Chap-7.1(agra) - cpheeo

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Agra is located at latitude 27010' N and longitude 78005' E. 7.1.2 Population. Population of Agra city is 13,21,410 as per the census of 2001. 7.1.3 Climate and  ...
7.1

AGRA

7.1.1 Location Agra is located at latitude 27010' N and longitude 78005' E. 7.1.2 Population Population of Agra city is 13,21,410 as per the census of 2001.

7.1.3 Climate and Rainfall The city experiences tropical type of climate. The summer is very hot and dry while winter is very cold. The maximum mean monthly atmospheric temperature, 41.880C, has been recorded in May and the minimum 7.40C in January. The average annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 32.30C and 19.00C, respectively. The city receives rainfall mainly from the South-West monsoon, which is effective between June and September. The annual rainfall is 679 mm of which 90% is contributed by the South-West monsoon. 7.1.4 Soil Characteristics The soil mostly consists of the quarternary sediments of the Indo-Gangetic plains. It consists of recent unconsolidated fluvial formations containing sand, silt and clay. Its texture is mostly fine. 7.1.5 Geology A generalized geological succession of the formations present in and around Agra city is given below: Formation Quaternary

Lithology Gangetic Alluvium

Age Recent Pleistocene

-------------------------------------------------Unconformity------------------------------------------------Vindhyan

Upper Bhander Sandstone Lower Rewa Sandstone

Pre-cambrian

The entire city of Agra is underlain by quaternary sediments constituting an admixture of sand, silt, clay and kanker. 7.1.6 Drainage River Yamuna forms the major drainage of the city and it flows from North to South-East of the city. The overall drainage is controlled by the Yamuna river. There are about 13 unlined and 6 lined drains flowing across the city area. These drains were formerly natural water drainage. Now they serve as sewage disposal drains. 7.1.7 Hydrogeological Characteristics Groundwater occurs under unconfined to semi-confined conditions. Depth to water level varies from 17 to 23 m bgl but in the topographic lows and in the vicinity of Agra canal and Yamuna, water table is within depth of 10 m bgl. The water level data show a declining trend. The regional water table data shows that the ground water movement in general is from west to east on the right bank and east to west on the left bank. The local topography plays an important role in controlling the ground water movement in the area. 7.1.8 Water supply Yamuna river is the main source (surface water) of water supply to Agra city. The Jal Nigam has also installed Hand-pumps (Mark II) to supplement the required water supply. The urban water supply is a perpetual problem in this saline tract, where fresh water is available only in patches. Agra water works has a WTP of capacity 252 MLD whereas Sikandra water Works has a designed capacity of 120 MLD. 7.1.9 Groundwater quality The chemical quality of groundwater in Agra is a big constraint in the development of this resource. The analytical results of groundwater samples (CGWB, 2001) indicate that by and large, the water is alkaline, moderately to highly mineralized and excessively hard to brackish. The results are presented in Table 25.

7.1.10 Health status The localities namely Laxmi Nagar and Pandav Nagar have sparse density of houses and have better amenities. The respondents have so far not encountered chronic water borne diseases. In Ayodhya Kunj locality, incidence of jaundice during the period (1996-2000) has been mentioned by the respondents. Detailed health data from the city agency could not be solicited. It was also not available on the web site of the district. 7.1.11 Sewerage In most of the zones of Agra city, sewer lines have not been laid except for certain parts of Old city area. The existing system is spread over an area of 1400 hectares. It is devoid of proper house connection and open to surface run-off (NEERI report, 2002). 7.1.12 Selection of Sampling Sites As per the TOR, the distance for collection of water samples for Bacteriological Analysis would be up to 15 m from the on-site sanitation systems with interval of 2-3 m, while for physical and chemical analysis it will be up to 100 m from the on-site sanitation systems with appropriate intervals. A thorough reconnaissance visit was undertaken in the city to locate suitable sites for collection of groundwater samples. It is observed that no water sources exist at the pre-decided distance intervals from the on-site sanitation systems. Water samples were collected only from those sources, which exist in the field. Hence, the deviation from what is stipulated in the TOR. However, due attention was given to the fact that the objectives of the project are addressed. Based on the criteria for site selection mentioned earlier, three localities were chosen for study in consultation with officials of Municipal Corporation, Agra. The sites selected were inhabited by different socio-economic groups with distinct living style. The sites selected were Pandav Nagar (Site 1), Ayoddhya Kunj (Site 2) and Laxmi Nagar (Site 3) on Sikandra Road. The details about the sampling locations are presented in Tables 26, 27, 28. A brief write-up on the description of the site follows

here. The selected sites had only groundwater sources in the vicinity of the On-site sanitation systems. Surface water sources were not present in the vicinity of the sites. Site 1 : Pandav Nagar The area is sewered and there exist jet pumps in the houses as per the details outlined in Table 26. The area has proper facilities for disposal of domestic waste and the overall sanitary conditions are satisfactory. Water samples were collected from the locality and were scattered almost symmetrically on a circular zone. All the samples were from jet pumps (bore wells) and the depth of water table varies between 25 meters to 43 meters. Shallow unconfined alluvial aquifer is tapped for extraction of groundwater. Site 2 : Ayodhya Kunj In this locality, the individual houses have jet pumps located few metres away from the septic tanks located within the house. The locality is more than 30 years old. The water table in the locality varies between 24 to 46 m and the distance of the borewell from the septic tank varies between 3 to 6 m. The houses are densely clustered and people rely on the groundwater sources (Table 27). Site 3 : Laxmi Nagar It is a recently developed colony on the Sikandra road. This site corresponds to a scenario where there are individual houses with septic tanks located within the house. The houses are sparsely placed and people rely on the groundwater sources (Table 28). The water table in the locality varies between 10-30m and the distance of the borewell from the septic tank varies between 3-7 m. Three samples in the fringe of the locality have been selected as control points (ASP8, ASP9 and ASP10). These points were away from clustered settlements and there was no on-site sanitation facility in the vicinity. The sources were located in a Gurudwara, Banquet hall and Temple on the road.

7.1.12 Results and Discussion

Samples have been collected in four seasons and analysed for physicochemical, bacteriological and heavy metal parameters. The results for Pandav Nagar, Ayodhya Kunj and Laxmi Nagar are presented in Tables 29, 30 & 31 respectively. The conclusions are summarized in 6.4.1.

Table 25 : Chemical quality of Groundwater in Agra city Parameters

Range in water samples Depth (16.77 m to 21.34 m)

Depth (22.86 m to 29.00 m)

pH

7.2-8.0

7.8-8.8

Total hardness

450.8-4425.0

520.0-6286.0

Ca

84.0-400.0

112.0-1600.0

Mg

29.0-400.0

42.0-574.0

Fe

0.5-1.2

0.2-1.5

TDS

1000.0-6630.0

800.0-14800.0

Cl

140.0-4600.0

160.0-8500.0

F

0.2-0.5

1.2-3.2

NO3

1.46-11.50

2.8-60.0

Turbidity

4.5-18.0

2.2-15.0

as CaCO3

Table 26 Details of sampling location and sources Control Site 1, Pandav Nagar, Agra Sl. Sample Location No. code 1. AP1 Er. B. D.Sharma, Plot no.135, Planner Regd. Valuer, Pandav Nagar, Agra 2. AP2 Shri. K. L. Anand, Advocate Tax Consultant, Plot no.134, Pandav Nagar, Agra 3. AP3 Shri Sundershyam Vij, Plot no.125, Pandav Nagar, Agra 4. AP4 Dr. Bhajanlal Sharma, Plot no.32, Kusum Kuti, Pandav Nagar, Agra 5. AP5 Shri S. D.Sharma, Retd. Suprintendent, Statistics Authority, Plot no.149, Pandav Nagar, Agra 6. AP6 Shri R. K. Chawala, Plot no.143, Krishna Bhavan, Pandav Nagar, Agra

Source description Bore well with pump, 26 m depth, 21 m Casing, 10 years old both house and well

Distance from septic tank Sewered Area

Bore well, fitted with pump, 33 m depth, aluvium of yellow colour reported during drilling, both well and house are 11 years old

Sewered Area

Bore well fitted with pump, 45 m depth, 6 years old bore well, 15 years old house

Sewered Area

Bore well fitted with pump, 32 m depth, 8 years old bore well, 20 years old house, locality is sewered from 1980

Sewered Area

Bore well fitted with pump, 28 m depth, 15 years old bore well, 22 years old house, locality is sewered from 1980

Sewered Area

Bore well fitted with pump, 40 m depth, Casing upto depth of 27 m, both bore well & house are 10 years old , locality is sewered from 1980

Sewered Area

Table 27 Details of sampling location and sources Site 2, Ayodhya Kunj, Agra Sl. Sample Distance from Location Source description No. code septic tank 5m 1. AA1 Shri Lala Chandrabhan, Bore well with pump, 27 m depth, Water table at 11 m Plot no.128 / A, bgl, 32 years old both well Ayodhya Kunj, and septic tank Agra 3m Bore well, fitted with 2. AA2 Shri H. S. Labhaniya, pump, 50 m depth, Plot no.145 / A, 8 years old both well and Ayodhya Kunj, septic tank Agra 5m Bore well, fitted with 3. AA3 Shri Reshwal Singh, pump, 35 m depth, 8 years Plot no.87 / A, old both well and septic Ayodhya Kunj, tank Agra 2m 4. AA4 Shri Manojkumar Dubey, Bore well, fitted with Hand pump, 25 m depth, Plot no.128 / A, 10 years old bore well, Ayodhya Kunj, 15 years old septic tank Agra 5m 5. AA5 Nagar Nigam Hand pump, Bore well, with hand pump Ayodhya Kunj, Agra 3m Bore well, fitted with 6. AA6 Shri Ramakant Shukla, pump, 27 m depth, Plot no.7 / A, 10 years old both well and Ayodhya Kunj, septic tank Agra 5m 7. AA7 Nagar Nigam Hand pump, Bore well, with hand pump, 33 m depth, 5 years Ayodhya Kunj, old Agra 7m Bore well, fitted with 8. AA8 Shri Dinesh Baghel, pump, 35 m depth, Plot no.81 / A, 10 years old bore well, Ayodhya Kunj, 35 years old septic tank Agra 5m 9. AA9 Shri Ramkumar Bhardwaj, Bore well, fitted with pump, 33 m depth, Plot no.58 / 128-A, 11 years old bore well, Ayodhya Kunj, 32 years old septic tank Agra 3m Bore well, fitted with 10. AA10 Shri Ajay Pal Singh, pump, 33 m depth, Plot no.91 / A, 20 years old both well and Ayodhya Kunj, septic tank, water used for Agra domestic purpose 3m Bore well, fitted with 11. AA11 Shri Girija K. Agrawal, pump, 36 m depth, 4 years Plot no.89 / A, old well and septic tank Ayodhya Kunj, Agra

Table 28 Details of sampling location and sources Site 3, Laxmi Nagar, Agra Sl. Sample Location No. code 1. ASP1 Shri Monika Ahuja, Plot no.8, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 2. ASP2 Shri Kaushanlal Memorial Inter College, Opp.house of Raju Agarwal (S.S. Leader) Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 3. ASP3 Shri Sushil Garg, Plot no.14, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 4. ASP4 Shri A. Juneja, Plot no.33, Opp.Getwell Hospital & Medical Stores, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 5. ASP-5 Shri A. K. Bansal, Plot no.15, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 6. ASP6 Shri M. C. Garg, Plot no.34, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra 7. ASP7 Shri Govind Mohan Sharma, Plot no.25, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra

Source description Bore well with pump, 27 m depth, 3 years old bore well, 5 years old septic tank

Distance from septic tank 5m

Bore well, fitted with jet pump, 17 m depth, 5 years old both well and septic tank.

8m

Bore well, fitted with jet pump, 37 m depth, 23 m depth of water table, 3 years old both well and septic tank.

3m

Bore well, with hand pump, depth 37 m, 27 m depth of water table, 5 years old both well and septic tank.

7m

Bore well, with jet pump, depth 37 m, 23 m depth of water table, 3 years old both well and septic tank.

3m

Bore well, with jet pump, depth 36 m, 23 m depth of water table, 10 years old both well and septic tank.

3m

Bore well with jet pump, depth 36 m, 3 years old both well and septic tank.

7m

Contd…

…Contd. Table 28 Sl Sample Location code No. 8. ASP8 # Near Shiv Temple, Sikandara Railway. Crossing, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra. 9. ASP9# Nanak Nagar Gurudwara, 200 m after Shiv temple, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra. 10. ASP10# Gathbandhan Bonquet Hall, Near Kabir/Sarojani Nagar Plot no.14, Agra-Mathura Road, Laxmi Nagar, Agra. # Control sample

Source description Bore well, with jet pump, depth 45 m, 42 m casing, 7 years old well.

Distance from septic tank No septic tank present in 150 m periphery

No septic tank Bore well, with hand pump, present in 100 m depth 27 m, 23 m depth of water table, 5 years old well, periphery open defecation is practiced around the well.

Bore well with pump, 40 m depth, 2 years old.

No septic tank present in 100 m periphery