Catalysis Science & Technology

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This article can be cited before page numbers have been issued, to do this please use: G. Cravotto, E. Calcio, D. Carnaroglio, M. A. Gonçalves, L. Schmidt, E. M. M. Flores, C. Deiana, Y. Sakhno and G. Martra, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2014, DOI: 10.1039/C4CY00038B.

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Catalysis Science & Technology Accepted Manuscript

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ARTICLE

Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x

Fast TiO2-catalyzed direct Amidation of neat Carboxylic Acids under mild dielectric Heating E. Calcio Gaudino,a D. Carnaroglio,a M.A. Gonçalves Nunes,b L. Schmidt,b M.M.E. Flores,b C. Deiana,c Y. Sakhno,c G. Martra,c and G. Cravotto,a*

Received 00th January 2012, Accepted 00th January 2012 DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x www.rsc.org/

The development of green protocols for amide bond formation is a major socioeconomic goal for chemical and pharmaceutical industries and an important challenge for academic research. We herein report a protocol for the quantitative conversion of carboxylic acids and amines to form amides at 100 °C in the presence of a TiO2 powder catalyst, under monomodal microwave irradiation. The sustainability of the process appears to be augmented by the ease with which the catalyst is recycled.

1. Introduction The direct amidation reaction between carboxylic acids and amines is still a difficult task1 because it requires high temperatures (>180 °C) which are often incompatible with most functionalised molecules.2,3 Carboxylic acids can be activated towards nucleophilic attack by coupling4 and stoichiometric reagents,5,6 forming acid chlorides, anhydrides or esters. The main drawbacks of these time-consuming strategies are the formation of toxic/corrosive by-products, poor atom economy and costly waste streams that clearly mark them out as nonsustainable processes.7 In recent years new environmentally benign amide preparation protocols that start with acids and amines have been described. They fundamentally exploit enabling technologies such as microwave (MW) irradiation,8 and efficient heterogeneous catalysis,9-11 and 12,13 organocatalysis, often in solvent-free conditions.14 Dielectric heating is a valid response to stubborn, time consuming reactions,15 and can be applied on a range of scales, from milliliters to kilograms.16 Many protocols have been developed using homogeneous solid catalysts such as ZrCl4,17,18 and some nano-sized particles are worthy of note as their high specific surface area gives them high reactivity.19,20 In particular, titanium dioxide (TiO2)21 (Evonik P25) are used as a stable, non-volatile, odorless, white powder with a high specific surface area that as well known, received since a long time a huge interest as a photocatalyst,22,23 but it can be also exploited for thermal catalysis.21 Different kinds of TiO2 have been synthesized and applied in amide bond synthesis giving moderate yields even in long reaction times.24-26 In this piece of work, we describe an efficient protocol for the direct amidation of carboxylic acids in a monomode MW reactor in the presence of a TiO2 catalyst which has supplied a significant increase in

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the amidation yield and while allowing for a decrease in the reaction temperature over catalyst-free MW processes.27 The catalyst was furthermore easily recovered from the reaction mixture and recycled after activation, thereby rendering the process economically viable. Finally, as it was recently demonstrated in the vapor phase that carboxylic acids can be activated toward amidation on the surface of an oxide via carboxylate formation,28 an investigation of the interaction of benzoic acid (as it gave the highest yields of the carboxylic acids considered) and the TiO2 catalyst has been performed.

2. Experimental 2.1. Reagents and Equipment D2O (99.90% D) was purchased from Euriso-top, all other solvents and reagents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Italy and used without further purification unless otherwise noted. The commercial TiO2 powder P25 (ca. 80% anatase, 20% rutile, specific surface area ~ 50 m2/g, average primary particle size 21 nm), AEROXIDE® (a highly dispersed titanium dioxide manufactured according to the AEROSIL® - process) was kindly provided by Evonik Industries and used as the catalyst. The catalyst was used as found or, in some cases, after treatment in a muffle furnace at 450 °C for 1.5 h, to remove molecular species, in particular any of an organic nature, which may have adsorbed onto the surface of the catalyst while it was simply stored in air.29 This was followed by cooling to room temperature and storage in ambient air before introduction in the reactor. Reactions were performed in a monomode MW reactor (Monowave 300, Anton Paar, with autosampler MAS24) and in a professional multimode oven (MicroSYNTH – MLS Gmbh,

Cat. Sci. & Techn., 2014, 00, 1-3 | 1

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ARTICLE Milestone Srl) equipped both with a built-in IR sensor for temperature control. GC-MS analyses were carried out in a gas chromatograph Agilent 6890 (Agilent Technologies, USA) fitted with a mass detector Agilent Network 5973 using a capillary column that was 30 m long, had an i.d. of 0.25 mm and a film thickness of 0.25 mm. GC conditions were: injection split 1:20, injector temperature 250 °C, detector temperature 280 °C. Gas carrier: helium (1.2 mL/min), temperature program: from 70 °C (2 min) to 300 °C at 5 °C/min. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance 300 (300 MHz and 75 MHz for 1H and 13C, respectively) at 25 °C; chemical shifts were calibrated to the residual proton and carbon resonance of the solvent: CDCl3 (δH= 7.26, δC = 77.16). HRMS was determined using MALDITOF mass spectra (Bruker Ultraflex TOF mass spectrometer). 2.2. Reaction conditions In the typical amidation procedure, a finely grinded mixture of benzoic acid (150 mg, 1.2 mmol), benzylamine (140 μL, 1.3 mmol, d= 0.98 g/L), and TiO2 powder Evonik P25 (100 mg), was irradiated in a MW monomode reactor in a borosilicate glass tube G30 (30 mL). The reaction mixture was heated to 100 °C (average power: 70 W) for 20 min under stirring (600 rpm), and EtOAc (5 mL) was added. The suspension was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 min to remove the TiO2 catalyst. The recovered organic phase was poured into a separating funnel and washed with H2O (3 x 5 mL), with a saturated solution of NaHCO3 (3 x 5 mL), and then with brine (3 x 5 mL). It was finally dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and then evaporated under vacuum which gave the product. Overall conversion and yield were determined by GC-MS analysis. The structure of the products was confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry. 2.3. IR spectroscopic measurements For IR spectroscopic measurements, the TiO2 powder was pressed into self-supporting pellets (“optical thickness” ca. 10 mg/cm2), which were placed in an IR cell equipped with CaF2 windows and a valve connecting to the vacuum lines (residual pressure 1.0·10-5 mbar) allowing thermal treatment and adsorption/desorption experiments to be carried out in situ. Samples were heated inside the cell, under dynamic vacuum, from room temperature to 723 K (ca. 5 K/min) and outgassed at this temperature for 1 h. To compensate for the reductive effect on TiO2 produced by this dehydration/dehydroxylation treatment, 6 mbar of O2 were admitted into the cell, and kept in contact with the samples for 1 h at 723 K. The system was subsequently cooled to 473 K in O2 and finally to room temperature under outgassing. The treated samples appeared perfectly white, as expected for stoichiometric TiO2. The cell was then transferred to the IR instruments (Bruker Vector 22; detector: DTGS), without exposing the samples to air and connected to another vacuum line for the in situ adsorption/desorption of H2O, D2O and C6H5COOD vapors. The spectra were collected at beam temperature (ca. 50 °C, b.t.)

2 | Cat. Sci. & Techn, 2014, 00, 1-3

Journal Name with a resolution of 4 cm-1 at 100 scans, to assure a good signalto-noise ratio.

3. Results and discussion The MW-assisted direct amidation of benzoic acid (1) with benzylamine (2) was chosen as model reaction (Scheme 1) for the optimization of conditions and parameters.

Scheme 1. Solvent-free MW-assisted amidation of benzoic acid. We initially conducted some tests comparing multimode and monomode MW reactors and observed that the solvent-free conversion of benzoic acid to amide in the presence of TiO2 was faster and more efficient when irradiated in a monomode cavity (Table 1).30,31 Quantitative conversion was observed in 20 min under neat conditions at 100 °C, while the reaction did not occur with solvents (toluene or acetonitrile; Table 2). Longer reaction times and higher temperature did not improve reaction rate and yield. As reported in Table 1, at low reaction temperature (up to 80 °C) the catalyst pre-activation step is required for water desorbing on TiO2 surface. Otherwise, at 100 °C and over, the higher power density of the monomode MW reactor makes pre-activation step unnecessary. The high yield at mild reaction conditions is certainly worthy of note as previous catalyst-free protocols require much higher temperatures (200-300 °C), which are often incompatible with many thermo-labile organic moieties, to give their best performance.27 Table 1. Benzoic acid (1) / benzylamine (2) amidation (TiO2 33.3 wt%) at different temperature in 20 min.

a

Entry 1

Temp. (°C) 60

Yield (%) 0

Yield (%)a 25

2

80

0

81

3

100

99

97

4

120

72

70

5

160

37

38

6

200

31

30

Pre-activated TiO2 catalyst (450 °C, 1.5 h).

The sequential addition of carboxylic acid and amine to the catalyst powder, with two heating steps was deleterious (Table 2, entries 6, 7). The catalyst amount was varied over a range of 1.5-150 wt% of total reactant mass. Fig. 1 indicates that the reaction yield is directly proportional to the amount of the catalyst up to a value

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Entrya 1 2 3 4 5

Entrya

a

Time (min.)

TiO2 catalyst 33% wt. TiO2 catalyst regenerated via heating in muffle furnace (450 °C; 1.5 h). TiO2 catalyst used directly without any pre-activation.

1

5

31

b

2

10

94

c

3

15

76

4

20

99 (