Single Miller Capacitor Feedforward Compensation. (SMFFC). They are implemented in amplifiers fabricated in standard 0.5µm CMOS technology. The use of a ...
and slew rate of the AFCB amplifier are also improved due to the much smaller compensation capacitors. Moreover, the presence of a left-half-plane zero in the ...
❑Op amp circuits work at levels that are quite close to their predicted theoretical
performance. .... Superposition technique for linear time-invariant circuit. 1. 1. 2. 1
.... ❑The analysis can be simplified by using the circuit model with an offs
21. Lab 7. JFET Amplifiers. Purpose. This experiment will investigate the
characteristics of the common-source and common-drain amplifier. Material and
...
Sporogony is spore formation, a form of multiple fission in parasitic protozoa.
Types of Asexual Reproduction. ✹ Budding is unequal division of an organism.
(b) Estimate the average cost per highway mile and the total cost of urgently ... example, to select an SRS of households in the U.S. would be extremely difficult because ...... a ...
and the terminal-invariant set of Engen [6]. ..... 34â37, Jan. 1978. [5] ... G. Engen, âA new method of characterizing amplifier noise performance,â IEEE Trans.
of the noise matrix appears to be the most practical. The noise figure for a given output port is defined and related to the noise matrix and scattering parameters ...
... used as output stage of op amps. ❑ Class AB amplifiers are preferred for audio
power amplifier. ❑ Class C amplifiers are usually used at higher frequencies ...
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The standard notations for the derivative will be used; e. g., f0(x), df(x) dx. , Df(x),
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RAM N-1. Rst er. ERR. TGO. Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab., EE. NCU.
relative ease, when compared to purely relay ladder logic (RLL) solutions. .....
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tures in the presence or absence of adjuvant and illustrate how to estimate the frequencies of precursor. T cells using an online tool that we made publicly ...
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NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu. 7-2. ❑The design philosophy for ICs is different
from that of discrete-component circuits. ▫ Two matched transistors are used.
CHAPTER 7 BUILDING BLOCKS OF INTEGRATED‐CIRCUIT AMPLIFIERS Chapter Outline 7.1 IC Design Philosophy 7.2 The Basic Gain Cell 7.3 The Cascode Amplifier 7.4 IC Biasing 7.5 Current‐Mirror Circuits with Improved Performance
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐1
7.1 IC Design Philosophy Integrated circuits More and more electronics circuits are integrated in a single chip More complicated functions Smaller size and lower cost Suitable for mass‐production Implementation cost depends on device area rather than device count Large/moderate‐value resistors should be avoided Larger/moderate‐value capacitors should be avoided Preferable to use transistors due to chip‐area consideration
Design philosophy The design philosophy for ICs is different from that of discrete‐component circuits Realize as many of functions as possible by using transistors only Rely on device matching or size ratios for circuit design Active loads are typically used for amplifier designs
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐2
7.2 The Basic Gain Cell The CS and CE amplifier with current‐source loads Active‐load CS amplifier: Equivalent circuit Rin
Avo g m ro Ro ro
Intrinsic gain ID 2 n Cox (W / L) I D VOV / 2 V V L ro A A ID ID gm
A0
2V L V 2 nCoxWL VA A A VOV / 2 VOV ID
Intrinsic gain is only 20 to 40 V/V for a MOSFET in a modern short‐channel technology For a given technology: larger A0 as VOV decreases and L increases For a given transistor: A0 increases as VOV and ID decrease Gain levels off at very low currents as the MOSFET enters the subthreshold region operation where it becomes similar to a BJT with an exponential current‐voltage characteristics
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐3
Active‐load CE amplifier: Equivalent circuit Rin r Avo g m ro Ro ro
Intrinsic gain A0 g m ro
I C VA VA VT I C VT
Maximum gain obtainable in a CE amplifier (assuming an ideal dc current source) Technology‐determined parameter Independent of the transistor junction area and the bias current for a given fabrication process VA ranges from 5 to 35 V for modern IC fabrication process VA ranges from 100 to 130 V for high‐voltage process Intrinsic gain ranges from 200 to 5000 V/V
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐4
Output resistance of the current‐source load The current source can be realized by using a PMOS in saturation The output resistance is no longer infinite due to channel‐length modulation 1 W p Cox VDD VG | Vtp |2 2 L 2 |V | ro 2 A 2 I I
Voltage gain of the CS amplifier with a current‐source load Av
vo g m1 (ro1 || ro 2 ) vi
The voltage gain is reduced due to the finite output resistance of the current‐source load The gain is reduced by half if Q1 has the same Early voltage as Q2 does (ro1 = ro2)
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐5
Increasing the gain of the basic cell The gain is proportional to the resistance at the output It can be effectively increased by raising the output resistance of the gain cell Adding a current buffer: Passes the current but raises the resistance level The only candidate is CG or CB amplifier Placing CG (or CB) on top of the CS (or CE) amplifying transistor is called cascoding
Gain enhancement: It is not sufficient to raise the output resistance of the amplifying transistor only A current buffer is also needed to raise the output resistance of the current‐source load
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐6
7.3 Cascode Amplifier The MOS cascode Circuit topology: Putting a CG (Q2:cascode transistor) on top of CS (Q1:amplifying transistor) The cascode transistor passes the small‐signal current gm1vi to the output node while raising the resistance level by a factor of K Small‐signal analysis Transconductance Gm g m1
io
gm2v1
v1
v1/ro2
gm1vx vx
v1/ro1
g m1v x v1 / ro1 g m 2 v1 v1 / ro 2 0 io g m 2 v1 v1 / ro 2 0
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐7
Output resistance Ro ro1 ro 2 g m 2 ro 2 ro1 g m 2 ro 2 ro1 K A02 g m 2 ro 2 gm2v1
ix g m 2 v1 v1 / ro1 (v x v1 ) / ro 2 ix g m 2 v1 (v x v1 ) / ro 2
v1 (vx‐v1)/ro2 ix
Voltage gain of the cascode amplifier with an ideal current source Avo
vo Gm Ro g m1ro1 g m 2 ro 2 A01 A02 A02 vi
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐8
The cascode amplifier with a cascode current‐source load The output resistance of the cascode current‐source load Ro ro 3 ro 4 g m 3 ro 3ro 4 g m3 ro 3 ro 4
Voltage gain of the amplifier Av
vo g m1 ( Ron || Rop ) vi
g m1 ( g m 2 ro 2 )ro1 || ( g m 3ro 3 )ro 4
1 2 A0 2
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐9
Distribution of voltage gain in a cascode amplifier The cascode amplifier gain can be characterized as Av1: voltage gain from vi to vo1 Av2: voltage gain from vo1 to vo Av Av1 Av 2 Rin 2
v gs 2 i
vo1 vo vi vo1
1 RL ro 2 RL 1 g m 2 ro 2 g m 2 ro 2 g m 2
Av1
vo1 g m1 Rd 1 g m1 (ro1 || Rin 2 ) vi
Av 2
Av Av1
v1 v1/RL
gm2vx
g m 2 v x (v x v1 ) / ro 2 v1 / RL ix g m 2 v x (v x v1 ) / ro 2
ix vx
(vx‐v1)/ro2
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐10
Summary table of gain distribution with small‐signal parameters gm and ro Av g m ( g m ro2 || RL )
Av1 g m (ro || Rin 2 )
Av 2
Av Av1
Output resistance of a source‐degenerated CS amplifier
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐11
Double cascoding Even higher output resistance can be achieved in MOSFET circuits by double cascoding Requires higher supply voltage as one more CG transistor is stacked in the gain stage Double cascoding is required for the current‐source load to realize the advantage in voltage gain
The folded cascode Folded cascode utilizes a PMOS as the cascode transistor The dc current of Q2 is I2 and the current of Q1 is (I1 ‐ I2) The voltage limitation due to stacking of NMOS transistors can be alleviated Small‐signal operation is similar of NMOS cascode
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐12
The BJT cascode Consists of a CE and a CB transistor Equivalent circuit: Input resistance: Rin r 1
Transconductance: Gm
g m1 ( g m 2 ro21 ) g m1 ( g m 2 r21 ro11 ro21 )
io v1/r2
vx
gm2v1
v1
v1/ro2 v1/ro2 g m1v x v1 / ro1 v1 / r 2 g m 2 v1 v1 / ro 2 0 io g m 2 v1 v1 / ro 2 0
gm1vx
v1/ro1
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐13
Output resistance: Ro ro 2 (ro1 || r 2 ) g m 2 ro 2 (ro1 || r 2 ) g m 2 ro 2 (ro1 || r 2 ) Ro
max
g m 2 r 2 ro 2 2 ro 2
Double cascoding with a BJT would not be useful (Ro won’t be further raised by double cascoding) v1/r2
ix gm2v1 vx v1 (vx‐v1)/ro2
v1/ro1
Open‐circuit voltage gain: Avo
Similar to MOS with ro1||r2
vo Gm Ro g m1 ( g m 2 ro 2 )(ro1 || r 2 ) vi
For gm1 = gm2 = gm and ro1 = ro2 = ro Avo g m ( g m ro )(ro || r ) | Avo |max ( g m ro ) A0
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐14
BJT cascode amplifier with a cascode current source
Output resistance of an emitter‐ degenerated CE amplifier
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐15
7.4 IC Biasing Basic MOSFET current source MOSFET current mirror Widely used for ICs with good device matching Q1 and Q2 are identical and in saturation: I D1 I REF
V V 1 W k n (VGS Vtn ) 2 DD GS R 2 L 1
I O I D 2 I REF
Current gain or current transfer ratio: IO I REF
(W / L) 2 (W / L)1
Effect of VO on IO Current mismatch due to channel‐length modulation IO
V V (W / L) 2 I REF 1 O GS (W / L)1 VA2
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐16
MOS current‐steering circuits Current sink: pulls a dc current from a circuit Current source: pushes a dc current into a circuit All transistors should be operated in saturation Current mismatch exists for a finite VA (channel‐length modulation)
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐17
Basic BJT current mirror The case of infinite : Current is proportional to the area of EB junction IO I REF
I S 2 AE 2 I S 1 AE1
The case of finite : Q1 and Q2 identical: IO I REF
1 1
2
Current transfer ratio m (with infinite output resistance): IO I REF
1
m m 1
Current transfer ration m (with finite output resistance): IO I REF
1
V VBE m 1 O m 1 VA 2
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐18
BJT current steering Provides current source and current sink by using BJT devices VCC VEE VEB1 VBE 2 R 1 I1 I 4 REF 1
I REF
pnp
I2
I3
I1
1 1
5
npn 2
1
4
I REF
pnp 3
1
I REF
5
I REF
npn
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐19
7.5 Current‐Mirror Circuits with Improved Performance The constant‐current source Used both in biasing and as active load Performance improvement of current mirrors The accuracy of the current transfer ratio of the current mirror The output resistance of the current source
Cascode MOS current mirrors The output resistance is raised by a factor of gm3 ro3 (the intrinsic gain of the cascode transistor) The minimum voltage at the output of the current source is Vt + 2VOV (VOV for basic current source)
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐20
A bipolar mirror with base‐current compensation Base‐current compensation by an additional transistor Q3 The current transfer ratio is much less dependent on IO I REF
1
1
2
( 1)
1
1
2
2
Output resistance Ro ro 2
The Wilson current mirror Improving the current transfer ratio and output resistance The current transfer ratio: IO I REF
Comparison with cascode current mirror Reduced ‐dependence for the current transfer ratio Output resistance is approximately reduced by half Requires an additional VBE like the cascode mirror
3ix/2
ix/2
ix/2
(3/2+1)ix
vx
1/gm1
The Wilson MOS mirror Similar to the bipolar Wilson mirror Output resistance: Ro g m 3 ro 3ro 2
1 g m 3 ro 3 ro 2 g m1
Modified circuit to avoid systematic current error resulting from the difference in VDS between Q1 and Q2
NTUEE Electronics – L.H. Lu
7‐22
The Widlar current source Allows the generation of a small constant current using relatively small resistors Advantageous in considerable savings in chip area for integrated circuits Circuit performance Output current: I VBE1 VT ln REF IS