, 20,500 m3/day comes from the Daechong wide area system. The remaining industrial water demand has been met by private industry developing its own sources. Irrigation water demand is 336.9 million m3/year and a further 52 million m3/year is diverted from the Sapkyo-chun to other river basins. Chunnan City, which is the biggest city in the Sapkyo area, uses 92,000 m3/day supplied from the Daechong wide area water system.

5.2


161


5.3


Major Reservoirs Name of Dam




Purpose1)

Year of completion

Sapkyo-chun

Sapkyo Sea Dike

1,612.0

84

-

A, I, W

1979

Muhan-chun

Yedang Reservoir

373.60

47.1

46.04

A

-

Name of River


I: Industrial use


Major Interbasin Transfer Name of rivers connected

Name of Transfer line

From

Length [km]

Maximum Capacity 3 [m /s]

Purpose1)

Year of Completion

To

Daechong Wide Area Water Supply

Daechong Dam

A-san Filter Plant

115. 0

11. 34

W

1988

Boryong Wide Area Water Supply

Boryong Dam

Hongsung Filter Plant

55.5

0. 14

W

1998

Boryong Wide Area Water Supply

Boryong Dam

Yesan Filter Plant

55.5

0. 15

W

1998

Sapkyo-chun Line

Sapkyo-chun

Tangjin Filter Plant

34

207. 4

A, I

1998


5.4

I: Industrial use



Major Floods Date

Peak Discharge [m3/s]



Dead and missing


1980.7.19

379.28

181.2 7.19 ~ 22

Storm

17

Yesan

1981.7.11

228.25

165.0 7.11 ~ 13

Storm

-

Hongsung

1984.9.1

620.63

149.5 9.1 ~ 3

Storm

-

Duksung

1990.6.17

178.78

153 6.17 ~ 19

Storm

-

A-san

1995.8.23

750.39

417.5 8.23 ~ 25

Storm

-

Yesan

162



Affected Areas


1977. 1 ~ 4

A-san, Onyang


1987. 1 ~ 7

Chunan

Damage of the crops: 10%

1994. ~ 1995.

Chunan, Onyang


5.5

Groundwater and Water Quality 1)

2)

River Water Quality at Sapkyo-chun , 1995 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

pH

7.1

7.2

7.1

7.1

7.3

7.4

7.8

6.7

6.9

7.5

7.5

7.8

BOD [mg/l]

13.0

14.0

14.0

8.6

10.0

8.3

8.0

9.0

8.2

9.7

9.1

5.7

Date

CODMn [mg/l]

7.4

7.6

7.0

9.0

10.0

11.4

7.5

6.2

8.0

8.1

8.5

5.2

SS [mg/l]

4.7

10.4

9.8

13.4

17.0

32.8

28.0

22.0

22.0

14.0

14.3

15.0

Coliform group [MPN/100ml] 3)

900

1100

900

940

1100

1400

900

350

300

500

130

220

7.33

8.75

9.19

8.50

3.54

0.91

2.59

4.82

2.73

3.31

3.38

5.58

3

Discharge [m /s]

4)

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located near the Observation Station 2 km from the Sapkyo Sea Dike 3) Measurement method: BGLB (brilliant green lactose bile) method. 4) Discharge on the observation date.

6.


The Sapkyo-chun flows into the A-san bay. The three sea-dikes of Sapkyo, A-san and Namyang are located in the A-san bay and the reservoirs created by these three dikes supply irrigation water to the basin. There are many cities and counties such as Chunan City, A-san City, Yesan County and Hongsung County in the basin. Chunan is the second city in Chungnam province. The Onyang and Togo districts are the best known hot-spring resorts in Korea. Sudock temple, which is located in Yesan county, is very old and is one of best-known sights in the county. The Sapkyo-chun basin has been developed as a typical agricultural area. The Yedang Reservoir was constructed for irrigation while the Sapkyo Sea Dike was constructed for both irrigation and municipal and industrial water supply in 1979.

7.


Ministry of Construction, Report on the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of the Sapkyo-chun, 1994 (2.3) Chungnam Province office, Report on the Basic Plan for Integrated Development of the Sapkyo-chun, 1986 (5.1, 5.3) Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Hydrological Annual Report of Korea, (3.2, 4.2, 4.3, 4.6, 4.7) Ministry of Environment, Environmental Statistics Year Book, 1996 (5.5) Korea Meteorological Administration, Annual Climatological Report, 1994-1995 (3.3)

163

The Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lao-7: Nam Ou Lao-8: Nam Suang Lao-9: Nam Sekong

164

Introduction The Lao People’s Democratic Republic is a land locked country situated in Southeast Asia, between the latitudes 13° 50-22° 30' N and the longitudes 100° 00'-107° 45' E with an area of 236,800 km2. The axis of the country is in the Northwest-Southeast direction with a length of more than 1,700 km. In the EastWest direction, the distance varies between 100 and 400 km. The topography is closely related to the geology with highlands of granites and metamorphic rocks, draining over Jurassic and Cretaceous Indonesian sandstones and shales, and finally over piedmont slopes to low flat land with fertile flood plains embracing about 30% of the land along the Mekong River. The forest cover varies from 22% to 70%. The climate is tropical monsoon with two distinct seasons: the wet season from mid-April to midOctober and the dry season from November to March. The average annual precipitation is 1,950 mm with a large variation from 1,300 mm in the northern valleys to 3,500 mm in the southern plateau. The total population by the end of the 20th century was about five million people with a roughly even distribution of males and females. The population density is about 21 persons/km2 and the growth rate is about 2.6% per year. The three rivers catalogued in this volume are the Nam Ou and the Nam Suang in the northern region, and the Sekong, upper and middle reaches, in southern region. These three rivers were selected on the basis of their unique features. The Nam Ou and the Sekong belong in the large basin category with limited hydrological data. The Nam Suang is a medium sized river basin with hydrological data since 1965 and is a catchment heavily affected by slash and burn shifting cultivation that has resulted in a low forest coverage, only 22%, with other land cover of dry woods, shrub land, bamboo, and grassland. Bare mountains are predominant in the Nam Ou and Nam Suang basins. Wetlands in these three basins are small. It is noted that the flow regimes of the Nam Ou and Sekong have increased over time, with both rivers having a north to south orientation. In contrast, the Nam Suang has a northeast to southwest orientation and its annual runoff for the period 1989 to 1998, has decreased when compared with the period of 1978 to 1988. A similar situation has also occurred in other rivers with a mainly east to west flow orientation.

Acknowledgements The report was prepared by the hydrometeorological Advisor of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) who has spent his full time drafting and supervising the preparation of this work. Thanks are also due to the computer personnel of the DMH and other organizations and Departments for permission to use their data. -

MRC for forest cover map 1996-97, Hydrological Yearbooks available until 1995.

- Waterway Department (WD), for Hydrological data of Nam Ou and Nam Suang available until 1998.

165

Lao ― 7

Nam Ou Map of River

Table of Basic data: Name(s): Nam Ou River Location: Northern region, Lao PDR 2

Serial No. : Lao-7 E 101° 40' - 103° 08'

N 19° 55' - 22° 30'

Area: 19,700 km


Origin: Ban Uan Touy-Gnai (1,263 m)

Highest Pt: 1,865 m

Outlet: Mekong at Pakou

Lowest Pt: B. Pakou 350 m

Main base rock: Mesozoic to Palaeozoic limestone, sub-volcanic Main tributaries: Nam Leng (1,451 km2), Nam Phak (2,716 km2) Main base lakes: none Main reservoirs: none Mean annual precipitation: 1,600 mm (1988-2000) Mean annual runoff: 389.3 m3/s at M. NGoy 19,700 km2 (1988-2000) Population: 54,685 (1995)

Main cities: Phonsaly, Oudomxai, M. Ngoy

Land use: Forest (38%), Agriculture (20%), Urban (1%), other (41%)

166

Lao ― 7

1.

General Description

The Nam Ou is the longest river in the northern region of Lao PDR. It originates at Ban Lantoug Gnai near the Lao-China border and flows to the south. It has a total length of 390 km to the confluent point with the Mekong river. The total drainage area is 25,000 km2 covering Phongsaly province, one third of Oudomxay province, and one half of Luang Prabang province. The geology is mostly red continental sandstone and clays with middle limestone. The climate is subtropical monsoon with a significance change in rainfall caused by the traditional practice of shifting cultivation by slash and burn practised by the local, mostly, nomadic people. The mean annual rainfall at Phongsaly for the period 1921-1929 was 1,739 mm and has decreased to 1,511 mm for the period 1988-2000. Under an integrated rural development scheme, Phongsaly province has several micro-projects for water resources development in irrigation, hydro-electric power, water supply and environment protection. All these projects are now on going.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

167

Lao ― 7

2.2

Land Use Map

168

Lao ― 7

2.3 No.

1

2

Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries. Name of river



Nam Ou

390 19,700

1,865 350

Nam Phak

120 2,716

550 400

F: Forest; L: Lake, river, marsh; P: Paddy field; U: Urban O: Orchard; A: Agricultural field (vegetable field, grass field)

2.4


169

Cities Population (year)

Land use [%]

Phongsaly

F (38) A (15) U (1.5) O (43.5)

Oudomxay

F (35) A (20) U (1.5) O (43.5)

Lao ― 7

3.


3.1


3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Mean annual Mean annual Observation Precipitation evaporation period [mm] [mm]

Number

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

1

Phongsaly

1,000

N 21° 44' E 102° 12'

1988 - 2000

1,511

1,200

P, E

2

Oudomxay

550

N 20° 57' E 101° 24'

1929 - 1938 1988 - 2000

1,611

1,300

P, E, DS

3

Muang Khoa

400

N 21° 05' E 102° 30'

1988 - 2000

1,460

-

P

4

Muang Ngoy

380

N 20° 42' E 102° 40'

1988 - 1998

1,749

~

P

* P: Precipitation,

E: Evaporation,

DS : Duration of sunshine

170

Observation Items*

Lao ― 7

3.3


Station: Phongsaly Observation station


Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for mean

Temperature [°C]

15.9 17.6 21.1 22.0 22.0 21.9 21.6 22.0 21.4 19.9 17.2 14.6

Precipitation [mm]

12.8 24.2 51.0 75.5 218.8 231.1 368.9 240.8 160.8 87.3 24.5 21.0 1,511 1988 - 2000

Evaporation PET [mm]

40

58

93

121

136

63

47

19.8

133

134

123 117

100


Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

1990 - 2000

1,165 1990 - 2000

Station: Oudomxay (550) Observation station Temperature [°C]

18.2 19.0 22.5 25.0 25.8 26,2 25.8 25.5 25.0 23.3 20.4 17.8

Precipitation [mm]

6.4


70

3.4

22.9

Period for mean 1990 - 2000

28.1 43.1 94.8 172.7 350.1 335.1 329.8 171.1 76.8 29.2 23.3 1,607 1929 - 2000 75

102

125

120

115

120

110 109


171

115

100

70

1,230 1990 - 2000

Lao ― 7

4.


4.1


172

Lao ― 7

4.2

a b e


Station

Location

Elevation [m]


Observation period

Observation itemsa (frequency)

1

Ban Hatsa

N 21° 44' E 102° 42'

800

5,894

1990, 1996

H2 daily

2

Muang Ngoy

N 20° 42' E 102° 40'

19,700

1978 - 98

Q, P, WQ

Qmine [m3/s]

Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]

Qmaxc/A [m3/s/100km2]

period of statistics

64

2.021

39.447

1978 - 98

No.

Qb [m3/s]

Qmaxc [m3/s]

Qmaxd [m3/s]

2

398.25

7,771

3,612

H2: manual water level, Q: discharge, P: precipitation, c maximum discharge mean annual discharge mean annual minimum discharge

4.3

3

WQ: BOD etc. d mean annual maximum discharge


173

Lao ― 7

4.4


4.5


174

Lao ― 7

4.6


Nam Ou at Muang Ngoy, Catchment Area = 19,700 km

2

Maximum Year Date

a b c

a

Minimum b

3

Discharge [m /s]

Month

Dischargec [m3/s]

1978

6.29

3,900

3

58.4

1979

8.26

2,264

4

37.8

1980

8.21

3,734

5

41.0

1981

8.6

3,664

4

51.1

1985

9-1

3,200

4

63.4

1986

7.23

2,720

3

72.6

1987

9.2

2,100

5

48.2

1988

8.15

2,440

4

55.3

1989

8.15

1,950

4

85.0

1990

7.22

2,600

4

75,8

1991

7.16

5,360

4

53.6

1992

7,26

1,660

5

57.8

1994

7.18

7,771

5

74.4

1995

8-16

4,599

5

89.7

1996

8.19

7,017

5

72.9

1997

9.7

4,329

6

84.8

1998

8.31

2,095

3

63.4

Sum =

61,403

1,085.2

Mean =

3,612

63.8

date in form month.day 2 readings per day daily reading

175

Lao ― 7

4.7


176

Lao ― 7

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The water resources development in Bountay District, South west of Phongsaly (First figure in Section 5.2) aims to improve the living standard of the people in the Nam Ngen watershed by providing water supplies to all villages, and the use of the water resources of the area under the slogan of water is life. In the lower Nam Ou, the Nam Bark area in Luang Prabang Province is the most suitable irrigable area and the rural development project is comprised of a small scale project in 4 tributaries of Nam Bark that can irrigate approximately 2,000 ha (Second figure in Section 5.2). This micro project, comprised of the Nam Khan, Nam Muang, Nam Mong and Nam Lum, will improve the two cropping cultivation of the people of the Nam Bark District.

5.2


177

Lao ― 7

5.4


Major Floods at Muang Ngoy (Catchment Area 19,700 km2) Date


Storm rainfall [mm]


Damages

1994 15 Jul - 20 Jul

7,771

1,090

Monsoon Typhoon

Agriculture and Livestocks

1996 15 Aug - 19 Aug

7,017

≈ 60 heavy rainfall from the east

Monsoon

Agriculture

Drought Major droughts occur during strong ENSO events: the 1992 drought was the most severe in terms of damage for agriculture for the whole northern region. The 1997/98 El Nino was also severe with low rainfall and low runoff - rice production was below the average.

178

Lao ― 7

5.5

Groundwater and Water Quality

Water Quality: Concentration of the major constituents for the Nam Ou

6.

Socio-cultural Characteristics.

Most of the people of different ethnicities in the whole basin live in rural areas and depend largely on subsistence-agriculture, exchanging their products by means of fluvial navigation from Pak Ou to Ban Hatsa, Phongsaly province. Recent road network improvements are bringing a positive impact through integrated rural development. However, people of the area still preserve their traditional mode of living.

7.


National Geographic Department map 1:1.000.000 Scale, 1986. Department of Geology and Mines: 1:1.000.000 Scale map of Geological and Mineral occurrence map of Lao P.D.R. 1991. MRC Hydrologic year books available until 1995 and Forest cover map of Lao P.D.R. 1996/97. WAD: Hydrological data of Nam Ou and Nam Suang 1990-98.

179

Lao ― 8

Nam Suang Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Nam Suang River Location: Northern region, Lao PDR 2

Serial No. : Lao-8 E 102° 15' - 103°15'

N 19° 37' - 20° 54'

Area: 5,800 km


Origin: Near Ban Sopkok, 1,482 m

Highest Pt: 2,257 m

Outlet: Ban Sibounhom

Lowest Pt: Paksuang 320 m

Main base rock: Mesozoic to Palaeozoic sandstone, siltstone muddy limestones Main tributaries: Nam Seng (2,052 km2) Main base lakes: none Main reservoirs: none Mean annual precipitation: 1,282 mm at Luang prabang (1950 - 2000) Mean annual runoff: 115.87 m3/s at Ban Sibounhom (1965 - 1998) Population: 127,000 (1996)

Main cities: Luang Prabang, Viengkham

Land use: Forest (22%), Agriculture (20%), Bare mountains (56%), Urban (2%)

180

Lao ― 8

1.

General Description

The Nam Suang river with a length of 150 km has its source near Ban Sopkok at 1482 m, flows in a southwestly direction for about 50 km and then turns to the west and finally west south west to enter the Mekong River. It is often confused with the Nam Xeng or Nam Seng. The two rivers meet in Pakseng District and flow together to Paksuang where they join the Mekong River. The drainage area at Ban Sibounhom, 8 km from the river mouth, is 5,800 km2 with 76.4% of the catchment classified as mountains, and 22.9% as hills. Forest cover is only 22%, the lowest for the whole country. Soil classes are: 0.6% red yellow Podzoiic, and 99.3% undifferenciated shallow soils. Hydrogeology classes are: 3.2% sandstone and conglomerate, 4.5% limestone, 50.6 % sedimentary rocks, 4.9% gneiss, schist, quartzite, and granite, 29.8 % shale and 7.1% miscellaneous impermeable rocks. The climate is tropical with an annual precipitation of 1,349 mm. People living in the basin practise subsistence agriculture using shifting slash and burn cultivation of the forest. This form of agriculture affects the natural environment and the habitats of rare species, and conservation measures have been established to prohibit logging, burning and hunting. However, change to land use and traditional agricultural practices is difficult and it will take time to bring about the required changes.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

181

Lao ― 8

2.2

Land Use Map

182

Lao ― 8

2.3 No.

1

2

Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries Name of river




Nam Suang

150 5,800

2,257 320

L. Prabang 100,000

F (22) A (20) P (5) O (53)

Nam Seng

90 2,052

1,426 600

Pakbeng 27,000

F (22) A (25) P (6) O (47)

F: Forest; L: Lake, river, marsh; P: Paddy field ; U: Urban O: Orchard; A: Agricultural field (vegetable field, grass field)

2.4


183

Land use [%]

Lao ― 8

3.


3.1


3.2


Number

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation Precipitation evaporation period [mm] [mm]

Observation Items*

1

Luang Prabang

305

N 19° 53' E 102° 08'

1950 - 2000

1,282

2

Pakseng

600

N 20° 10' E 102° 40'

1936 - 1996

1,195

P

3

Phonexay

450

N 19° 55' E 102° 36'

1993 - 1996

1,174

P

4

Viengkham

700

N 20° 28' E 102° 53'

1993 - 1996

1,595

P

* P: Precipitation

E: Evaporation

DS: Duration of sunshine

SR: Solar radiation

184

T: Temperature

1,595

P, E, DS, SR, T

Lao ― 8

3.3


Station: Luangprabang (1950-2000) Observation station

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec Annual

Temperature [°C]

20.9

23.0

25.7

28.0

28.6

28.4

27.8

27.5

27.3

25.9

23.4

20.5

25.6

Precipitation [mm]

11.9

18.4

33.9

94.7

148.7 182.2 226.1 265.7 164.3

96.0

29.2

12.1

1,282


99.9

112.0 151.1 162.9 170.6 150.3 136.6 133.3 144.9 131.3 105.2 95.1

1,595

47.9

Solar radiation 44.2 2 [MJ/m /d] Duration of sunshine [hrs]

3.4

56.2

58.9

59.9

50.9

49.8

43.0

40.3

50.5

173.1 185.5 197.0 213.1 190.0 124.8 111.3 123.7 170.3 188.0 169.3

165

2,011


185

50.8

52.0

44.9

Lao ― 8

4.


4.1


4.2


a b e

No.

Station

Location

Elevation [m]

Catchment area (A) 2 [km ]

Observation period

Observation a items (frequency)

1

Ban Sibounhom

N 19° 58' E 102° 16'

325

5,800

1968 - 98

H2, Q, P

No.

Qb [m3/s]

Qmaxc [m3/s]

Qmaxd [m3/s]

Qmine [m3/s]

Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]

Qmaxc/A [m3/s/100km2]


1

115.87

2,000

1,289

22.04

2.0

34.483

1965 - 98

3

H2: manual water level, Q: discharge, P: precipitation c maximum discharge d mean annual maximum discharge mean annual discharge mean annual minimum discharge

186

Lao ― 8

4.3


4.4


187

Lao ― 8

4.5


188

Lao ― 8

4.6


Nam Suang at Ban Sibounhom, Catchment area = 5,800 km

2

Maximum Year

Month

Dischargec [m3/s]

7.26

690

5

0.50

1966

9.2

1,900

5

12.0

1967

8.20

980

3

0.34

1968

8.16

990

5

12.0

1969

8.19

1,570

5

12.5

1970

8.12

1,500

5

20.0

1971

x

x

x

x

1972

8.30

1,710

6

17.0

1973

x

x

x

x

1974

9.2

1,170

3

65.8

1975

9.1

1,950

5

57.8

1976

8.15

2,000

3

60.2

1977

7.31

1,210

6

58.6

1978

8.11

1,510

4

75.4

1979

9.13

1,800

3

12.0

1980

8.27

1,600

5

9.2

1981

8.5

1,900

4

12.5

1982

8.10

1,620

5

13.0

1983

9.18

700

3

9.5

1984

7.16

1,100

4

9.0

1985

8.31

1,900

4

12.0

1986

7.31

980

4

13.0

1987

9.3

503

5

11.1

1988

8.11

647

4

11.8

1989

8.15

1,950

4

85.0

1990

8.1

1,700

4

10.0

1991

8.16

1,320

3

99.9

1992

7.27

258

5

12.3

1993

9.8

564

x

x

1994

8.30

1,076

3

6.99

1995

8.21

1,166

5

12.7

1996

8.17

1,307

3

7.9

1997

9.7

1,193

6

16.5

1998

9.8

787

3

16.5

1965

a b c

Minimum

Discharge [m /s]

Date

a

b

3

Sum =

4,1251

683.1

Mean =

1,289.1

22.0

date in form month. day 2 readings per day daily reading

189

Lao ― 8

4.7


Daily rainfall is from Viengkham (upper basin), while the discharge is at Ban Sibounhom (basin outlet).

6.

Socio-cultural Characteristics.

With the designation of Luang Prabang city as a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO in 1996, an increasing number of tourists have visited not only the city, but the whole province of Luang Prabang. During 1999-2000 visitor numbers were significant. The Buddha cave, “Thamting”, situated near Paksuang, Pakou is an important attraction. People living in the lower Nam Suang are famous for their traditional handicraft goods and these are sold to tourists as souvenirs.

7.


National geographic Department map 1:1,000,000 Scale, 1986. Department of Geology and Mines: 1:1,000,000 Scale map of Geological and Mineral, Occurrence map of Lao P.D.R 1991. MRC Hydrologic yearbooks available until 1995 and Forest cover map of Lao P.D.R, 1996/97. WAD, Hydrological data of Nam Ou and Nam Suang, 1990-98.

190

Lao ― 9

Nam Sekong Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Sekong

Serial No. : Lao-9

Location: South-east Lao PDR

E 106° 16' - 107° 29'

2

N 14° 41' - 16° 20'

Area: 10,500 km

Length of the main stream: 170 km (Attapu)

Origin: Lao-Vietnam border 1,800 m

Highest Pt: Ban Tane, 2,066 m

Outlet: ATTAPU, Muang Mai

Lowest Pt: Attapu, 106 m

Main base rock: Mesozoic to Paleozoic, Sandstones and volcanic rock Main tributaries: Xenam Noy, 1,501 km

2

Main Lakes: None.

Main Reserrvoir: None

Mean Annual Precipitation: 2,149 mm (1988-2000)

Mean annual Runoff: 512 m3/s at Attapu (1988-2000)

Population: 87,700 (Census 1996)

Main Cities: ATTAPU, Muang Sekone

Land use: Forest 61%, Agriculture 20%

Others 10%; Water resources 9% (1996)

191

Lao ― 9

1.

General Description

In Lao, Se or Nam means River, while Kong is a drum played in a pagoda or Wat. The origin of the name Sekong comes from the Jadis, the people who live in the remote source area of the river. Legend has it that the Jadis had to leave their village to go to Attapu. Whilst crossing the river they lost the big drum of the pagoda into the river, probably in a flash flood. Since that time the river has been named “Sekong”. The source of the river is near the Lao-Vietnam border at an elevation of 1,800 m. The length of the main stream to Attapu is about 170 km. The highest point in the basin, near Ban Tang, is 2,066 m, whilst the lowest point, 106 m, is at Attapu. The total catchment at Attapu is 10,500 km2 just above where the Sekamane River (catchment area of 4,454 km2 at Ban Fang Deng about 15 km east of Attapu town) joins the Sekong. The Sekamane River joins the Sekong downstream of the Muang Mai gauging station and can cause a backwater effect on the Sekong during floods. The basin is composed of 42.1% sandstone and conglomerate, 29.4% gneiss, schist, quartzite, granite, and gable, 13.9% basalt, 8.8% shale and only 3.3% sandy alluvium. The climate is tropical humid and despite the basin having a high forest coverage (54-67%), there have been important trends in the variation of rainfall. For example, at Attapu the averages over groups of years have varied between 2,534 mm/y (1900-1910), 2,203 mm/y (1913-1921), 2,814 mm/y (1929-1941), and 2,149 mm/y (19882000). At Sekong only 1,493 mm/y fell from 1988 to 2000. It is generally considered that deforestation by nomadic people in the basin has had a direct effect on the natural environment causing an increase of the surface runoff and water velocity so that the natural flood mitigation of the forest has been reduced. In recent years natural disasters resulting from climatic abnormalities have caused more frequent floods and droughts, with the 1996 flood being the most severe at Attapu.

192

Lao ― 9

2.


2.1

Geological Map

193

Lao ― 9

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3

Characteristics of the River and the Main Tributaries.

No.

1

Name of river




Sekong

170 10,500

2,066 106

Sekong (Lamam) 20,000

F (54) A (10) U (2) O (31)

Attapu 50,000

F (66) A (15) U (5) O (141)

2 F: Forest; L: Lake, river, marsh; P: Paddy field; U: Urban O: Orchard; A: Agricultural field (vegetable field, grass field)

194

Land use [%]

Lao ― 9

2.4


195

Lao ― 9

3.


3.1


mm

3.2


Number

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation Precipitation evaporation period [mm] [mm]

Observation Items*

1

Sekong Town

144

N 15° 26' E 106° 44'

1989 - 2000

1,493

1,506

P, E, T, WV

2

Thateng

800

N 15° 28' E 106° 22'

1929 - 1998

2,192

-

P

3

Attapu

106

N 14° 48' E 106° 50'

1988 - 2000

2,149

Pich + 1.5 1,469

P, E, DS, T, WV

* P: Precipitation

E: Evaporation

DS: Duration of sunshine

WV: Wind velocity

196

T: Temperature

Lao ― 9

3.3


Station: Sekong (Lamam) Observation station


Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for mean

Temperature [°C]

24.2 26.2 28.3 288 28.5 28.1 27.2 27.3 27.3 26.8 25.6 24.0

26.9

Precipitation [mm]

2.7

16.0 43.7 80.5 151.9 207.4 289.0 286.1 281.1 107.0 24.2

3.3

1,493 1989 - 2000


128

140

111

1,506 1995 - 2000

173

149

144

127

158

100

93


Jul

Aug Sep

93

89

1995 - 2000

Station: Attapu Observation station

Oct Nov Dec Annual

Period for mean

Temperature [°C]

25.2 27.0 29.4 30.3 29.3 28.7 27.3 27.3 27.4 27.1 26.4 25.3

27.5

Precipitation [mm]

6.2

24.0 43.9 97.6 211.0 306.9 438.4 440.1 417.9 144.6 25.7

5.9

248.9 1988 - 2000


105

116

132

98

80

53

48

46

41

57

84

120

Sunshine [hours]

277

256

263

213

184

167

149

156 128

189

89

242

3.4


197

980

1989 - 2000

1989 - 2000

2,442 1989 - 2000

Lao ― 9

4.


4.1


198

Lao ― 9

4.2


Station

Location

Elevation [m]

Catchment area (A) 2 [km ]

Observation period

Observation itemsa (frequency)

1

Lamam (Sekong)

N 15° 26' E 106° 50'

135

-

1990 - 2000

H2 daily

2

M. Mai (Attapu)

N 14° 48' E 102° 40'

106

10,500

1988 - 2000

H2, Q daily

3

Sekamane (B. Fangden)

N 14° 48' E 106° 55'

106

4,454

1991 - 1999

H2, Q daily

b

a e

c

d

e

Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

Qmin 3 [m /s]

Q/A [m /s/100km2]

Qmax /A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]


2

512.1

13,878

5,852

118.7

4.88

132.2

1988 - 2000

3

324.1

5,235

3,076

81.4

7.28

117.5

1991 - 2000

3

H2: manual water level, Q: discharge b mean annual discharge c maximum discharge mean annual minimum discharge

4.3

c

No.


199

d

mean annual maximum discharge

Lao ― 9

4.4


200

Lao ― 9

4.5


201

Lao ― 9

4.6


a) Nam Sekong at Attapu (M. Mai), Catchment area = 10,500 km Maximum Year

a

Date

2

Minimum b

3

Discharge [m /s]

Month

Dischargec [m3/s]

1987

8.23

5,700

X

X

1988

10.17

4,640

5

157.8

1989

7.24

4,750

4

40.0

1990

9.20

5,710

4

36.7

1991

8.17

5,040

4

44.0

1992

8.28

2,320

4

165.0

1993

9.9

3,390

4

87.8

1994

9.7

7,848

3

125.0

1995

7.31

2,798

4

126.6

1996

9.20

13,878

4

138.0

1997

9.26

7,163

4

151.2

1998

11.21

4,108

5

120.1

1999

8.4

5,678

4

141.5

2000

8.24

8,905

4

209.0

Sum =

81,928

1,542.7

Mean =

5,852

118.7

b) Nam Sekhamane at Attapu (B. Fengdeng), Catchment area = 4,454 km

Minimum

Maximum Year

a b c

a

2

b

3

Date

Discharge [m /s]

Month

Dischargeb [m3/s]

1991

8.19

3,365

4

70.6

1992

10.25

1,500

5

77.8

1993

9.7

2,438

5

70.6

1994

9.6

4,135

3

79.7

1995

7.31

1,356

3

83.4

1996

9.19

5,235

3

89.2

1997

9.26

3,767

4

103.1

1998

11.21

2,959

3

70.6

1999

8.3

2,933

3

87.2

Sum =

27,688

732.2

Mean =

3,076

81.4

date in form month. day 2 readings per day daily reading

202

Lao ― 9

4.7


203

Lao ― 9

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

In the Sekong basin there are several promising projects for different sized hydropower developments. As hydropower has a prominent place in the national policy, the government of the Lao PDR has recognized the strategic value of the hydropower sector and its competitive advantage over other indigenous energy sources in the region. According to the study conducted by the Mekong Committee, there are 5 sites in the Sekong, and 4 sites in Sekhamane and Xenamnoy with a potential total installed capacity of 3,130 MW and annual energy production of about 15,613 GW/h. A study of the Xenamnoy, and Houay KaTakTok by JICA identified sites with a potential installed capacity of 354 MW and annual energy production of 1,042.4 GW/h. In the 290 km2 Xe Katam basin (a river that flows in a south-easterly direction from an elevation of 300 m - see map), accurate hydro-meteorological data were collected and used in a Tank Model simulation. Ten years of data were collected (1980-1990) for this study. A Memorandum of Understanding has been signed for a scheme with a potential capacity of 100 MW (Source: Hydropower, Office of the Ministry of Industry and Handicrafts).

5.2


204

Lao ― 9

5.4

Major Floods and Droughts Date


Rainfall [mm]


Damages at Attapu

1996 9.16 - 9.21

13,687

920.5 mm over 6 days

Typhoon

5 deaths Rice fields flooded

2000 8.22 - 8.24

8,905

162.8 mm over 3 days

Typhoon

Rice fields flooded

Remark: An historic flood caused by a typhoon flash flood at Attapu M. Mai was reported in September 1930 and caused damage to properties and crops. Droughts mostly occur during ENSO events and cause severe damage to rice production.

6.


Most people of the Sekong basin live by subsistence agriculture, with a small amount of cash crop production. Pools on the margins of river and in seasonal wetlands are used for agriculture, buffalo grazing and for mammal and waterbird hunting. This is likely to have serious impacts on the small but very important populations of Giant Ibis, White-shouldered Ibis, Lesser Adjutant and Woolly-necked storks that feed in these habitats. In the upper Xenamnoy tributary of the Sekong there are freshwater marshes, lakes, and ponds with about 6 km2 covered by wetland. The largest is the Nonglom, which appears to be the result of damming of the valley, possibly by a basalt flow. There is a local legend that a village formerly stood in what is now the middle of the Nonglom. One night springs are reported to have broken through under the village and flooded it and the valley, giving rise to the Nonglom. Villagers from far and near come to fish for Pakoh (channa striata), Padouk (clarias sp), Pakeng (anabas testiduneus), shrimp and occasionally tortoises. Fishing equipment is mainly gill nests, cast nets, and set lines. Hand-baskets are used in shallow waters. The Xenamnoy wetlands are under study. Outside of the Sekong there is a small wetland of l km2 in the upper Sekhamane and a larger one of about 350 km2, southwest of Attapu and forming the border between the Lao PDR and Cambodia.

7.


National Geographic Department 1:1.000.000 Scale map, 1986. Department of Geology and Mines: 1:1.000.000 Scale map of the Geological and Mineral Occurrence in Lao P.D.R. 1991. MRC Hydrologic year books available until 1995 and Forest cover map of Lao P.D.R. 1996/97. WAD, Hydrological data of Nam Ou and Nam Suang 1990-98. JICA, December 1991, Feasibility study on Xe Katam small-scale hydroelectric Power development project. IUCN (1996): The world conservation union. Inventory of wetlands in Lao P.D.R. Lao P.D.R. Country Report on Water Resource Management at 8th SE Asia and Pacific Regional Steering Committee meeting for UNESCO’s International Hydrological Programme, Christchurch, New Zealand, 20-24 November 2000.

205

Malaysia Malaysia-3: Kelantan River Malaysia-4: Chalok River ND LA AI TH S IT RA ST

SOUTH CHINA SEA

F O CA AC AL M

ra at m Su

INDONESIA

206

Introduction Malaysia is situated in the heart of Southeast Asia, just north of the equator. It has a total land area of 330,434 km2 and is divided into two distinct regions: Peninsular Malaysia, which extends from the Thai border down to the island nation of Singapore: and, across the South China Sea on the northern coast of Borneo, the two states of Sabah and Sarawak which are bordered by Indonesia to the south and the Philippines to the east. Being in the tropical region, the climate is hot and humid throughout the year. The mean annual rainfall is 2,500 mm and the temperature ranges from 21°C to 32°C. Out of a total population of about 20 million (1997), approximately 16.9 million live in Peninsular Malaysia whilst 3.1 million live in Sabah and Sarawak. The population come from a variety of ethnic backgrounds. The majority of Malays, Chinese and Indians live in Peninsular Malaysia whereas Iban, Kadazan and Bidayuh are the main indigenous ethnic groups in Sabah and Sarawak. The rivers catalogued in this volume are the Kelantan River, Kelantan, and the Chalok River in Trengganu. At 248 km, the Kelantan River is the longest river in Kelantan State and drains an area of 13,100 km2. The river originates in the Tahan mountain ranges and flows northwards to discharge into the South China Sea. The basin is mainly in tropical rain forest and has a mean annual rainfall of about 2,505 mm. Its mean annual discharge measured at Guillermard Bridge is about 557.5 m3/s The Chalok River, by contrast, is a small coastal basin of 20.5 km2 that drains directly to the South China Sea with a mean flow of 1.22 m3/s. It is a representative basin and the main land use is rubber plantation. The basin receives an annual rainfall of about 2,700 mm/y.

Acknowledgements A collaborative working group of institutes and individuals was established to prepare this contribution to the Catalogue of Rivers. The working group consisted of: Ir. Dato’ Hj. Keizrul bin Abdullah, Chairman of Malaysian National Committee for IHP Ir. Liew Chin Loong, Secretary, Malaysian National Committee for IHP Ir. Low Koon Sing, Water Resources Engineer, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia Mdm Zimah Ibrahim, Technical Assistant, Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia The organisations that have contributed by providing data include: the Malaysian Meteorological Services, the Department of Agriculture Malaysian and the Geological Survey Department of Malaysia. Financial support was provided by the Malaysian Government.

207

Malaysia ― 3

Kelantan River Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Kelantan River Location: Guillemard Bridge 2

Area: 11,900 km

Serial No. : Malaysia-3 N 4° 40' ~ 6° 12'

E 101° 20' ~ 102° 20'


Origin: Mt.Ulu Sepat (2,161 m)

Highest point: Mt. Korbu (2,183 m)

Outlet: South China Sea


Main geological features: shale, mudstone, limestone Main tributaries: Lebir river (2,430 km2), Galas river (7,770 km2) Main reservoirs: Nil Mean annual precipitation: 2,505 mm (1970 - 1997) Mean annual runoff: 557.5 m3/s at Guillemard Bridge (1950 - 1990) Population: 810,000

Main cities: Kota Bharu

Land use: virgin jungle, rubber, paddy, oil palm, tobacco, other agriculture, urban

208

Malaysia ― 3

1.

General Description

The Kelantan River basin is located in the north eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia between latitudes 4° 40' and 6° 12' North, and longitudes 101° 20' and 102° 20' East. The maximum length and breadth of the catchment are 150 km and 140 km respectively. The river is about 248 km long and drains an area of 13,100 km2, occupying more than 85% of the State of Kelantan. It divides into the Galas and Lebir Rivers near Kuala Krai, about 100 km from the river mouth. The Galas River is formed by the junction of the Nenggiri and Pergau Rivers. The Nenggiri River originates in the south western part of the central mountain range (Main Range). The Lebir River originates from the Tahan mountain range. The Kelantan River system flows northward passing through such major towns as Kuala Krai, Tanah Merah, Pasir Mas and Kota Bharu, before finally discharging into the South China Sea. About 95% of the catchment is steep mountainous country rising to a height of 2,135 m while the remainder is undulating land. The mountainous areas are covered with virgin jungle while rubber and some paddy are planted in the lowlands. The eastern and western portions, consisting of mountain ranges, have a granitic soil cover consisting of a mixture of fine to coarse sand and clay. The soil cover is a metre or so deep but depths of more than 18 m may be encountered in localised areas. A fine sandy loam soil is found in the extreme east and west of the southern half of the basin. Its depth seldom exceeds a few metres. The remaining portion, comprising almost one-third of the catchment, is cloaked by a variable soil cover that varies in depth, from a few metres to more than 9 m. The basin has an annual rainfall of about 2,500 mm much of which occurs during the North-East Monsoon between mid-October and midJanuary. The mean annual temperature at Kota Bharu is 27.5° C with mean relative humidity of 81%. The mean flow of the Kelantan River measured at Guillemard Bridge is 557.5 m3/s.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

209

Malaysia ― 3

2.2

Land Use Map

2.3


No.

Name of river



Land use [%] (1990)

1

Kelantan River (Main river)

248 11,900

Mt.Korbu (2,183 m)

F (73.2), U (0.1), L (10), OP (4), R (10), P (2.2), A (0.5)

2

Galas River (Tributary)

178 7,770

Mt Setong (1,422 m)

F (85), OP (2), R (4), L (9).

3

Lebir River (Tributary)

91 2,430

Cintawasa Hill (1,185 m)

A: Other agricultural field (vegetable, grass) U: Urban

F: Forest R: Rubber

L: Lake, River, Marsh OP: Oil Palm.

210

O: Orchard

F (66), OP (12), R (13), L (9)

P: Paddy field

Malaysia ― 3

3.


3.1


KOTA BHARU

KUALA KRAI

211

Malaysia ― 3

3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations No.*)

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Observation period

Mean annual precipitation1) [mm]


6021060

Peng. Kubor Pumphouse

-

N 06° 01' 05" E 102° 10' 40"

1951 - present

3,086 (1952 - 1997)

(P) SM

5518035

Luboh Bungor

-

N 5° 42' 05" E 101° 50' 20"

1956 - present

3,220 (1957 - 1996)

(P) SM

5322044

Kg. Laloh

541

N 05° 18' 30" E 102° 16' 30"

1971 - present

2,222 (1971 - 1996)

(P) PAT

5320039

Ldg Kuala Garis

1,422

N 05° 22' 40" E 102° 00' 55"

1967 - present

2,022 (1971 - 1996)

(P) SM

4923001

Kg Aring

1,200

N 04° 50' 15" E 102° 21' 10"

1975 - present

2,404 (1975 - 1998)

(P) PAT

4819027

Gua Musang

1,539

N 04° 53' 05" E 101° 58' 10"

1970 - present

2,258 (1972 - 1998)

(P) PAET

4726001

Gunung Gagau

1,376

N 04° 45' 25" E 102° 39' 20"

1982 - present

4,339 (1985 - 1996)

(P) SAT

4717001

Blau

898

N 04° 46' 00" E 101° 45' 25"

1975 - present

2,116.6 (1980 - 1995)

(P) SA

*: Serial number used by Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Malaysia. 1) Period for the mean is from the beginning of the observation period to 1996. 2) (P): Precipitation, SM: Secondary Manual, PAT: Primary Auto telemetric, PAET: Primary auto, evaporation and telemetric , SA: Secondary Auto, SAT: Secondary auto telemetric

3.3


Observation item



Period for the mean

Temperature [°C]

Kota Bharu 25.7 26.2 27.9 28.1 27.7 27.2

27

1968 - 1997

Precipitation [mm]

Peng. Kubor 169 Pumphouse

74

87

83

178

187 212

26.8 26.7

26

25.8 26.8

26.8

257 280 302

640 618

3,086 1952 - 1997

Evaporation [mm]

96.5 98.5 123.7 129 119.5 113.4 114.3 112.8 112.2 104.6 85.2 86.5 1,296.2 1975 - 1196


7.1

8.1

8.4

8.8

7.9

7.0

212

7.0

6.8

6.5

5.9

4.6

4.8

6.9

1968 - 1997

Malaysia ― 3

3.4


(a) Pengkalan Kubor Pump House, Kelantan (6021060)

(b) Gua Musang, Kalantan (4819027)

213

Malaysia ― 3

4.


4.1


214

Malaysia ― 3

4.2


No.*

Station

Location


Observation period


5222452

Kg Tualang

N 05° 16' 30" E 102° 18' 00"

2,430

1973 - present

WL/Q (A), SS (Wk), WQ (Wk)

5320443

Dabong

N 05° 22' 55" E 102° 00' 55"

7,770

1972 - present


5521446

K.Krai

N 05° 32' 05" E 102° 10' 50"

10,950

1979 - present

WL (A)

5721442

Guillemard Bridge

N 05° 45' 45" E 102° 09' 00"

11,900

1959 - present


No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]

Qmax/A [m /s/100km2]

Period of 2) statistics

5222452

109.8

4,020

1,636

32.4

4.52

165.4

1950 - 1990

5721442

557.5

12,900

5,387

153

4.68

108.4

1950 - 1990

3)

* Serial number used by Dept. of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia. 1) WL: Water Level; Q: Discharge; SS: Suspended sediment; WQ: Water quality; (A): Automatic; (Wk): 2- weekly.

4.3

3

2)Mean annual discharge 3)Maximum discharge 4)Mean maximum discharge 5)Mean minimum discharge


215

3

Malaysia ― 3

4.4


4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharges 1)

2)

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s]

1960

10/12

3,322

7

1961

05/01

2,777

8

1962

18/12

2,737

6

1963

9/12

3,088

5

1964

29/12

1,222

1965

29/11

6,170

1966

24/12

1967 1968

1)

2)

Year

Maximum Date [m3/s]

53.4

1979

29/11

10,252

8

170.1

102.9

1980

20/12

1,709

4

138.3

183.7

1981

03/12

2,029

8

102.5

70.4

1982

16/12

7,186

3

90.9

4

175.9

1983

07/12

12,007

4

80.4

3

102.9

1984

25/12

7,744

8

236.1

3,154

9

233.2

1985

16/03

2,665

8

167.8

03/01

8,280

8

233.2

1986

02/12

6,957

8

88.0

08/12

1,254

4

113.4

1987

12/12

4,785

7

135.7

1969

29/11

6,650

4

62.5

1988

22/11

12,900

4

214.7

1970

29/12

8,800

6

147.3

1989

03/01

1,275

8

190.6

1971

05/01

8,191

10

229.7

1990

14/12

6,064

7

105.6

1972

18/12

10,260

8

164.6

1991

13/12

3,846

7

122.7

1973

09/12

11,180

4

178.8

1992

13/11

5,409

5

111.8

1974

29/12

4,019

3

245.3

1993

24/12

11,117

5

179.6

1975

29/11

5,676

8

261.4

1994

24/11

5,282

4

214.7

1976

24/12

2,605

4

163.8

1995

29/12

3,075

8

190.6

1977

03/01

2,717

5

142.1

1996

12/12

2,412

7

105.6

1978

08/12

3,277

4

166.2

1997

05/12

2,619

7

122.7


1), 2) Instantaneous observation by recording charts

216


Malaysia ― 3

4.7


5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

Water of the Kelantan River is at present used for four major irrigation schemes, i.e the Kemubu, Salor, Lemal and Pasir Mas, all of which lie in the lower reaches of the Kelantan River. The present irrigable area for these schemes is about 31,000 ha and takes about 72 m3/s at maximum water use if entire double cropping is to be achieved. The Kelantan River and other surface flows were sought as water sources to solve the quantitative and qualitative restriction on groundwater use and to cope with the rapidly increasing domestic and industrial water demand of the area. The present maximum demand is about 134 Ml/d in the lower reaches of the Kelantan River covering the districts of Kota Bharu, Tumpat, Pasir Mas, Machang, Bachok, Pasir Putih and Kuala Krai.

5.4


There are no major historical droughts experienced in the Kelantan River basin.

217

Malaysia ― 3

Major Floods Date

Water level [m]


Dead and missing

Major damages [Districts affected]

27.11.90

16.82 m at Guillemard Bridge 5.41 m at Kota Bharu

Heavy rainfall

4 died

4,581 people were evacuated. Road closed for 1-3 days

1991

10.12 m at Rantau Panjang at Golok River.

Heavy rainfall

2 died

Agricultural land inundated with total damages of RM200 thousand. Road and structural damages RM135 thousand.

13.11.92

25.45 m at Tangga Krai

Heavy rainfall

23.12.93

5.49 m at Kota Bharu

Heavy rainfall

14 died

Villages and roads were flooded and damaged. 13,587 people were evacuated Damage cost RM1.5 million.

24.11.94

24.37 m at Kuala Krai 5.15 m at Kota Bharu

Heavy rainfall

14died

1,184 people were evacuated. Roads were flooded to a dept of 2 m for 3-5 days.

6.

743 people were evacuated, roads, bridge side drains and culverts were flooded and damaged. Damages cost RM560 thousand.


The State of Kelantan belongs to the Eastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia and is one of eleven States in Peninsular Malaysia. The State of Kelantan is normally divided into North and South, and is composed of ten Districts. Kota Bharu is the capital of Kelantan as well as the development centre of North Kelantan. The population of the State is 1,181,680 as recorded in 1993. About 68.5 per cent of the population live in the Kelantan River Basin. The others are found in the Golok and Kemubu River basins and in the northern coastal plain of the State. The population of Kota Bharu and Kuala Krai districts are 366,800 and 90,800 respectively. The major economic activities in Kelantan State are agricultural based, mainly the cultivation of paddy rice, rubber, oil palm and tobacco. Fishing and livestock farming are also an important occupation found in this area.

218

Malaysia ― 4

Chalok River Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Chalok River Location: East coast of Peninsular Malaysia 2

Serial No. : Malaysia-4 N 5° 23' 15" ~ 5° 27' 15"

E 102° 48' 10"~ 102° 50' 45"

Area: 20.5 km

Length of main stream: 6.9 km

Origin: Mt Durian (80.5 m)

Highest point: Mt Tinggi (221 m)

Outlet: South China Sea

Lowest point: River mouth (0 m), Gauging Station (4.37 m)

Main geological features: granite, phyllite, slate, shale and sandstone, slate and shale, schist. Main tributaries: Pak Pengas River Main lakes: Nil Main reservoirs: Nil Mean annual precipitation: 3,560 mm Mean annual runoff: 1.22 m3/s Population: 3,000

Main cities: Kuala Trengganu

Land use: Forest (2%), Rubber (78%), Scrub (10.8%), Horticulture (5.3%), Orchard (1%)

219

Malaysia ― 4

1

General Description

The Chalok River is located between latitudes 5° 23' 15" and 5° 27' 15" North and longitudes 102° 48' 10" and 102° 50' 45" East. The basin can be accessed via the Kuala Trengganu - Jerteh road, 22 km north of Kuala Trengganu. There is an airport at Kuala Trengganu. The Chalok River basin is one of the representative basins selected by the Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) of Malaysia for water resources study, and drains an area of 20.5 km2. The basin measures about 6.0 km x 3.5 km wide. The Chalok River is 6.9 km long and flows north to meet the Bari River before discharging into the South China Sea. The basin is undulating land with the highest peak at Bukit Tinggi standing at 221 m above mean sea level. The area is covered with belukar and some agricultural crops, mainly rubber trees. The soils in this catchment are deep friable soils developed over granite. Soil textures are coarse sandy clay loam to coarse sandy clay with a weak to moderate medium subangular blocky structure. An igneous body comprising undifferentiated rocks are the main geological formation structures found in this area. In the southern part of the basin the granite is in contact with a meta-sediment and in the northern part with recent alluvium. The basin temperature ranges from 25° C - 27° C. The catchment receives an average annual precipitation of 3,560 mm, while the mean annual discharge at Chalok Bridge (20.5 km2) was 1.51 m3/s for the period 1979-1993. The Chalok’s major tributary is the Pak Pengas River.

2.

Geographical Informtion

2.1

Geological Map

220

Malaysia ― 4

2.2

Landuse Map

2.3


No.

Name of river



Landuse [%] (1990)

1

Chalok river [Main river]

6.9 20.5

113 0 (River Mouth) and 4.37 (Main Road Bridge)

Rubber [78%] O [1%], A [5.3%] F [2%]

2

Pak Pengas river

2.6 2

136 10

O: Orchard

F: Forest

A: Other Agriculture (vegetable, grass)

221

Malaysia ― 4

3.


3.1


3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations Mean annual Mean annual Observation Observation precipitation evaporation items3) period 2) [mm] [mm]

No1)

Station Name

Elevation [m]

5428001

Bt Hampar (Site 1)

−

N 05° 26' 50" 1979 - 1995 E 102° 48' 55"

3,412

1,652

Hw, S8

5428002

Klinik Chalok (Site 2)

−

N 05° 24' 40" 1979 - 1995 E 102° 49' 25"

3,709

1,652

Hw, S8

Location

1) Station number used by DID Malaysia. 2) Evaporation measured at Kuala Trengganu. 3) HW: Hattori weekly S8: Secondary Station (with 8" orifice)

222

Malaysia ― 4

3.3


Observation item Temperature [°C]

Observation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun station Kuala Trengganu


Period for the mean

25.2 25.7 26.4 27.2 27.3 27.0 26.6 26.5 26.3 25.1 25.7 25.5

26.2

Precipitation [mm]

132

48

174

100 105

114 105

155 185 226

847 527

2,718 1984 - 1996

Evaporation [mm]

4.1

4.7

5.1

5.3

4.8

4.4

3.9

4.2

4.3

3.9

3.6

3.8

4.3

1983 - 1993


6.2

7.8

8.0

8.2

7.9

6.9

7.0

5.8

6.1

5.5

4.5

4.2

6.5

1973 - 1993

Note: Above are derived from Malaysian Meteorological Service data.

3.4

Longterm Variation of Monthly Precipitation

223

1973 - 1993

Malaysia ― 4

4


4.1

Map of Rainfall and Streamflow Observation Stations

4.2


No.*

Station

Location


Observation period

Observation items1)

5428401

At Chalok bridge

N 05° 26' 30" E 102° 50' 05"

20.5

1979 - 1993

WL, Q (A)

No.*

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

5428401

1.2

127.7

63.6

0.19

3)

* Water level recording station number used in DID Malaysia 1) WL: Water level, Q: Discharge (rating curve used), WQ: Water quality, A: Automatic water level recording station

224

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



5.9

622.9

1979 - 1993

3

2) Mean annual discharge 3) Maximum discharge 4) Mean maximum discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge

Malaysia ― 4

4.3

Longterm Variation of Monthly Discharge

i

4.4


225

Malaysia ― 4

4.6


Station: Chalok Bridge (5428401) [20.5 km ] 1)

2)

1)

2)

Year



Year



1979

01.11

60.8

05.04

0.157

1987

03.12

67.6

28.05

0.228

1980

19.12

34.8

03.06

0.175

1988

01.12

127.7

26.04

0.316

1981

05.12

74.1

26.06

0.174

1989

18.11

29.2

01.07

0.302

1982

15.12

78.0

06.12

0.105

1990

26.11

26.3

08.06

0.234

1983

15.12

84.6

16.04

0.145

1991

19.11

91.9

30.06

0.203

1984

23.12

56.3

25.06

0.274

1992

12.11

93.5

12.06

0.284

1985

09.03

28.1

28.07

0.225

1993

31.10

23.1

30.05

0.212

1986

01.12

95.1

20.05

0.127

1994* 17.11

45.7

26.04

0.224

1995 1), 2) Instantaneous observation by data logger. * Data not available

4.7

Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Floods

226

Malaysia ― 4

5

Water Resources

5.1

General

The water use in this basin is generally limited to agricultural activities, mainly rubber plantation and other cash crops. There is no water supply scheme nor groundwater extraction in this basin. So far, the basin has not been inundated extensively by any major flood.

5.5

Groundwater and River Water Quality 1)

2)

River Water Quality at Chalok Bridge 1986 Apr 21 May 19 Jun 2 Jun 24 Jul 7

Date

7

pH

6.8

6.9

6.4

6.9

Jul 21 Aug 18 Aug 25 Sep 29 Oct 14 Nov 3 6.8

6.9

6.9

6.9

0.2

CODMn [mg/l]

9.5

8.6

7.8

5.4

7

7.1

9.4

12.5

19

12.3

9.2

18

5

7

6

3

13

10

10

9

11

6

0.4

0.3

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.4

1.1

0.7

1

3)

3

Discharge [m /s]

0.9

6.8

BOD [mg/l]

SS [mg/l]

1

7

1.3

1) Observed once a month on a dry day normally several days after rainfall. 2) Located at about 22 km along the main road from Kuala Trengganu. 3) Discharge on the water quality observation date.

6.


The FELDA (Federal Estate and Land Development Authority) scheme found in this basin forms the primary agricultural activity and main source of income for most households in and around this area. FELDA is a Federal Government agency entrusted with the development and management of mainly rubber and oil palm estates from undeveloped State owned lands. The Agency involves the locals in the participation of the scheme by giving them a contractual equity share of the estate. There are a few rural villages in the basin with a majority of the inhabitants being from the Malay ethnic group. Most of them are farmers working on the FELDA scheme. The water taken from Chalok River is primarily for agricultural activities in the basin.

7.


Department of Agriculture (1991): Agricultural Statistics of Peninsular Malaysia Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Hydrological data, compiled by Hydrology Division, Malaysia. Department of Statistics Malaysia (1997): Yearbook of statistic (Table of Basic Data, 2.3) Geological Survey Department of Malaysia (1991): Geological map of Chalok Basin. Land and Survey Department, Topography and land use maps, Johore (Table of Basic Data, 2.3)

227

New Zealand New Zealand-5: Mahurangi River

228

Introduction New Zealand lies in the Southwest Pacific Ocean between latitudes 34° S and 47° S. It consists of two main islands and a number of smaller islands with an area of 271,000 km2. The islands extend over 1,500 km between the latitude limits, and have an average width of about 180 km. Much of the country is hilly or mountainous, and the highest mountains exceed 3,500 m in elevation. Much of one island is traversed by the intersection of Pacific and Australian/Indian continental plates. Consequently the landscape is young, vigorous and tectonically active: earthquakes are frequent and there is an active volcanic zone. Rivers are short and steep and carry high sediment loads. The climate is temperate, with a winter precipitation maximum in the north and a summer-autumn maximum in the far south. In the North Island, precipitation typically ranges from 750 to 2,400 mm/year, but in isolated mountainous locations it reaches up to about 6,400 mm/year. Winter snowfall occurs at higher elevations. About 51 % of New Zealand’s land cover is pasture and arable, and about 28% is forest. The population of New Zealand is about 3.8 million. The New Zealand river catalogued in this volume is the Mahurangi River. This river basin is 50 km north of the city of Auckland that contains 31% of the country’s population. The Mahurangi River drains about 50 km2 and enters an estuary at the town of Warkworth (population 12,000) which is the only population concentration in the basin. The drainage network of the Mahurangi River divides into northern and southern branches 2 km west of Warkworth. The elevation range of the catchment is from sea level to in excess of 250 m in hills on the northern and southern boundaries. About one half of the catchment, in the central lowlands, is in pasture that is grazed by farm animals. Another quarter of the catchment is in plantation forest of introduced pine species, and the remainder in native forest and scrub. Mean annual rainfall over the catchment is about 1,600 mm, and mean annual runoff measured just above the tidal limit is 860 mm (1.27 m3/s). The plantation forestry has probably reduced runoff to some extent, but there are no significant water resource developments within the catchment. The scope for withdrawal of water for irrigation in summer is limited because the summer flows are naturally low. The MAhurangi catchment has been the focus of an intensive data collection experiment. The aim of the experiment is to provide data for improved modelling of spatial variability in hydrological response. The Mhurangi River Variability EXperiment (MARVEX) is specifically designed to answer the question: “what are the most important sources of variability in streamflow and hydrological response” for a temperate area of New Zealand and to provide data for testing and developing spatial modelling methods.

Acknowledgements The report was prepared by Alistair McKerchar of the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), with guidance from Richard Ibbitt and Ross Woods of the same organisation. Data are drawn from NIWA’s archive, and the report has drawn heavily from published material. The project has been funded by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology through contracts CO1817 (Water Fluxes and Pathways in River Basins) and C01X0010 (Effects of Changes in Landuse on Water Quantity and Quality).

229

New Zealand ― 5

Mahurangi River Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name: Mahurangi River

Serial No. : New Zealand-5

Location: Northland region, New Zealand

S 36° 19' ~ 36° 29'

Area: 46.6 km2


Origin: Hills

Highest point: The Dome, (336 m)

Outlet: Mahurangi Harbour, Hauraki Gulf,


E 174° 36' ~ 174° 41'

Main geological features: Waitemata sandstones comprising alternating layers of sandstone and siltstone. Main tributaries: Mahurangi River (left branch), Mahurangi River (right branch) Main lakes: None Main reservoirs: None Mean annual precipitation: 1,600 mm Mean annual runoff: 860 mm Population: 12,000 at Warkworth, otherwise sparse.

Main cities: Auckland, 50 km south.

Land use: Pasture grazing in lowland area, plantation and protected (native) forest in hills.

230

New Zealand ― 5

1.

General Description

The Mahurangi River drains 50 km2 of steep hills and gently rolling lowlands located 50 km north of Auckland, New Zealand. This part of New Zealand experiences a warm humid climate, with typical annual rainfalls of 1,600 mm. Maximum rainfall is usually in July, the middle of the austral winter. Annual pan evaporation is 1,310 mm, with maximum monthly temperature and pan evaporation occurring during January or February. Frosts are rare and snow and ice are unknown. In late summer, the remnants of a tropical cyclone occasionally pass over northern New Zealand, producing intense bursts of rain. Convective activity is significant in summer, whereas the majority of the winter rains comes from frontal systems. The drainage network of the Mahurangi River divides the catchment into northern and southern subcatchments, whose junction is 2 km west of Warkworth, a town of 12,000 inhabitants at the mouth of the Mahurangi River where it enters an estuary. Catchment elevation ranges from more the 250 m on the northern and southern boundaries, to near sea level at Warkworth on the east coast. The soils of the catchment have developed over Waitemata sandstones, which typically display alternating layers of sandstone and siltstone. Most of the soils in the catchment are clay loams, no more than a metre deep. In the 19th century the dominant vegetation was native forest, but now much of the lowland area is used for grazing. Plantation forestry, dominantly Pinus radiata, occupies most of the hills in the south, and a mixture of native forest, scrub and grazing occurs on the hills in the north. The Mahurangi catchment has been the focus of an intensive data collection experiment. The aim of the experiment is to provide data for improved modelling of spatial variability in hydrological response. The MAhurangi River Variability EXperiment (MARVEX) is specifically designed to answer the question: “what are the most important sources of variability in streamflow and hydrological response” for a temperate area of New Zealand and to provide data for testing and developing spatial modelling methods. A network of 28 streamgauges and 13 raingauges has been the key element of the MARVEX study. Rainfall has also been observed with C-band and X-band radars. The soil moisture measurement component has used two sampling strategies: a network of continuously recording sensors, and seasonal mapping campaigns in selected subcatchments. Some further details are given in Woods et al (2001), but at the time of writing the participants in this experiment are still working up other data.

231

New Zealand ― 5

2.


2.1

Geological Map

2.2

Land Use Map

232

New Zealand ― 5

2.3


No.

Name of river



Cities population (1985)

1

Mahurangi (Main river)

2 km 4.6 km2

87 m 10 m

Warkworth 12,000

A58 F 42

10 km 14.0 km2

336 m 30 m

None

A82 F 18

8 km 25.0 km2

330 m 30 m

None

A43 F 57

2

3

Mahurangi left branch (Tributary) Mahurangi right branch (Tributary)

A: Other agricultural field (vegetable, grass)

2.4

F: Forest


233

Land use [%] (1991)

New Zealand ― 5

3.


3.1


3.2


No.*

Station

Elevation [m]

Location

Mean annual Mean annual Observation precipitation evaporation period [mm] [mm]

Observation items1)

A64463 Warkworth

72

S 36° 26' E 174° 40'

1973 - 1997

1,491

No data

P, TB, T

A64282 Leigh

72

S 36° 16' E 174° 48'

1973 - 1997

1,122

1,308

BP, DS, P, RPE, SR, T, W

* Code used by National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research. 1) BP, barometric pressure DS: Duration of sunshine P: Precipitation with recording chart SR: Solar radiation T: temperature (air and soil) W: wind speed and direction.

234

RPE: Raised pan evaporation

New Zealand ― 5

3.3


Observation item

Observation Period for Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual station the mean

Temperature[°C] Warkworth 18.5 19.0 17.9 15.5 13.1 11.1 10.3 10.8 12.0 13.6 15.2 16.9 14.5

1973-1999

Precipitation [mm]

Warkworth

97

Evaporation (raised pan) [mm]

Leigh

181 155 136 97

Solar radiation 2 [MJ/m /day]

Leigh

23.1 19.6 16.9 11.4 8.4 6.9 7.1 10.4 13.7 16.8 20.5 23.0 14.8


Leigh

244 195 170 164 167 118 144 153 156 186 197 234 2,111 1972-1988

3.4

76 119 111 118 176 165 160 146 110 100 110 1,493 1973-1997

70

48

50


235

62

84 117 141 168 1,308 1973-1997

1993-2001

New Zealand ― 5

4.


4.1


236

New Zealand ― 5

4.2

List of Hydrological Observation Stations Location


Observation period


Mahurangi at College

R9:586319

46.6

1982 ~ present

Q (15 min), S (periodic)

6809

Wyllie Stm at Whitemans Br.

R9:566302

1.145

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6810

Redwood Forest at Airstrip Ridge

R9:568259

0.6

1994 ~ 1998

Q (15 min)

6812

Mahurangi at Dome Valley

R9:564533

0.429

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6813

Mahurangi at Sheepworld

R9:565354

2.627

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6814

Mahurangi at Taylors

R9:571338

4.606

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6815

Mahurangi at Taylors Reserve

R9:571338

3.917

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6816

Mahurangi at Upper Goatley (right)

R9:584355

0.364

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6817

Mahurangi at Upper Goatley (left)

R9:584355

0.710

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6819

Mahurangi at Mid Goatley

R9:580344

2.811

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6820

Falls Rd at Br.

R9:582319

2.341

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6821

Mahurangi at Wynyards

R9:573314

13.997

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6823

Mahurangi at Cashmores (right)

R9:574308

2.963

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6824

Mahurangi at Cashmores (left)

R9:573308

24.803

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6825

Mahurangi at Morrison’s Fence

R9:587302

0.928

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6826

Mahurangi at Morrison’s Br.

R9:586301

0.930

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6827

Mahurangi at Fish Farm

R9:572289

1.997

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6828

Mahurangi at Harnish’s

R9:578287

15.054

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6829

Mahurangi at Perry Rd

R9:575283

5.769

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6830

Mahurangi at Waterfall (left)

R9:557268

2.650

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6831

Mahurangi at Waterfall (right)

R9:558267

0.509

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6832

Mahurangi at Satellite Stn (right)

R9:599289

0.343

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6833

Mahurangi at Satellite Stn (left)

R9:602287

0.514

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6834

Meikles Stm at Old Army Br.

R9:582286

3.006

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6835

Mahurangi at Scenic Reserve

R9:587275

2.301

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6836

Mahurangi at Grimmer’s

R9:588275

0.424

1998 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6837

Pohuehue Stm at Redwoods

R9:584267

2.867

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

6838

Redwoods Stm at Redwoods Ford

R9:582267

5.025

1997 ~ present

Q (2 min)

No.*

Station

6806

237

New Zealand ― 5

No.*

−1) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 3) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



6806

1.27

205

90.9

0.105

2.70

438

1983 - 1999

6809

0.0255

10.4

6.24

0.002

2.23

908

1998 - 2000

2)

3

* Streamgauge number used in New Zealand 1) Mean annual discharge 2) Maximum discharge 3) Mean of annual maximum discharge 4) Mean of annual minimum discharge

4.3


238

New Zealand ― 5

4.4


4.5


The unique hydrological feature of this area is the intensive instrumentation network to measure the spatial and temporal variability of moisture fluxes. The basin itself is characteristic of many basins in northern New Zealand.

239

New Zealand ― 5

4.6


Station: Mahurangi at College [46.6 km ] 1)

Year

Maximum Date[m/d] [m3/s]

2)

1)

Minimum Date[m/d] [m3/s]

Year

Maximum Date[m/d] [m3/s]

2)

Minimum Date[m/d] [m3/s]

1983

12/6

47.0

3/4

0.043

1992

7/22

49.2

3/2

0.045

1984

12/11

70.9

3/3

0.160

1993

6/29

57.1

3/28

0.038

1985

5/22

205

2/7

0.194

1994

7/25

63.6

3/12

0.031

1986

1/4

60.0

12/20

0.122

1995

3/29

139

1/8

0.054

1987

12/16

60.7

3/8

0.048

1996

6/23

88.1

2/7

0.118

1988

7/18

121

3/5

0.142

1997

6/30

63.0

2/18

0.133

1989

9/8

64.2

4/27

0.112

1998

7/14

147

2/18

0.060

1990

8/23

84.6

3/3

0.053

1999

11/4

56.5

3/4

0.069

1991

8/25

51.3

3/14

0.040

1), 2) Observations at 15 min. intervals by recording gauge.

4.7


240

New Zealand ― 5

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

No significant water resource developments (dam, transfers, etc.) exist in this river basin.

5.2


Not applicable.

5.3


Major Reservoirs No reservoirs in this basin Major Interbasin Transfer No water transfers to or from this basin.

5.4


Major Floods at College streamgauge Date

Peak discharge 3 [m /s]



Dead and missing


22 May 1985

205

200 24 h

No details

0

Northland region

29 March 1995

139

157 24 h

No details

0

Northland region

14 July 1998

147

86 24 h

No details

0

Northland region

Major Droughts

5.5

Period

Affected area


January 1993 to June 1994

Auckland metropolitan region

Urban water shortages for December 1993 to June 1994.

Groundwater and River Water Quality

No groundwater or water quality data was collected as part of the MARVEX experiment.

241

New Zealand ― 5

6.


The Mahurangi River basin is lightly populated. The only town in the basin (Warkworth) is beside the tidal estuary of the river. The principal land uses are grazing and plantation forestry, which is typical of large areas of northern New Zealand. Exploitation of slower growing native hardwood species since the time of European settlement in the 19th century has been completely replaced by plantation forestry, which uses mainly the exotic Pinus radiata. The region regularly suffers soil moisture deficits in the later part of summer. The environment and natural resources of the Mahurangi River basin are managed by the Auckland Regional Council, within the provisions of the New Zealand Resource Management Act 1991 (see: www.arc.govt.nz). In practice of course, the ultimate managers of the water resources are the landowners and users of the river system, with the Auckland Regional council exercising an oversight role. Management is carried out within the framework of a Regional Policy Statement and a system of issuing “resource consents” to abstract or divert water, discharge effluents and so on.

7.


Auckland Regional Water Board (1990): Mahurangi River Catchment: 1990 Allocation and Management Plan, Technical Publication No. 90 of the Auckland Regional Water Board, Auckland, New Zealand. DSIR Land Resources (1992): New Zealand Land Resource Inventory Survey, 1:50000. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington, New Zealand. Woods, R.A., Grayson, R.B., Western, A.W., Duncan, M.J., Wilson, D.J., Young, R.I., Ibbitt, R.P., Henderson, R.D. and T.A. McMahon (2001): Experimental Design and Initial Results from the Mahurangi River Variability Experiment: MARVEX. In: Observations And Modeling Of Land Surface Hydrological Processes, Eds: Lakshmi, V., Albertson, J.D. and J. Schaake., Water Resources Monograph, American Geophysical Union, 3, 201-213.

242

Papua New Guinea PNG-3: Sepik Wara

243

Introduction Papua New Guinea comprises over 1400 islands, atolls and coral reefs in the Bismarck, Solomon and Coral Seas. The mainland of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is made up of the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, which is located between the latitudes 2° and 12° south of the equator. This small but environmentally dynamic and diverse nation is situated to the north of Australia and east of Indonesia. The total land area is 462,000 km2 of which 405,000 km2 is on the mainland. PNG is highly mountainous, with approximately half the land area over 1,000 metres above sea level. The Central Ranges, also named the Highlands and Central Cordillera, make up the backbone of PNG. They are a complex system of mountain belts, upland valleys and volcanoes running unbroken from Milne Bay to the border with West Papua and widening into a series of parallel ridges separated by high, flat, intermontane valleys. The Sepik River flows across extensive lowland plains in the northwest of PNG and its basin runs parallel to the Central Ranges. In its middle and lower reaches the flat nature of the terrain causes the Sepik River to meander through broad and swampy flood plains.

Acknowledgements This report has been prepared by the Water Resources Management Branch of the Office of Environment, to be included in the Catalogue of Rivers for the Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Volume IV. Sincere thanks are expressed to the staff of the Water Resources Management Branch of the Office of Environment and the East Sepik Provincial Administration for their contributions. Particular mention should be given to Nason Yube for the maps and his technical officers for the data processing, retrieval, and analysis.

244

PNG ― 3

Sepik Wara Map of River

Table of Basic Data Name(s): Sepik Wara

Serial No.: PNG-3

Location: East and West Sepik Province Area: 40,922 km

2

S 3° 45' 00" - 4° 00' 00"

E 141° 35' 55" - 144° 30' 00"

Length of main stream: 847.65 km

Origin: West Sepik Province (PNG)

Highest point: 3,993 m

Outlet: Bismarck Sea

Lowest point: Mean sea level (msl)

Main geological features: Quaternary, cretaceous-eocene, paleogene, pliocene and miocene. Main tributaries: Green River, Upper May River, Wario River, April River, Karawari River, Yuat River and Keram River. Main lakes: Chambri, Murik, Watang, Wabu and Caranburum Main reservoirs: None Mean annual precipitation: 2,085 mm at Upper Sepik River station (1978 - 1987) 3

Mean annual runoff: 3,099.60 m /s at Ambunti Population: 341,583 (2000)

Main cities: Wewak

Land use: Forest (30%), sago (20%), urban (10%), secondary vegetation (30%), and others (10%) (1990)

245

PNG ― 3

1.

General Description

The mighty Sepik River is the second largest in Papua New Guinea and drains from the south before flowing out into the Bismarck Sea in the north. The catchment area at the river’s mouth is approximately 80,000 km2 and the length of the river channel is estimated to be 848 km and is formed from various tributaries originating in the Central and Bismarck ranges (1,300-1,500 m). The average annual precipitation at Sepik in the upper catchment is 2,157 mm. The maximum flow at the Ambunti station was 8,964 m3/s in July 1990, leading to the conclusion that the total maximum flow at the mouth of the river should amount to 11,000 m3/s. The population along the main river system in 2000 was 100,000. There are no major earth works such as dams and channel diversions. The river can be categorized into two: a high-energy, rapidly flowing river at high elevations, and a slow meandering flood plain river that passes through the plains of the East Sepik province, and subsequently discharges into the Bismarck Sea. The entire river system does not change name despite flowing through many different ethnic regions. The upper tributaries flow through 50 km of narrow gorges and valleys between mountains over 2000 m high.

2.


2.1

Geological Map

246

PNG ― 3

2.3


No.

Name of river


Highest peak [m] Lowest peak [m]


1

Sepik Wara (Main River)

848 40,922

3,993 0

Wewak 50,000

2

Green River (Tributary)

18.0 860

120 40

3

Ilam (Tributary)

3.2 282

2,000 1,200

4

Trayap (Tributary)

7.8 700

1,800 800

5

Freida (Tributary)

35.0 1,000

1,054 40

A: Agriculture field (vegetable, grass); F: Forest; O: Orchard; P: Pardy field; U: Urban

2.4

Profiles

247

Land use [%] (1991) A F O P U

(20%) (50%) (5%) (10%) (15%)

PNG ― 3

3.


3.1


3.2

List of Meteorological Observation Stations No.

Station

Elevation [m]

Location* (UTM)

Observation period

Mean annual 1) precipitation [mm]

104480

Waru

137

N 9420600 E 359700

1974 - 1976

2,204

a

P (TB)

104500

Upper Sepik

1,000

N 9424100 E 341700

1977 - 1991

1,776

a

P (TB)

104850

Sunday Hill

40

N 9271500 E 588700

1970 - 1988

2,950a

P (TB)

105950

Ambunti

40

N 9266100 E 588700

1988 - 1990

1,900a

P (TB)

* UTM coordinate at local zone a Missing data included 1) 1965-1990 2) P: Precipitation; TB Tipping bucket with recording chart

248

Observation Item2)

PNG ― 3

3.3


Station: Sepik at Upper Sepik Station Observation Item Precipitation [mm]

3.4

Observation Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Station 104500

176

200

257

169 212

193

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual 152

237 250


249

206

158

Period for the mean

165 3,782 1977 - 1989

PNG ― 3

4.


4.1


4.2

List of Hydrological Stations No.

Station

Location (UTM)

Catchment Area (A) [km2]

Observation period

Observation Items1) (frequency)

104400

Ilam

N 9145000 E 360500

320

1977 - 1994

H1, Q

104500

Telefomin

N 9424100 E 341700

670

1976 - 1993

H1, Q

104550

NearTelefomin

N 9319700 E 521800

7.8

1983 - 1988

H1, Q

104850

Green River

N 9271400 E 588700

9,500

1970 - 1993

H1, Q

105450

Old Base Camp

N 9270600 E 590000

1,028

1980 - 1993

H1, Q

105950

Ambunti

N 9268800 E 594100

40,922

1967 - 1994

H1, Q

111600

Angoram

N 9265100 E 493300

78,706

1968 - 1980

H1

250

PNG ― 3

No.

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



104400

15

187

46

14

4.7

58

1972 - 1990

104500

51

1,586

565

15

7.6

236

1976 - 1993

104550

0.6

17

15

0.064

7.7

218

1984 - 1988

104850

1,297

3,573

2,533

436

13.6

38

1970 - 1992

105450

200

2,221

1,579

69

19.4

216

1981 - 1993

105950

3,615

8,964

5,448

1,702

8.8

22

1967 - 1994

3)

1) Q: Discharge, WQ: water quality H1: Daily water level

3

2) Mean annual discharge 3) Maximum discharge 4) Mean maximum discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge

4.3


4.4


251

PNG ― 3

4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharge

Station: Sepik at Ambunti Year

Maximum

Minimum

Date

[m /s]

3

Date

[m /s]

3

Year

1967

06/05

4,331

19/11

2,429

1968

22/02

4,883

14/06

1969

01/04

5,606

1970

05/07

8,964

1971

24/04

1972

Maximum

Minimum

Date

[m /s]

3

Date

[m /s]

3

1981

30/04

5,602

27/08

1,632

1,242

1982

28/03

5,465

25/11

1,142

20/08

1,821

1983

13/03

5,999

18/09

1,509

24/02

2,696

1984

29/12

4,703

28/01

1,828

4,240

26/09

1,822

1985

25/01

5,232

22/08

2,111

09/03

4,757

18/08

1,074

1986

24/04

4,808

31/08

999

1973

03/04

7,081

23/08

2,326

1987

09/02

5,502

01/08

932

1974

09/03

4,893

01/10

1,082

1988

20/12

5,008

07/11

2,736

1975

16/04

5,989

30/07

1,452

1989

28/06

6,203

10/12

1,448

1976

19/04

5,164

21/08

1,183

1990

27/11

5,809

10/07

1,907

1977

15/02

5,622

01/10

2,205

1991

05/01

4,926

12/10

1,482

1978

16/04

5,636

29/07

1,538

1992

25/05

4,938

14/07

1,747

1979

10/04

5,606

19/08

1,153

1993

30/12

5,017

15/11

1,320

1980

15/05

5,509

18/07

2,009

1994

12/03

5,061

31/03

2,825

4.7


252

PNG ― 3

5.

Water Resources

5.1

General Description

The Sepik River is the second largest river system in Papua New Guinea in terms of river length and mean annual discharge. It drains the evenly populated upper Sepik catchment, and the sparsely populated middle and lower Sepik catchment before finally discharging into the Bismarck Sea. There are no major water resources developments such as hydro-power, water supply or irrigation in place or proposed. However, the Sepik River system has been used for transportation of heavy equipment, and for passage of tourist vessels that frequent the waterway. It is also a major natural tourist attraction because of its scenery. Floods are frequent with gradually rising and receding limbs. This is attributed to the large catchment size with a high water retention capacity and slow catchment response times (days) causing delays in the discharge of stored water to the outlet. The greatest floods occur during the southeast trade winds that are associated with the monsoons that affect Southeast Asia. The potential water resources of the Sepik River and its tributaries are virtually unexplored. The only anthropogenic impacts are areas associated with the subsistence agriculture and traditional farming practised by village communities. These are mainly on the river plains and the raw wastes and effluent produced by this activity affect the river system.

6.


The socio-cultural characteristics vary little from place to place, and are derived from the cultural beliefs and the background of the area. For instance, in the upper Sepik catchment the inhabitants believe that the river spirits can cause illness, especially to people. The villagers also believe that strangers can become sick if they venture into the restricted areas within the sacred areas. Folklore and legends are common but vary from place to place with the main theme being based around the river system. The other major socio-cultural characteristic is the type of agricultural activities in the upper, middle and lower Sepik. The cash economy is declining because of the rising cost of goods and services. The inhabitants are predominantly subsistence farmers and their major produce is sago, with the river providing fish, recreation and water for domestic use.

7.

Reference, Data Books and Bibliography

Bureau of Water Resources (1987): Hydrometric Yearbook: Report No.1/90 King, D. and Ranck, S. (1982): Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition National Statistics Office of PNG (2000): PNG 2000 Census Preliminary Figures Water Resources Management Services Branch Archive (2001): Office of Environment and Conservation Zhu, F. John (1997): Hydrology and Water Resources of Papua New Guinea: Department of Environment and Conservation

253

Thailand Thailand 6: Mae Nam Prachinburi Thailand 7: Mae Nam Bang Pakong Thailand 8: Tonle Sap Thailand 9: East Coast Gulf Rivers

254

Introduction Thailand is situated in the tropical monsoon zone of Southeast Asia and covers an area of 513,115 km2 from latitudes 5° 30' to 21° 00' N and longitudes 97° 00' to 105° 30' E. The country is bordered on the west and northwest by Myanmar, on the northeast and east by the People’s Democratic Republic of Lao, on the southeast by Cambodia and the Gulf of Thailand, and on the south by Malaysia. Thailand has maximum dimensions of about 2,500 km north to south and 1,250 km east to west, with a coastline of approximately 1,840 km along the Gulf of Thailand, and 865 km along the Indian Ocean. The topographic features of Thailand comprise of three main types of landform: highlands, plains and plateaus. The highlands include several mountain ranges covered with forest extending from north to south along the entire western length of the country. The coastal area east of the Gulf of Thailand is another part of the highlands. The central part of the country is an extensive alluvial plain, while the northeast region is an undulating plateau. Thailand is a warm and semi-humid tropical country. The climate is monsoonal, marked by a pronounced rainy season lasting from about May to September and a relatively dry season for the remainder of the year. The monsoon season rainfall is around 90 percent of the annual rainfall. The mean annual precipitation is 1,400 mm varying from 1,100 mm in the northeast plateau to over 1,800 mm in the southern peninsula. The population in 2000 was approximately 61 million. The four river basins catalogued in this volume are: the Mae Nam Prachinburi, the Mae Nam Bang Pakong, the Tonle Sap and the East Coast Gulf Rivers. All are located in the eastern sub-region of Thailand.

Acknowledgements Translated from the “Assessment of the Information System for the Catalogue of Rivers in Thailand to the Standard of the IHP-IV”, Ms. R. Krisnamara et al. Report submitted to the Office of the National Research Council, 1998. 5 volumes by Associate Professor Dr. Suravuth Pratishthananda under the auspices of The Hydrological Information Subcommittee, Thai National Committee for IHP.

255

Thailand ― 6

Mae Nam Prachinburi Map of River

256

Thailand ― 6

Table of Basic Data Serial No.: Thailand-6

Name: Mae Nam Prachinburi Location: Eastern region Area: 10,006 km

2

E 101° 10' - 102° 33'

N 13° 02' - 14° 28' Length: 325 km (total length)

Origin: Mt. Phanom Donglek

Highest point: 1,369 m (Mt. North Soidao)

Outlet: Mae Nam Bang Pakong

Lowest point: 1 m

Main geological formations: Kanchanaburii Formation, Phu Phan and Phra Wihan Formation, Porphyry, Ratburi Formation, Gneiss and Schist, Alluvium and Eluvium, Granite and Granodiorite, Phu Kradung Formation, Andesite-Rhyolite, Porphyry and Tuff, Basalts and its equivalents 2

2

2

Major tributaries: Khlong Phrasathung (2,648 km ), Phraprong (1,692 km ), Hanuman (20,142 km ), Lower Prachinburi (3,521 km2) Major reservoirs: Phrasathung Dam (61.4x106m3, 1998), Sainoi Dam (322x106m3, 1998), Huai Samong Dam (275.5x106m3, 1998) Mean annual precipitation: 1,619.0 mm (1952-1995) at station 01150502 (A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi) Mean annual runoff: 1,210 mm (1944-1995) at station 01150502 (A.Kabinburi, Prachinburi) Population: 584,552 (1998)

Major cities: Prachinburi, Sakaeo

Land uses: Forest 26.1%, Rice paddy 36.7%, Upland crops 37.1%, Urban 0.1% (1998)

1.

General Description

The headwaters of the Mae Nam Prachinburi lie in the mountain ranges of the northern part of Prachinburi province in the eastern sub-region of Thailand. The drainage direction is from east to west. The River is formed by the confluence of the Hanuman and Phraprong Rivers before flowing westward to merge with the Nakhonnayok River at A. Bang Nampriao, near Chachoengsao, to form the Mae Nam Bang Pakong River. The middle and lower parts of the basin are plateau and plain areas with the flat land being used for agriculture.

257

Thailand ― 6

2


2.1

Geological Map

Source: Geological Map of Thailand, Jumchet C. and Javanaphet, 1969, Department of Mineral Resources

Soil Map

Source: Eastern Sub-region Land Use Map, 1998, Land Use Planning Div., Department of Land Development

258

Thailand ― 6

2.2

Land Use Map

Source: Eastern Sub-region Land Use Map, 1998, Land Use Planning Div., Department of Land Development

2.3

Characteristics of River and Major Tributaries

No.

Name of river


Highest peak Elevation [m]

Cities

1

Khlong Phrasathung

172 2,648

North Soidao Mt. 1,369

A.Wangnamyen, Sakeao A.Pongnamron, Chanthaburi

2

Phraprong River

112 1,691

Yai Mt. 816

A.Watthananakhon, Sakeao

3

Hanuman River

111 2,145

Leam Mt. 1,326

A. Nadi Prachinburi

4

Prachinburi (lower)

155 3,521

Plailamkhraduk Mt. 1,000

Kabinburi Prachinburi

5

Prachinburi (main river)

325 10,006

North Soidao Mt. 1,369

Chanthaburi Prachinburi, Sakeao

259

Thailand ― 6

2.4


3.


3.1

Annual Isohyetal Map

Source: Isohyetal Map of Thailand, 1966-1995, Meteorological Department

260

Thailand ― 6

3.2


Code

Station

Gauge

Location

Duration

Mean annual

Data

01150202

A.Mueang Sakeao

standard

N13° 48' 29" E 102° 03' 35"

1952 - 1996

1,633.6

Precipitation

03150401

A.Nadi Prachinburi

standard

N14° 06' 55" E 101° 46' 56"

1965 - 1996

2,076.3

Precipitation

01150402

A.Nadi Prachinburi

standard

N14° 09' 30" E 10° 52' 52"

1967 - 1996

1,969.0

Precipitation

01150502

A. Kabinburi Prachinburi

standard

N13° 59' 05" E 101° 42 32"

1952 - 1996

1,601.5

Precipitation

03150501

A.Mueang Prachinburi

standard

N13° 49' 10" E 102° 04' 35"

1952 - 1996

1,946.0

Precipitation

03150502

Prachantakham Prachinburi

standard

N14° 03' 45" E 101° 31' 05"

1952 - 1996

1,741.2

Precipitation

03150503

Bansang Prachinburi

standard

N13° 59' 35 E 101° 13' 25"

1951 - 1996

1,571.0

Precipitation

03150504

A. Simahaphot Prachinburi

standard

N13° 58' 09" E 101° 31' 13"

1951 - 1996

1,562.0

Precipitation

03150505

A. Simahosot Prachinburi

standard

N13° 53' 18" E 101° 24' 23"

1983 - 1996

1,327.0

Precipitation

3.3


Station: A. Mueang, Prachinburi (03150501) Observation item Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec mean Annual

Period

Temperature [°C]

26.7 28.3 29.7 30.1 29.3 28.8 28.4 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.2 26.1 28.2

Precipitation [mm]

8.8 19.4 53.7 120.7216.7253.7284.0386.1364.8162.9 33.8 8.5 159.4 1,913.0 1966 - 1997

Evaporation [mm]

137.9130.9169.7160.6147.0124.9133.6126.5123.6124.9135.2137.4 137.7 1,652.3 1966 - 1997

261

-

1966 - 1997

Thailand ― 6

3.4


Station: A. Mueang, Prachinburi (03150501) (1952 - 1996)

Station: A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi (0115502) (1952 - 1996)

262

Thailand ― 6

4.


4.1

Map of Stream Flow Observation Stations

Source: Chantajitra, Y. et al. 1994, Location Map of Hydrologic and Meteorological Stations in Thailand, Office of National Research Council

263

Thailand ― 6

4.2

List of Hydrological Observation Stations Station

Location


Observation period

Q [cms]

Observation items

01150202 A. Mueang, Sakaeo

N 13° 48'" 29 E 101° 03' 05"

2,523

1966 - 1995

25.4

Q, H1, WQ

01150301 A. Mueang, Sakaeo

N 13° 56' 02" E 101° 58' 41"

1,540

1966 - 1995

18.7

Q, H1, WQ

01150404 N 14° 08' 46 A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi E 101° 55' 39"

590

1968 - 1995

11.2

Q, H1

01150502 N 13° 59' 05" A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi E 101° 42' 32"

7,502

1941 - 1995

121.0

Q, H5d, WQ

45

1983 - 1995

1.56

Q, H1, WQ

01150509 A. Pakphli Nakhonnayok

N 14° 12' 02" E 101° 22' 05"

No.

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 2 [m /s/100km ]



01150202

25.4

1,420

353

0.25

1.01

56.3

1966 - 1995

01150301

18.7

487

167

0.04

1.21

31.6

1966 - 1995

01150404

11.2

558

204

0.12

1.90

94.6

1968 - 1995

01150502

121.0

2,220

753

2.46

1.61

29.6

1941 - 1995

01150509

1.56

126

68.8

0.01

3.47

280.0

1983 - 1995

3)

1) Q: Discharge H1: Water level (daily) 2) Mean annual discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge

4.3

H5d: Water level (5-day) 3) Maximum discharge.

3

WQ: Water qualities 4) Mean maximum discharge

Long-term Variation of Monthly Discharge 2

Station: A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi (01150502) (7,502 km . )

264

Thailand ― 6

4.6


Station: A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi (01150502) (7,502 km ) Year

Minimum

Maximum Date

3

Date

Year

3

Minimum

Maximum Date

3

Date

3

1941

8.27

[m /s] 632

5.05

[m /s] 3.50

1969

9.23

[m /s] 1,111

4.27

[m /s] 0.12

1942

8.31

1,042

4.17

6.20

1970

8.29

577

4.01

1.50

1943

9.21

890

3.31

8.20

1971

9.05

552

4.09

0.50

1944

8.18

894

4.27

6.95

1972

9.21

993

3.21

1.40

1945

9.27

826

3.31

6.35

1973

9.30

855

4.20

0.80

1946

10.06

945

4.25

6.50

1974

10.16

952

3.15

0.70

1947

7.27

827

4.01

8.00

1975

10.12

579

5.01

1.70

1949

10.13

744

4.01

0.00

1976

9.20

659

4.27

1.50

1950

9.18

878

4.28

0.00

1977

9.13

670

3.12

1.10

1951

9.10

853

4.02

0.00

1978

10.03

1,056

3.31

0.00

1952

10.29

927

4.15

0.00

1979

10.01

538

4.10

0.00

1953

10.02

883

4.30

0.00

1980

9.02

513

4.21

1.20

1954

-

-

-

-

1981

9.30

770

4.01

1.80

1955

6.30

808

4.01

0.86

1982

8.26

606

3.18

0.20

1956

9.27

811

3.28

0.00

1983

10.20

1,064

3.23

0.00

1957

10.14

940

4.05

0.00

1984

8.16

504

3.28

0.00

1958

9.27

710

4.31

0.00

1985

9.22

516

3.29

0.20

1959

10.17

845

4.26

0.00

1986

10.11

795

4.12

0.70

1960

10.07

885

5.24

0.85

1987

9.13

538

3.24

2.20

1961

8.22

768

4.28

1.08

1988

10.25

613

4.13

2.10 1.90

1962

9.20

586

4.27

0.00

1989

8.15

604

4.23

1963

10.08

824

4.25

0.00

1990

-

-

-

-

1964

10.05

856

5.01

0.00

1991

8.21

576

4.21

1.50

1965

9.24

592

5.07

0.45

1992

9.02

555

2.02

0.00

1966

9.20

720

4.01

0.70

1993

9.11

488

5.11

0.00

1967

10.04

725

4.15

0.20

1994

9.02

660

3.02

1.60

1968

8.17

400

4.15

0.08

1995

9.24

1,067

3.31

0.40

4.7

Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood 2

Station: 01150502 A. Kabinburi, Prachinburi (7,502 km )

265

Thailand ― 6

5.

Water Resources

5.2


Source: Map of Irrigation Projects in Thailand 1989, Planning and Budget Div., Royal Irrigation Department

266

Thailand ― 6

5.3

List of Major Water Resource Facilities Catchment Gross area capacity [km2] [106m3]


Purposes

Year of completion

65

61.4

A, F, I, P, W

1998

459

326

322

A, F, I, P, W

1998

Huai Samong Dam

443

295

275.5

A, F, I, P, W

1998

Lam Phrayathan Dam

68

30

25.95

A, F, I, P, W

1998

River

Dam

Khlong Phrasathung

Phrasathung Dam

574

Khlong Sainoi

Sainoi Dam

Huai Samong Lam Phrayathan A: Agriculture

5.4

F: Flood protection

I: Industries

P: Hydropower

W: Water supply

Major Floods Maximum discharge

Station code


m /s

3

m /s/km

01150301

1,540

487

0.316

5.5

3

2

Date

Observation period

10/5/83

1966 - 1995

01150404

590

558

0.946

10/5/90

1968 - 1995

01150202

2,523

1,420

0.563

10/6/90

1966 - 1995

01150502

7,502

2,220

0.296

10/6/90

1941 - 1995

01150509

45

126

2,800

9/10/93

1983 - 1995

Water Quality Major Indices Sampling point

Year

1) Prachinburi River - A.Bansang, Prachinburi

1991

2) Prachinburi River - A.Mueang, Prachinburi

1997

3) Prachinburi River - A.Bansang - A.Mueang -A. Prachantakham -A.Simahaphot

1998

4) Kwai Khamong (Hanuman River tributary) A.Kabinburi, Prachinburi

1998

5) Phraprong River -A.Kabinburi, Prachinburi -A.Mueang, Sakaeo -A.Wattananakhon, Sakaeo

1998

pH

DO [ppm]

BOD [mg/l]

Coliform [MPN/100ml.]

7.7 - 7.8

6.0 - 7.0

0.56 - 0.80

-

-

5.4

0.6

60,500

-

-

6.0 - 6.9 6.4 - 7.0 5.8 - 6.8 6.1 - 7.2

5.0 - 7.2 6.9 - 7.1 6.5 - 7.2 7.4 - 7.2

6.2 - 7.1

6.5 - 7.4

-

-

6.5 - 7.2 6.7 - 6.8 6.8 - 7.1

6.5 - 7.1 7.5 - 7.8 7.6 - 8.2

-

-

Sources: 1) Pal Consultant Ltd. 1994 Study of Potential Development of Water Resources in the Prachinburi River Basin, submitted to NESDB 2) Brown Record, Thailand Pollution Status Report 1997, Department of Pollution Control 3)-5) Hydrological Data System Report, Land and Water Conservation Div., Dept. of Land Development

267

Thailand ― 6

6.

Socio-Cultural Characteristics

The Mae Nam Prachinburi originates from the mountain ranges of the eastern sub-region within the provinces of Sakaeo and Prachinburi. The population of this sub-region is similar to that of the Central Plain in terms of culture, language, religion and beliefs. The people living on the low lying river plain are mainly involved in agriculture. Water related festivals are the Songkran and the Loy Kratong. In general, people in this region are diligent, but conservative, and prefer a peaceful life. The basin climate is suitable for agriculture and is a major source of agricultural produce for the Bangkok area. Hence the economic conditions in this river basin are better than average with high average annual incomes for the majority of households.

7.

References

Chantajitra, Y. et al. (1994): Location Map of Hydrological and Meteorological Stations in Thailand, submitted to Office of National Research Council. Brown Record, Thailand Pollution Status Report 1997, Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment. Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Kasetsart University (1994): Study of the Potential Development of Water Resources in the Prachinburi River Basin, submitted to NESDB. Eastern Sub-region Land Use Map 1998, Land Use Planning Div., Department of Land Development Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (1992): Surface runoff and specific yield of river basins in Thailand, Survey and Ecology Department (February, 1992), Meteorology and Hydrology Division. Isohyetal Map of Thailand 1966-1995, Hydrometeorology Div., Department of Meteorology Jumchet, C. and Javanaphet (1969): Geological Map of Thailand, Department of Mineral Resources. Map of Irrigation Projects in Thailand 1989, Planning and Budget Div., Royal Irrigation Department Meteorological Department, Climatological Data of Thailand. 1952-1997, Bangkok, Thailand. Pal Consultant Ltd. (1994): Study of Potential Development of Water Resources in the Prachinburi River Basin, submitted to NESDB. Soils the Kingdom of Thailand, Explanatory Text of the General Soil Map, Soil Survey Division, Department of Land Development, 1972. Thailand Hydrological Yearbook, 1978-1996, Hydrology Division, Royal Irrigation Department, Bangkok, Thailand.

268

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Mae Nam Bang Pakong Map of River

269

Thailand ― 7

Table of Basic Data Serial No : Thailand-7

Name: Mae Nam Bang Pakong Location: Eastern sub-region of Thailand

N 13° 05' - 14° 30'

Area: 8,706 km2


Origin: Kead Mt.

Highest point: 1,351 m (A. Banna, Nakhonnayok)

Outlet: Gulf of Thailand

Lowest point: 1 m (A. Bangpakong, Chachoengsao)

E 100° 57' - 102° 00'

Main geologic formation: Alluvium, Eluvium, Kanchanaburi Formation, Rataburi Formation, Phu Phan and Phra Wihan Formation, Porphyry, Tarutao Formation, Granite&Granadiorite, Gneiss and Schist 2

2

Major tributaries: Nakhonnayok River (2,543 km ), Khlong Tharat (2,965 km ), Khlong Luang (798 km2), Bangpakong (2,400 km2) Major reservoirs: Khlong Siyat Dam (325x106m3, 1998), Khlong Rabom (252x106m3, 1998), Khlong Luang (135 x106m3, 1998), Huai Prea reservoir (8.3 x106m3, 1988) Mean annual precipitation: 1,895 mm (1952 - 1996) station 03160501 A.Mueang, Chachoengsao 3

Mean annual runoff: 9.02 m /s (1969 - 1996) station 01160302 Ban Takloi, A. Sanamchaikhet, Chachoengsao Population: 1,503,988 (1998)

Major cities: Chonburi, Chachoengsao, Nakhonnayok, Prachinburi, Saraburi

Land uses: Forest 10.6%, Rice paddy 48.1%, Upland crops 39.2%, Orchard 1.9%, Water resources 0.2% (1998)

1.

General Description

The Mae Nam Bang Pakong merges with the Mae Nam Prachinburi at A. Bang Nampriao, Chachoengsa, and drains into the Gulf of Thailand at A. Bangpakong, Chachoengsao. The basin area is approximately 8,573 km2 and the main river reach length is approximately 241 km. The majority of the basin area is a low plain and is affected by seawater intrusion in the dry season, resulting in brackish water during the months of January to April.

270

Thailand ― 7

2


2.1

Geological Map

Source: Geological Map of Thailand, Jumchet C. and Javanaphet, 1969, Department of Mineral Resources

271

Thailand ― 7

Soil Map

Source: General Soil Map Of Thailand, 1972, Soil Survey Division, Department of Land Development

272

Thailand ― 7

2.2

Land use Map

Source: Eastern Sub-region Land Use Map 1998, Land Use Planning Div., Department of Land Development.

273

Thailand ― 7

2.3


No.

Name

Length [km] Catchment Area [km2]

Highest Peak Elevation [m]

Major cities

1

Nakhonnayok

114 2,543

Kead Mt. 1,351

A. Pakphli, A. Mueang Nakhonnayok

2

Khlong Thalat

133 2,965

Yai Mt. 777

A. Sanamchaikhet Chachoengsao

3

Khlong Luang

53 796

Chao Mt. 525

A. Bothong Chonburi

4

Lower Bangpakong

134 2,400

Chompoo Mt. 732

A. Banbueng, Chonburi A. Mueang, Chachoengsao

5

Bangpakong (main river)

241 806

Kead Mt. 1,351

Chonburi, Chachoengsao Nakhonnayok

2.4


274

Thailand ― 7

3.


3.1

Annual Isohyetal Map

Source: Isohyetal Map of Thailand, 1966-1995, Meteorological Department.

275

Thailand ― 7

3.2


Code

Station

Gauge

Location

Duration

Mean annual [mm]

Data

03160301

A. Phanomsarakham Chachoengsao

Standard

N13° 44' 36" E 101° 21' 00"

1952 - 1996

1,490.2

Precipitation

03160302

Thatakiap Agr. Exp. Sta. A. Sanamchaikhet Chachoengsao

Standard

N13° 28' 29" E 101° 37' 44"

1967 - 1996

1,331.6

Precipitation

03160501

A. Mueang Chachoengsao

Automatic

N14° 03' 00" E 101° 22' 00"

1952 - 1995

1,894.9

Precipitation

03160503

A. Bangkhla Chachoengsao

Standard

N13° 43' 34" E 101° 04' 55"

1952 - 1996

1,282.8

Precipitation

03160504

A. Bangnampriao Chachoengsao

Standard

N13° 50' 44" E 101° 03' 25"

1952 - 1996

1,353.3

Precipitation

03160508

A. Bangpakong Chachoengsao

Standard

N13° 32' 29" E 100° 59' 50"

1982 - 1996

936.3

Precipitation

01160205

Hua Narok A. Mueang Prachinburi

Standard

N14° 17' 13" E 101° 24' 16"

1986 - 1996

2,855.6

Precipitation

03160201

A. Mueang Nakhonnayok

Standard

N14° 12' 07" E 101° 13' 12"

1951 - 1996

1,894.9

Precipitation

03160202

A. Banna Nakhonnayok

Standard

N14° 15' 54" E 101° 03' 51"

1952 - 1996

1,743.0

Precipitation

03160203

A. Pakphli Nakhonnayok

Standard

N14° 09' 44" E 101° 15' 53"

1952 - 1996

1,721.7

Precipitation

03160204

A. Ongkharak Nakhonnayok

Standard

N 14° 07' 17" 1952 - 1996 E 101° 00' 08"

1,314.6

Precipitation

3.3


Observations

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Total

Period

Temperature [°C]

26.7 28.3 29.7 30.1 29.3 28.8 28.4 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.2 26.1 28.2

Precipitation [mm]

8.8 19.4 53.7 120.7216.7253.7284.0386.1364.8162.9 33.8 8.5 159.4 1,913.0 1966 - 1997

Evaporation [mm]

137.9130.9169.7160.6147.0124.9133.6126.5123.6124.9135.2137.4 137.7 1,652.3 1966 - 1997

276

-

1966 - 1997

Thailand ― 7

3.4


Station: A. Mueang, Nakhonnayok (03160201)

277

Thailand ― 7

4.


4.1

Map of Stream Flow Observation Stations

Source: Chantajitra, Y. et al., 1994, Location Map of Hydrologic and Meteorological Stations in Thailand, Office of National Research Council

278

Thailand ― 7

4.2

List of Hydrological Observation Stations Location

Station


Duration

Mean discharge [m3/s]

Data items

951

1969 - 1995

9.02

Q, H1, WQ

01160302 N 13° 28' 29" Ban Thaloi A. Sanamchaikhet, E 101° 37' 44" Chachoengsao 01160401 A. Phanatnikhom, Chonburi

N 13° 23' 17" E 101° 20' 40"

535

1965 - 1995

3.49

Q, H1, WQ

01160205 A. Mueang, Prachinburi

N 14° 17' 23" E 101° 24' 16"

128

1986 - 1995

7.70

Q, H1, WQ

01160204 A. Banna, Nakhonnayok

N 14° 17' 07" E 101° 04' 26"

203

1977 - 1995

4.59

Q, H5d

01160202 A. Mueang, Nakhonnayok

N 14° 14' 45" E 101° 12' 38"

519

1973 - 1995

22.40

Q, H5d

− 4) Qmax 3 [m /s]

− 5) Qmin 3 [m /s]

− Q/A 3 2 [m /s/100km ]



500

190

0.02

0.95

52.6

1969-1995

358

66.2

0.10

0.65

66.9

1965-1995

7.70

429

286

0.00

6.02

335

1986-1995

01160204

4.59

115

79.1

0.03

2.26

56.7

1977-1995

01160202

22.40

535

342

0.11

4.32

103.08

1973-1995

No.

−2) Q 3 [m /s]

Qmax 3 [m /s]

01160302

9.02

01160401

3.49

01160205

1) Q: Discharge 2) Mean annual discharge 5) Mean minimum discharge

4.3

3)

H1: Water level (daily) 3) Maximum discharge.

H5d: Water level (5-day) 4) Mean maximum discharge

WQ: Water qualities


Station: A. Sanamchaikhet, Chachoengsao (01160302)

279

Thailand ― 7

4.6

Annual Maximum and Minimum Discharge 2

Station: A. Sanamchaikhet, Chachoengsao: (01160302) (951 km ) Year

Maximum

Minimum

Date

m3/s

Date

m3/s

1969

9.22

268

3.21

0.00

1970

9.22

138

3.23

0.00

1971

10.30

212

4.14

1972

9.25

129

3.31

1973

9.19

217

4.17

1974

10.20

134

1975

10.05

1976

Year

Maximum

Minimum

Date

m3/s

Date

m3/s

1982

9.11

55

3.31

0.02

1983

10.20

383

4.24

0.00

0.03

1984

10.10

118

3.17

0.01

0.01

1985

10.24

73

3.31

0.00

0.00

1986

10.07

184

4.09

0.00

4.04

0.10

1987

10.06

79

4.20

0.01

158

3.08

0.09

1988

10.19

214

4.11

0.00

9.14

500

3.10

0.06

1989

9.13

54

5.07

0.15

1977

9.24

101

3.27

0.00

1990

10.05

475

4.23

0.00

1978

9.19

301

3.29

0.00

1991

9.26

220

3.31

0.00

1979

9.30

91

5.06

0.00

1992

11.02

121

5.10

0.00

1980

9.24

118

5.09

0.00

1993

8.24

103

3.09

0.03

1981

9.23

171

4.11

0.03

1994

9.03

223

3.06

0.05

1995

10.11

243

4.01

0.12

4.7

Hyetograph and Hydrograph of Major Flood

Station: A. Sanamchaikhet, Chachoengsao (01160302)

280

Thailand ― 7

5.

Water Resources

5.1


Source: Map of Irrigation Projects in Thailand 1989, Planning and Budget Div., Royal Irrigation Department

281

Thailand ― 7

5.2

List of Major Reservoirs River

Name




Purposes

Year completed

Khlong Rabom (Khlong Tharat tributary)

Khlong Rabom Dam

798

272

252

A, W

1990

Khlong Luang

Khlong Luang

528

135

119

A, W

1995

Khlong Siyat

Khlong Siyat Dam

951

325

300

A, W

1995

A: Agriculture

5.4

W: Water supply

Major Floods Peak discharge

Station code


3

m /s

m3/s/km2

01160302

951

500

01160401

535

01160205

5.5

Date

Duration

0.526

14/9/76

1969 - 1995

303

0.566

10/5/90

1965 - 1995

128

429

3.352

10/5/90

1986 - 1995

01160204

203

115

0.567

10/5/90

1977 - 1995

01160202

519

535

1.031

13/8/91

1973 - 1995

Water Quality Location

Year

pH

DO [ppm]

BOD [mg/l]

Coliform [MPN/100ml.]

Nakhonnayok River (Khlong Hokwa)

1991 1992

7.1 7.1

7.28 5.68

1.12 0.16

-

Bangpakong River (Wat Sothon)

1991 1992

7.0 7.5

3.60 5.28

0.88 1.44

-

Bangpakong River (Bangpakong Bridge)

1991 1992

7.1 7.8

3.44 5.20

0.80 1.60

-

Khlong Rabom

1991 1992

8.3 7.8

4.80 5.28

0.64 0.72

-

Source: Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Kasetsart University, 1994, Study of Potential Development of Water Resources in the Bangpakong River Basin, report submitted to NESDB

282

Thailand ― 7

6.


The Mae Nam Bang Pakong River originates from the mountain ranges in the eastern sub-region covering the provinces of Chachoengsao, Nakhonnayok, Chonburi, Prachinburi and Saraburi. The population of this sub-region is similar to that of the Central Plain in terms of culture, language, religion and beliefs. The people living on the low lying river plain are mainly involved in agriculture. Water related festivals are the Songkran and the Loy Kratong. There are also other provincial festivals, for example the Buffalo Race and Rice Piling contests in Chonburi. In general, people in this region are diligent, but conservative, and prefer a peaceful life. The beautiful natural resources, like waterfalls and the long coastline, attract tourists all the year round. In addition there exist deep water sea ports catering for international cargo ships. These favorable economic basin conditions make the people of the area well off with relatively high annual incomes.

7.

References

Chantajitra, Y. et al. (1994): Location Map of Hydrological and Meteorological Stations in Thailand, submitted to Office of National Research Council. Brown Record, Thailand Pollution Status Report 1997, Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Sciences, Technology and Environment. Dept. of Water Resources Engineering, Kasetsart University (1994): Study of the Potential Development of Water Resources in the Prachinburi River Basin, submitted to NESDB. Eastern Sub-region Land Use Map 1998, Land Use Planning Div., Department of Land Development Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (1992): Surface runoff and specific yield of river basins in Thailand, Survey and Ecology Department (February, 1992), Meteorology and Hydrology Division. Isohyetal Map of Thailand 1966-1995, Hydrometeorology Div., Department of Meteorology Jumchet, C. and Javanaphet (1969): Geological Map of Thailand, Department of Mineral Resources. Map of Irrigation Projects in Thailand 1989, Planning and Budget Div., Royal Irrigation Department Meteorological Department: Climatological Data of Thailand. 1952-1997, Bangkok, Thailand. Soils the Kingdom of Thailand, Explanatory Text of the General Soil Map, Soil Survey Division, Department of Land Development, 1972. Thailand Hydrological Yearbook, 1978-1996, Hydrology Division, Royal Irrigation Department, Bangkok, Thailand.

283

Thailand ― 8

Tonle Sap Map of River

284

Thailand ― 8

Table of Basic Data Name: Tonle Sap

Serial No : Thailand-8

Location: Eastern part of Thailand Area: 4,142 km

N 12° 45' 03" - 13° 42' 43" E 102° 10' 13" - 102° 37" 40"

2


Origin: Upper - Mt. Bantud Phrom Hot - Mt. Tungpauy Lower - Mt. South Soidao

Highest point: Upper - 616 m Phrom Hot - 295 m Lower - 1,640 m

Outlet: Upper - Huai Ta Khen Phrom Hot - Khlong Nam Sai Lower - flow to Kampuchai

Lowest point: Upper - 24 m Phrom Hot - 40 m Lower - 37 m

Main geological formations: Phu Phan and Phra Wihan Formation, Kanchanaburi Formation, Phu Kradung Formation, Ratburi Formation, Gneiss and Schist, Granite and Granodiorite, Andesite-Rhyorite, Porphyry and Tuff, Basalt and its equivalents Major tributaries: Upper (1,626 km2), Huai Phrom Hot (936 km2), Lower (1,580 km2) 6

3

Major reservoirs: Huai Yang Reservoir (60 x 10 m , 1993) Mean annual precipitation: 1,387 mm. (1966-1997) at station 03170101 A. Aranyaprathet, Sakaeo Mean annual runoff: 5.30 m3/s (1964-1988) at station 01170201 A. Aranyaprathet, Sakaeo Population: 480,809 (1998)

Major cities: Sakaeo and A. Pong Nam Ron, Chanthaburi

Land uses: Forest 32.4% Agriculture and urban Areas 67.6% Water resources 0.3% (1998)

1

General Description

The basin of the Tonle Sap contains 8 separate rivers. The basin can be divided into 3 sub-basins, i.e., the Upper Tonle Sap, the Huai Phromhot, and the Lower Tonle Sap basins. All sub-basins are approximately rectangular in shape (compactness coefficient>1). The drainage capacity of the basin is relatively low (drainage density