www.ijaaer.com International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Research Int. J. Agric. Environ. Res. 2(2): 153-161
ISSN: 2414-8245
ENHANCING MAIZE YIELD THROUGH INTEGRATION OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NITROGEN FERTILIZERS Muhammad Bilal1, Akhlaq Ahmad1, Ali Shan1 and Abdul Jalal1 1
Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan *Corresponding author E,mail:
[email protected]
Abstract Integrated management of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources in crop production for bringing sustainability and ensuring sound health of the soil is indispensible in modern agriculture. To probe the above assumption, a study was carried out at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan, during summer 2012. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design having three replications. Three nitrogen sources farmyard manure (FYM), mushroom spent (MS) and urea were taken in the study. The treatments were consisted of control, MS alone, FYM alone, urea alone, 50% MS + 50% FYM, 50% FYM + 50% urea, 50% urea + 50% MS and 33.3% urea + 33.3% MS + 33.3% FYM. Plot size was kept 5m x 4.5m. Nitrogen was applied at the rate of 120 kg N ha-1 from all the sources to Maize Cv Azam . The results of the study revealed that the integration of 50% FYM with 50% Urea remarkably contributed in terms of plant height (246.8 cm), ears m-2 (8), grains ear-1 (517.3), 1000 grain weight (296.7 g), biological yield (11460 kg ha -1) and grain yield (4113.3 kg ha-1). It was concluded that application of nitrogen at the rate of 120 kg N ha-1 applied as 50% urea + 50% FYM can appreciably enhance the growth and yield indices of maize crop. Key Words: Maize , Organic and inorganic nitrogen, Yield, Yield components
1. INTRODUCTION Cereals ranked first as a main dietary source for human feeding all over the world. Maize (Zea mays L.) so called “King of cereals” ranks third in cereal crops around the world (Rajeshwari, 2005). In Pakistan, it ranks third after wheat and rice (Mohsin, 2012) and is cultivated on 1.09 m ha with a production of 4.38 m tons having average yield of 3990 kg ha-1 whereas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it is cultivated on 0.48 m ha with a production of 0.89 mtons having average yield of 1868 kg ha-1 (MINFA, 2013). Maize (Zea mays L.) due to its exhaustive nature needs substantial amount of nutrients through judicious management to boost its productivity (Rajeshwari, 2005). Nitrogen being an essential component of chlorophyll is closely linked with production of greener stem and leaves results in more vigorous growth (Shah et al., 2009) and thus boost growth and yield attributes (Arshad, 2003). Improved soil fertility status and optimum crop production is highly associated with nitrogen fertilization (Habtegebrial, et al., 2007). Though a remarkable contribution was made by green revolution in terms of production especially in cereal crops but it also created some serious constraints of soil erosion, undergoing reduction in soil organic matter and more importantly the persistent increase in the price of synthetic fertilizers (Farhad et al., 2009). Increased adaptation of chemical fertilizer in the farming system increased yield on one hand but on the other hand caused a significant degradation in soil fertility level and quality of underground water (Sagardoy, 1993). ISSN: 2414-8245
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Enhancing soil fertility status as well as to increase crop productivity, integrated approach of fertilizer supplementation should be adapted to feed the human population as high cost of chemical fertilizers and increased soil pH due to its continuous use are becoming serious problems (Jama et al., 1997). Increasing crop yield, reducing production cost and maintaining soil fertility is serious issue for agricultural researchers. Organic sources along with synthetic fertilizer significantly increased efficiency of nitrogen and reduced N losses by making available to the plant (Tolessa et al., 2001). Manures are not only supplying plant nutrients but it also boosts nitrogen use efficiency and crop yield (Fageria and Baligar, 2005). Integrated management of inorganic and organic fertilizer is a productive approach to bring sustainability in crop production (Rautaray et al., 2003). Therefore, keeping in view the significance of sustainable approach for obtaining optimum yield of maize, the present study was initiated with the aim to determine the influence of various organic and inorganic nitrogen sources i.e. FYM, Mushroom spent and Urea alone and their various combinations on yield and yield traits of maize crop.
2. MATERIAL AND METHOD The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan during summer 2012. The experimental site has a semi-arid subtropical climate with a mean annual rainfall of about 360 mm. The experimental setup was completely randomized block (CRB) design having three replications. Urea (46% N) was used as inorganic source of nitrogen whereas mushroom spent (MS) and farm yard manure (FYM) were used as organic sources of nitrogen. Random samples of mushroom spent and farm yard manure were taken to the laboratory for nitrogen analysis. The laboratory results showed that mushroom spent contains 0.69% N whereas farm yard manure contains 1% N and 0.4% P. Eight treatments of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources i.e. Control, MS alone, FYM alone, urea alone, 50% MS + 50% FYM, 50% FYM + 50% urea, 50% urea + 50% MS and 33.3% urea + 33.3% MS + 33.3% FYM were applied. FYM was obtained from the dairy farm of The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan, and was well decomposed. Incorporation of FYM and MS were made 15 days before sowing in specific plots of size 5 m x 4.5 m. Calculation of the amount of FYM and MS needed to supply 120 kg N ha-1 were made on the basis of the percentage of N present in FYM and MS. Urea was applied in two splits i.e. half at sowing and half just after 1st irrigation (27 days after sowing). Planting was done on 2nd July in 2012 after wheat harvested. Maize cultivar Azam was sown in 6 rows with row to row distance 75 cm and plant to plant distance 25 cm. A basal dose of phosphorus (90 kg P 2O5 ha-1) was applied at sowing. Emergence m-2 was recorded by counting the number of seedlings emerged when 80% of the seedlings were emerged. Grains per ear of five randomly selected ears were recorded and were averaged. Plant height of 5 randomly selected plants was recorded and was averaged. The four central rows of each plot were harvested in late October to determine 1000 grains weight, biological and grain yields. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance appropriate for RCB design. Upon significant F-value, the means were separated by least significant test at 5% probability level using the procedure outlined by Jan et al., (2009). ISSN: 2414-8245
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Emergence m-2: Emergence m-2 of maize was significantly affected by integrated use of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources Table 1. Urea alone resulted in higher emergence m-2 followed by combined application of 50% FYM + 50% Urea while lower emergence m-2 was recorded at unfertilized plots. This may be due to the improved physical properties of the soil as a result of manure incorporation which might result in better aeration and thus boosted emergence. These results are in match with those of (Khan et al., 2009) who observed higher emergence m-2 with the integrated supplementation of FYM (20 tha-1) and urea (60 kg N ha-1). 3.2 Plant height (cm): Plant height of maize was significantly influenced by integrated supply of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources (Table 1). Taller plants were observed where 50% Urea + 50% FYM which was statistically at par with the application of nitrogen as 50% MS + 50% FYM whereas shorter plants were recorded in no fertilization plots. The probable reason may be the slow release of nitrogen from organic sources which might ensure availability of nitrogen for longer time with less leaching losses and thus resulted in potentially vigorous growth. These results are also in match with (Shah et al., 2009; Khan et al., 2009 and Keyvanloo et al., 2011) who reported that integrated supply of nitrogen from urea and FYM remarkably boosted plant height of maize crop. Our results also confirmed by those of (Efthimiadou et al., 2010) who reported elevated plant heights with the application of organic manure supplemented with chemical fertilizer. 3.3 Ears m-2: Statistical analysis of the data revealed that combined application of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources significantly influenced ears m-2 of maize Table 1. Significantly higher number of ears m-2 of maize was recorded where nitrogen was applied as 50% FYM + 50% urea followed by urea alone whereas unfertilized plots resulted in lower number of ears m-2. This may be due to more nitrogen availability (Malhi et al., 2006) from both the N sources i.e. organic and inorganic throughout its growing period and its subsequent uptake which might result in more number of ears per m2 of maize (Khaliq et al., 2004). Another probable reason may be the sufficient amount of N and its optimum proportion in the soil due to manure incorporation which might result in improved soil physical and chemical properties as a consequent resulted in greater number of ears of maize (Shah et al., 2009). These results are in agreement with those of (Tamayo et al., 1997; Amanat et al., 1998; Shah and Arif, 2000; Keyvanloo et al., 2011 and Nasim et al., 2012) who reported that integrated application of N half from mineral and half from organic source appreciably upsurge ears m-2 of maize. 3.4 Grains ear-2: Integrated management of organic and inorganic N sources significantly influenced grains per ear of maize (Table 1). More grains per ear were associated with nitrogen applied as 50% Urea + 50% FYM followed by 50% Urea + 50% MS while unfertilized plots resulted in fewer grains per ear of maize. The possible reason may be the optimum availability of N from synthetic fertilizer as well as FYM which might boost growth indices as a consequent increased length of the ear (Chapagain, 2010) and thus resulted in more grains per ear of maize. These results are in match with the findings of (Amanat, 1998 and Farooqi, 1999) who reported that more grains per ear associated with increased ear length was mainly due to the adequate N availability from integrated application of organic and inorganic N sources. Similar results were
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reported by (Nasim et al., 2012; Shah et al., 2009; Ali et al., 2012; Keyvanloo et al., 2011 and Khan et al., 2009). Table 1. Emergence m-2, plant height (cm), ears m-2 and grains ear-2 integrated application of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. Treatments Emergence Plant m-2 height (cm) Control 7d 183.3 c Mushroom spent 9 cd 206.5 bc (MS) alone Farmyard manure 12 bcd 240.6 ab (FYM) alone Urea alone 18 a 236.7 ab 11 bcd 244.0 a 50% MS + 50% FYM 13 bc 240.3 ab 50% Urea + 50% MS 50% FYM + 50% Urea 33.3%Urea + 33.3% FYM + 33.3% MS LSD =
of maize as influenced by Ears m-2 6c 7b
Grains ear-2 197 d 408 c
6c
441 b
7b 6c 7b
462 b 436 bc 475 ab
15 ab
247.8 a
8a
517 a
11 bcd
238.5 ab
7b
443 bc
5
35.3
1
55
Means followed by different letter (s) with in each category are significantly different using LSD test at P < 0.05.
3.5 1000 grains weight (g): Statistical analysis of the data showed significant response of 1000 grains weight of maize to the integrated amendment of organic and inorganic N sources Table 2. Heavier grains of maize were recorded where N was applied as 50% urea + 50% FYM followed by sole application of urea and FYM respectively whereas lighter grains of maize were recorded in no fertilization plots. The probable rationale may be the sufficient availability of nutriments from both urea and FYM at critical growth stages especially at grain filling and development (Mohsin et al., 2012) and thus resulted in properly filled grains. These results are in line with those of (Shah et al., 2009; Khaliq et al., 2004; Gowda and Ibrahim, 2001 and Achieng et al., 2010) who reported that heavier grains were mainly associated with the integrated fertilization of urea and FYM. Our results are also in accordance with those of (Nasim et al., 2012; Delate and Camberdella, 2004 and Asai et al., 2009) who reported that integrated amendment of N fertilizers in maize remarkably contributed in terms of yield hallmarks of maize crop. 3.6 Biological yield (kg ha-1): Application of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources significantly affected biological yield of maize (Table 2). Significantly higher biological yield of maize was recorded where N was amended as 50% FYM + 50% urea application followed by sole application of urea while lower biological yield of maize was produced by unfertilized plots. The possible reason for higher biological yields may be attributed to the N availability from both urea and FYM throughout the whole growing period (Khaliq et al., 2004) especially at vegetative growth period which resulted in aggrandized leaf area and crop growth rate (Kibe et al., 2006) and thus resulted in more biomass production of maize. These results are also in match with those of (Khan et al., 2009; Nasim et al., 2012; Ali et al., 2011 and Mohsin et al., 2012) who probed that integrated amendment of FYM along with urea N substantially added in terms of yield indices of ISSN: 2414-8245
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maize crop. Similar results were reported by (Akintoye1 et al., 2012; Luikham et al., 2003 and Uzoma et al., 2011). 3.7 Grain yield (kg ha-1): Statistical analysis of the data on grain yield of maize revealed that integration of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources significantly influenced grain yield of maize (Table 3). Higher grain yield of maize was recorded where nitrogen was applied as 50% FYM + 50% urea sole application of urea whereas lower grain yield of maize was recorded in control plots. Higher grain yield of maize due to FYM supplemented with urea N may be attributed to the efficient uptake of N via accelerated decomposition process of organic matter and subsequent release of nutrients. Urea N might supply the starter dose of N to the soil decomposing microorganisms and as a consequent boosted the process of mineralization and thus resulted in upsurged grain yield of maize (Khan et al., 2009). These results are also confirmed by (Shah et al., 2009; Khaliq et al., 2004; Singh et al., 2010; Baoteng et al., 2006) who reported that integration of organic and inorganic N sources can substantially contribute to yield of maize crop. Similar results were shared by (Keyvanloo et al., 2011; Waseem et al., 2012 and Ali et al., 2011). 3.8 Plants at harvest m-2: Statistical analysis of the data revealed that integrated application of organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers caused no remarkable variations in terms of plants at harvest per m2 of maize Table 3. These results are in line with those of (Shah et al., 2009; Arif et al., 2012) who reported that there was no notable association of integrated application of organic and inorganic N fertilizers with plants at harvest of maize. Table 2. 1000 grains weight (g), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) and plants at harvest m-2 of maize as influenced by integrated application of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. Treatments 1000 grains weight (g) Biological yield (kg ha-1) Control
216.7 d
7481 e
Mushroom spent (MS) alone
256.7 c
9511 bcd
Farmyard manure (FYM) alone
286.7 ab
9533 bcd
Urea alone
286.7 ab
9911 b
50% MS + 50% FYM
278.3 b
8644 d
50% Urea + 50% MS
253.3 c
9778 bc
296.7 a
11460 a
50% FYM + 50% Urea
260.0 c 8756 cd 33.3% Urea + 33.3% FYM + 33.3% MS LSD = 18.2 1061 Means followed by different letter (s) with in each category are significantly different using LSD test at P < 0.05. ns = Non significant
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Table 3. Grain yield (kg ha-1) and plants at harvest m-2 of maize as influenced by integrated application of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. Treatments Grain yield (kg ha-1) Plants at harvest m-2 Control
2120.0 e
7
Mushroom spent (MS) alone
2377.8 de
7
Farmyard manure (FYM) alone
2488.9 cd
7
Urea alone
3340.0 b
8
50% MS + 50% FYM
2622.2 cd
7
50% Urea + 50% MS
2822.2 c
7
4113.3 a
8
50% FYM + 50% Urea
2526.7 cd 7 33.3% Urea + 33.3% FYM + 33.3% MS LSD 368 ns Means followed by different letter (s) with in each category are significantly different using LSD test at P < 0.05. ns = Non significant
4. CONCLUSION It was concluded that integrated fertilization of nitrogen sources as 50% FYM and 50% urea at the rate of 120 kg N ha-1 resulted in higher yield and yield related traits of maize crop and is therefore recommended for achieving higher yield and yield attributes of maize crop.
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