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Research Article

IJAAER (2016); 2(2): 129-142

International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Research Available online at

www.ijaaer.com

ISSN 2414-8245 (Online) ISSN 2518-6116 (Print)

ECONOMICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT TO ACHIEVE PAKISTAN VISION 2025 a*

a

b

c

Mabroor Hassan , Khawaja Waqar Ali , Farrukh Raza Amin , Ijaz Ahmad , a d Muhammad Irfan Khan , Mohsin Abbas

Free and open Access

a

Department of Environmental Science, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan b Center for Climate Change Research and Development (CCRD), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan c Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies (CEES), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia d Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Meteorology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia *Corresponding author E.mail: [email protected]

Abstract The agriculture sector is the back-bone of Pakistan and sources of employment for 45% people of low income population. The objective of this review was to analyze the economic perspective of sustainability in agriculture and environment of Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 77 in 109 countries on the Global food security index 2015 but its increase in the growth rate of agriculture is very slow, while resource consumption is equivalent to many developing and developed counties resulting in lack of sustainability in agriculture of Pakistan. Poorly managed canal irrigation system and livestock, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers is deteriorating the public health, environment and sustainability. In Pakistan, poor efficiency of water, flood irrigation system, traditional cultivation techniques, excessive and improper use of pesticides and fertilizers, poor drainage of canal irrigation system, energy crises and poor governance are the challenges to attain environmental and agricultural sustainability. Therefore, a comprehensive policy, strong strategy and good governance at all levels, for efficient use of water and energy, proper use of pesticides, land management and modernization in cultivation techniques, is required for improvement in productivity and sustainability to achieve Pakistan Vision 2025. Key Words: Agriculture, Governance, Environment, Sustainability.

1. INTRODUCTION Land use is a measure of agricultural development in most developing countries and almost Please cite this article as: Hassan, M. , K. W. Ali, F. R. Amin, I. Ahmad, M. I. Khan and M. Abbas. 2016. Economical perspective of sustainability in agriculture and environment to achieve Pakistan vision 2025. 2016. Int. J. Agric. Environ. Res., 2(2): 129-142.

certainly among the most powerful impact on environmental make-up. Meanwhile, agriculture remains the principal livelihood of poor people from rural areas (Malik, 1999). Agricultural production has increased vastly in many regions of the world in the last decades through the use of high quality seeds, inorganic fertilizers, water and pesticides. This has also resulted in a high cost of production (Biswas, 1994; Edwards & Wali, 1993; Pretty, 1995). Excessive and inadequate uses of pesticides in agriculture have led to water contamination, loss of genetic diversity and poor soil quality (Pretty, 1995). The different inputs of agriculture require more energy and its proportion is increasing in this era. Energy is being supplied to agriculture sector by non-renewable sources which have impacts on the environment. This is particular imitated in its heavy dependency on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, its reliance upon subsidies and endowment and its external costs, such as other species threats, environmental contamination, habitat lost and human health and welfare risks (Hodge, 1993; Eqani et al., 2016; Rahmanian et al., 2015). The multiplex nature of interrelationships between agricultural output and the natural environment means that we are beyond from rationalizing methods and systems that could lead to sustainability (Youngberg and Harwood, 1989; Ouda et al., 2016). Sustainability in agricultural systems is extensively discussed and viewed internationally for transition towards global sustainable growth (OECD, 2001; WSSD, 2002). Accomplishment in South Asia was especially impressive. Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s wheat production increased by 240% and those of rice by 160% (Kerr and Kolavalli, 1999). According to IFAD (2001) report, cereal yield in developing countries has been reduced by an average of 1.7% since the mid of 1980s. Although, few analysts have a point of view about the curtailment in external assistance to developing country agriculture as a fundamental cause which reduces the productivity gains in the early period of Green revolution (Zaman et al., 2012). Evenson (2002) considered research and development (R&D) as an essential source of expansion in agricultural yield in many developed and developing countries. In Pakistan, production in various multi-sectors of agriculture is constantly lower than the developed and many developing countries with similar resource usage. Although, agriculture has endured the mainstay of the Pakistan’s economy. It provides employment to 45% of population and provides resources for agro based industry. The agriculture has lost notable growth thrust as its expansion slowed down by 2.7% in the decennium of 2000s as against 4.4% in 1990s and 5.4% in the 1980s. Basmati rice is the main crop in the Kharif (summer) and Rabi (winter) season produces wheat. Rice covers about 25% of the cultivated area in the summer monsoon season and 10% of the total cropped area. Wheat, being the primary food, engrosses 75% in the winter season of cultivated areas and about 38% of the total cropped area (Khan et al., 2006). The systematic issues and deficiency of mechanization remained a main hindrance to growth (Zaman et al., 2012). Mainstream crops remained the victims of natural catastrophe during the last few years and three out of last four years corroborate negative growth in the major crop sector (Zaman et al., 2012). Agriculture forms the biggest sector of national financial resources of Pakistan. It is very much chained with food poverty alleviation, security, rural development programs and as a way to cope bigger aims i.e. profession led economic enhancement by its connections and multiplier effects. Although, the agriculture sector faces some important and condemnatory challenges (Sheikh et al., 2005). Therefore, sustainability in agriculture is a need of Pakistan to achieve goals of development and prosperity of the people. Further, government of Pakistan has demonstrated its commitment by considering food security and efficient use of water and energy as pillar of Pakistan Vision 2025 to achieve sustainability. The objective of this review was to conceptualize economical perspective of sustainability in agriculture and environment to the development goals of Pakistan. 130

2. METHODOLOGY This study was done by adopting table study, employing systematic review methodology for data acquisition and analysis. This methodology has been widely used and accepted for review studies. The data was obtained from many sources including government, nongovernment, national and international agencies, ministries, departments, and other institutions. It will prove to be effective and fruitful for summarizing, assessing, evaluating and combining literature on this area. For searching data from internet a broader spectrum approach was adopted with key words such as agriculture, sustainability, vision 2025, economy, environment etc.

3. ECONOMICAL PERSPECTIVE OF AGRICULTURE IN CASE OF PAKISTAN: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES 3.1 Extensive use of water in Pakistan: The world’s 20% croplands are irrigated which is producing 40% of the total harvest. Therefore, irrigation is considered to increase more than double of land productivity (FAO, 2003) and uses 69% resources of fresh water (FAO, 2000). Due to global population growth, the annual increasing demand for cereals including wheat and rice will be at 1.27% between 2000 and 2025 (Rosegrant and Cai, 2000). Furthermore, 17% freshwater resources would be required for irrigated agriculture to meet the increasing demand of food (Seregeldin, 1999). Economic output and agriculture production can be increased up to 400% of irrigation in developing countries. On the other hand, negative environmental consequences may be caused by irrigation. Improper irrigation management that has caused water logging and salinity, results one-third reduction of global irrigated land productivity (FAO, 1998). Almost 50% of total fresh water resources is devoted for growing rice in Asia (Barker et al., 2001). Current estimation shows that by 2025, ‘‘physical-water scarcity’’ may experience in rice irrigated areas of 17 million hectares (Mha), and ‘‘economic-water scarcity’’ in 22 Mha (Tuong and Bouman, 2002). Globally from 1995 to 2020 the consumption of rice will have increased 35% as projected, whereas water available for agricultural purposes will decrease by 62 to 72 %, however, in developing countries water will reduce from 73 to 87% (Rosegrant et al., 1997). Irrigated agriculture sustainability the enhances chances to minimize scarcity of water, and rice producers and consumers will eventually have food security and livelihood (Khan et al., 2006). Pakistan’s cultivated area is about 20Mha, which contains the irrigated area of more than 16 Mha. Almost 73% of the total (11 Mha) irrigated area is located in Punjab province that is famous agro-ecological zone in rice-wheat of Pakistan. Irrigation system of Pakistan is named as Indus basin, which is the largest integrated irrigation system of the world (Khan et al., 2006). Indus irrigation system in Pakistan channeled almost 123 billion cubic meters (BCM) of river flow yearly and this system cultivates over 13.5 Mha of land and out of this 9 Mha land can be irrigated in the whole year. Pakistan has the controlled distribution of Indus water through 17 barrages and diversion of canals, 42 different major canals supported by minor canals which include 6000km and 600km link canals along 78000 different watercourses. About 7000 m3/s is the total water capacity. Moreover, the flow of water is being supported by 150000 tube wells which contribute 24.5 BCM/year of groundwater through pumping (table 1). North-western district of Sindh and central Punjab cultivates rice in Pakistan due to good water irrigation system as well as the availability of both surface and groundwater (Khan et al., 2006). Unfortunately, inadequate water supply for irrigation in critical growth period, drainage absence, sodic soil and saline nature, poor quality of seeds and outdated farm implementations, 131

unbalanced farm inputs and unsatisfied agricultural practices are Pakistan’s paramount cause of crop production and growth limitations. Considerable problems with the imminent expansion of agriculture and development are soil salinity and water logging since canal irrigation has been introduced (Khan et al., 2006). Table1. Extensive use of water in Pakistan Source Canals Tube wells

Quantity Capacity 42 7000 m³/s 150000 24.5 BCM Data extracted from Khan et al. (2006). Farmers apply water in uneven bounded units that cause long irrigation events, water nonuniformity and over irrigation in Pakistan (Kahlown and Kemper, 2004). Certain rice agriculturist believes that maximum production can be optimized by standing water in the growing season. Irrigation growth efficiency is suffering by these practices. Studies show that 13-18 cm water is used per irrigation events in Pakistan that is notably more consumptive use in two irrigation events (Kahlown et al., 2001). Groundwater use in Pakistan, China, India, Bangladesh and Nepal is nearly 300 billion m³/year that are almost half of the whole world’s annual use. Punjab meets 40% of its irrigation requirements by abstraction of groundwater, which is the main province of food production in Pakistan (Shah et al., 2003). A significant drop in the water table and canal commands of Punjab and Sindh has been noticed in the last years. This appears to be a trade-off between farmer’s advantage for capacity of water usage when needed and ground water source overexploitation. Irrigation from groundwater might not be a favorable kind of tractability in irrigation from water resources conservation point of view, it permits in their irrigation technique (Kazmi et al., 2012). Supply centered irrigation system is in use at this time and demand management is least considered to manage irrigation. Thus, some interventions are needed to be taken in this area, beforehand these problems between different competitive users turn serious. The upfront solution looks difficult as Pakistan’s problems of water resources management are multifarious. Groundwater resources are valuable and its need to be dealt with much care to enhance the production and the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. Categorically, it is very essential for us to make sustainability of irrigated agriculture along Indus basin of Pakistan. There is a need to be solemn to restrict water extraction from our aquifers (Kazmi et al., 2012). Irrigated agriculture is essential policy issuance for governance at all levels. Apart from the governing efforts to resist soil and water pollution, there is no standardized methodology to measure the position of land and water resources at national level in many countries (Ozerol et al., 2012). However, governing framework and institutional developments, demand and supply management, strategic implications should be focused (Qureshi et al., 2010). Government of Pakistan has set an objective to create modern, efficient and diversified agriculture coupled with water and energy efficient infrastructure to ensure adequate provision of basic food in Pakistan Vision 2025 to achieve sustainability in agriculture. Additionally, research and development organizations like Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) and scientists from different agriculture universities are supporting the government and farmers, though developing sustainable irrigation techniques, water efficient breeds, and sprinklers and drip irrigation in arid region to achieve sustainability and Pakistan Vision 2025. 132

3.2 Energy Consumption and Agriculture: The energy inputs to agriculture in developing countries are lagging behind industrialized countries in modernizing and efficiency (FAO, 2000). Energy utilization in agriculture sectors hinge on population size involved in agriculture, the size of land suitable for agriculture purposes and modernizations level (Chang et al., 2003). Direct and indirect are two groups in which energy need in agriculture has been categorized. Singh (2000) defines the crop production process such as land preparation, threshing, irrigation, transference of agricultural inputs and farm produce and intercultural consumption as direct energy. As the name implies, indirect energy is not straightly used on the farm. Major items for indirect energy are fertilizers, seeds, machinery productions and pesticides (Kennedy, 2000). This flow adds energy for ground water extraction which pump 24.5 BCM/year with more than 150000 tube wells (Khan et al., 2006). The ground water abstraction encounter 40% of an irrigation requirement of Pakistan in Punjab, which is a main food production province (Shah et al., 2003). Pakistan’s total energy consumption stood at 40026 thousands of total oil equivalents in 2012-13 (Economic Survey of Pakistan 12-13). However, electricity consumption in agriculture sector increased from 2,369 Gigawatt hours (GWh) in 1981-82 to 7,949 GWh in 2005-06 (GoP, 1996; GoP, 2003; GoP, 2006). About 6% energy from total energy in 2007 was consumed by agriculture sector, 14.02% in 2013-14supplied by electricity (10%), gas (17%) and petroleum/oil (0.2 %) and drops to about 5% in 2030 (GoP, 2013). Consumption of energy is increasing due to more utilization of diesel in tube wells and tractors. The gap in supply and demand of electricity can reduce the agricultural growth rate in future. There is no policy for energy management and requirement for agricultural sector. Historically, direct energy for agricultural inputs is supplied by electricity and oil, while indirect energy of gas (consumed by fertilizers). Agriculture consumed 8380 million Kilowatt hours (MKwh) in 2007-08, 9585 MKwh in 2009-10 which was decreased to 5780 MKwh in 2012-13 (table 2). However, agriculture consumed 0.60% of oil and petroleum consumption in 2007-08 and 0.14 % of oil consumption in 2012-13 (GoP, 2013). Furthermore, indirect energy was consumed by fertilizer industry, which was 15.2 % of gas consumption. There is fluctuation in share of energy supply due to change in oil prices, availability and subsides by government. Therefore, the government has considered the alignment of energy as objective of Pakistan Vision 2025. Table 2. Energy Consumption by Agriculture Year Electricity (Million Gas % (Consumed by Oil/Petroleum % Kwh) fertilizer) 2007-08 8,380 15.7 0.60 2008-09 8,695 15.8 0.39 2009-10 9,585 17.2 0.30 2010-11 8,847 18.4 0.21 2011-12 7,350 16.5 0.13 2012-13 5,780 15.2 0.14 2013-14 10 17 0.2

3.3 Fertilizers and Pesticides Use: Agricultural growth relies on inputs from outside the farm which are costly (e.g., fertilizer and pesticides), mostly produce environmentally damaging waste; it uses large quantities of non-renewable fossil fuels (Horrigan et al., 2002). The usage of fertilizers is about 138 kilograms per cultivated hector in Pakistan, which is averagely higher 133

than the USA, USSR and India, in same way it is lower than some other developed and developing countries such as Netherland, Japan, France, Germany and Egypt (Iqbal and Ahmad, 2013). Furthermore, Pakistan is using a huge amount of pesticides (32500 metric tons) per year (Abhilash and Singh, 2009). Current techniques of farmers to apply the fertilizers and pesticides are resulting in loss of their huge amount, which is deteriorating the environment. The loss of fertilizers is releasing ammonia and N2O, which can cause climatic effects. Moreover, this excessive use of fertilizers is contaminating the environment and reducing the soil fertility. Azeem et al. (2002) reported environmental and health price by usage of pesticides of Punjab province in 9 districts of the cotton belt. About 11941 million rupees per year is the cost of pesticide use. Different studies show that about 1.08 million persons were exposed to pesticide related sickness, from those 24000 persons were hospitalized due to serious illness and almost 271 deaths occurred in these districts. Therefore, green synthesis of pesticides, other control measures, life cycle analysis based on use of pesticides can be helpful to achieve sustainability. 3.4 Land Use: Pakistan has 79.61 million hectares of land, from that 59.47 million hectares has been surveyed. Almost 21.85 million hectares are for agricultural use, though some 4.04 million hectares is under forests and 9 million in cultivable waste (GOP, 2004). The area of land for cultivation has been increased almost 40 percent since the independence of Pakistan. Now the country is achieving its physical limits. It is estimated that less than 20 percent of the total surveyed land area keeps the potential for rigorous agricultural use, although 62 percent is categorized as having likeliness for crops, forestry and livestock production. Generally, land categorized as effective cultivable signifies lower than one quarter of the total area in the country. Currently, almost total land is already under cultivation (GOP, 2000). Practices, increase in labor productivity, double cropping system and best technical inputs can have increased outputs. While, the country’s full potential in agriculture is prevented by a number of combined forces. This contains the fragmentation of landholdings, a system of absentee landlords, farm size reduction from one generation to another as farming population increases, poor access capital from agriculture, improper information related to usage of agriculture inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, improper water management system and odd technology provision to farmers (Mustafa et al.,2007). Wind erosion and light water affect 40 percent of land in the central western land of the country. With Indo-Pakistan border more salinized soil, some majorly eroded area and desert soils founded, and soil from lower land of the Indus river valley have effected from salinization. In the meantime, country’s northeastern parts land has been categorized as “stable” in usual conditions (UNEP, 1990). The poor governance, poor water and energy management, no urban planning and inter provincial conflicts are major hurdles for further expansion of agricultural land in Pakistan. Baluchistan is the biggest province of Pakistan by area; 347,000 square kilometers and its cultivated area is 1.99 million hectares, irrigated areas by all means counted for 0.89 million hectares, non-irrigated is also 0.89 million hectares. Whereas, culturable waste is 4.83 million hectares and rangelands cover 21 million hectares (Ali, 2006). Therefore, urban planning and management, land management policy, remediation of water logging and salinity, construction of water reservoirs could enhance the agricultural land of Pakistan.

4. PRODUCTIVITY According to economic survey of Pakistan, the highest growth rate (6.5%) was observed in 2004-2005 while the lowest growth rate (0.2%) in 2009-10 in the last decade. Although Pakistan is using a huge amount of pesticides (32500 tons) which is approximately near to India (41020 134

tons) and Malaysia (51065 tons) (Abhilash and Singh, 2009) that have more agricultural land than Pakistan. Moreover, Pakistan is extracting 740 m3/ ha water for agriculture, which is higher than many countries (Sithara et al., 2009). The agricultural growth rate of Pakistan (2.9%) in 2013 which is higher than many countries in the world. The very slow increase in the agricultural growth rate is due to flood irrigation, traditional cultivation methods and excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers and poor governance and policies (Table 3).

Table 3 Agricultural Growth rate of Pakistan Years

Percentage Growth

1960's

5.1

1970's

2.4

1980's

5.4

1990's

4.4

2000's

3.2

2004–2005

6.5

2005–2006

6.3

2006–2007

4.1

2007–2008

1.8

2008–2009

3.5

2009–2010

0.2

2010–2011

2.0

2011-2012

3.6

2012-2013 2013-2014

2.9 2.7

2014-2015

2.9

(Data extracted from GoP, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015) Production is measured by the yield of crops without keeping in mind the capacity of land. Therefore, farmers are not trying to optimize the yield according to soil type and capacity. Government of Pakistan intends to provide good quality food accessible to everyone. The government has considered food security as a key pillar in Pakistan Vision 2025 and aims to protect the food insecure segments by effective relief and adoption, optimization of production and supply along the maintenance of the supply chain to ensure food security. Pakistan has formulated agriculture and food security policy to provide high quality food. Moreover, scientists and researchers from research and development organizations and universities are working to improve seed quality and disease protection to enhance production.

5. AGRICULTURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 135

Agriculture accounted for 0.14% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) emissions (Bouwman, 2001), 0.47% of CH4 emissions and 0 .84% of N2O emissions (US-EPA 2006; Verge et al., 2007). Likewise, the livestock sector, which has a 55.4 % share in the agriculture (GoP, 2013). Currently, many tube wells, tractors and indirect contributors (fertilizers and pesticide industry) are causing greenhouse gas emissions. While, on other hand, agriculture is the solution to climate change through land management, agro-forestry, rotations with cover crops, green manure and conservation tillage. Although, it could reduce global CO2 emissions by 5-15% by organic farming, waste minimization, carbon storage in soil and biogas digesters (Gomiero et al., 2008; Niles et al., 2002; Tahir et al., 2015; Nizami et al., 2015a, b and 2016; Sadaf et al., 2015). According to Economic Survey of Pakistan, the government has installed 14000biogas plants through the Rural Support Programs Network (RSPN) at a cost of Rs. 356 Million (Dutch Grant) in the country in 2012-2013 to mitigate the climate change (GoP, 2013). There is the relationship between climate change and food security which has been explored by evidences of impact crop productivity in this era which ultimately affect the crop production (Gregory et al., 2005). Gregory et al. (1999) conducted the study on wheat and rice to evaluate the effects of climate change. The experimental results indicate the decrease in crop duration and yield of wheat as an outcome of warming and reduction in yield of rice about 5%/°C on rise above 32°C. Unfortunately, Pakistan is ranked among top victim of climate change. Agriculture of Pakistan is also suffering from climate change due to direct impact on cropping pattern and growth. Therefore, consideration of climate change is an essential in policies to achieve sustainability in agriculture.

6. AGRICULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY This agricultural and environmental balance envisaged is easier to discuss, but very difficult to implement because Asia is already home to 65% of the world’s food insecure (UNDP, 2006a) and has one of the highest proportions of the undernourished (22%) (UNDP, 2006b). Most of the South Asian region experiences physical and economic water scarcity, and 41% of its renewable freshwater resources will be exhausted by 2030 (Faures et al., 2000). In case of Pakistan, the poor efficiency of water, flood irrigation system, traditional cultivation techniques, excessive and improper use of pesticides and fertilizers, poor drainage of canal irrigation system, energy crises and poor governance are the challenges to attain environmental and agricultural sustainability. Although economy of Pakistan is agro based and agriculture is accommodating 45% people and most of them are low income people living in rural areas of Pakistan. Therefore, good governance is required to enhance the agricultural growth rate of Pakistan. The good governance can be achieved by the green revolution through improving water efficiency policy via proper drainage with canals, sprinkler and drip irrigation along with construction of more water reservoirs to fulfill the future requirements. Furthermore, rural development through a natural policy implication and community involvement along additional effort in research and development, education and extension could be another effective tool. Better information is necessary to identify the set of sustainable options. Both research and development and extension activities can expand the frontier of the sustainable production sets, either by increasing the yield of agricultural production or by finding ways to reduce or mitigate the associated resource depletion. However, modernization in traditional and conventional techniques is required through research and innovation in technologies. The introduction of cash crops of short time can also improve the growth. The improvement in institutional frame of agriculture department could also help to accelerate the agricultural growth. For accurate identification of fertilizers and pesticide requires skilled and professional 136

agriculturists. Therefore, improvement in the organizational hierarchy of agriculture along community involvement could effectively apply both modern and indigenous knowledge to sustain the agriculture. The installment of biogas digesters will capture the methane and enhance the energy efficiency. So sustainability in agriculture and environment can improve the economy and reduce the poverty of Pakistan through good governance. A model for agricultural sustainability is given below.

Figure 1. Agriculture sustainability model 7. FOOD, ENERGY AND WATER SECURITY IN PAKISTAN VISION 2025 (AN OPPORTUNITY TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY) Ministry of Planning, Development and Reforms has introduced “Pakistan Vision 2025” in 2014 which engages seven priority areas of action named as “Pillars” and “Water, Energy and Food Security” have been included as Pillar IV. It primarily focusses on sustainable growth of agriculture and food sectors along with allied subsectors. Pakistan has demonstrated commitment to sustainable economic growth and development through clean, cost effective, reliable and sufficient availability of energy, water and food in Pakistan Vision 2025. Previously, these sectors suffer lack of integrated policy and execution. Agriculture has different problems which has been complicated by climate change. Therefore, the government is committed to meet these gaps through new investment, notational consensus and appreciation of public and private partnership in conservation and efficiency of energy and water (GoP, 2014). The objectives for achieving food security are: 1. Protection of a segment of the population affected by food insecurity through effective relief measures by adaptation and long term mechanism 2. Develop efficient agricultural sector trough diversification and modernization aligned modern water and energy infrastructure to ensure appropriate and stable provision of basic supplies of high quality products for people. 3. Optimize production and supply mix in line with current and projected needs by leveraging our unique strengths. 137

4. 5.

Provision of stable and affordable access to safe, appropriate, healthy and nutritious food through maintenance of entire supply-chain related to food security. Use of resources in efficient and sustainable manner through compassion and conformance with regional and global standards.

8. CONCLUSION Aaccording to economic survey of Pakistan agriculture sector accounts for 21.4 % of GDP of Pakistan (GoP, 2013) and the economy of Pakistan is agro-based. Overall agricultural growth of Pakistan is less than India, Malaysia and China, but we are consuming water, energy, fertilizers and pesticides near to those countries. Furthermore, approximately 21.85 million hectares are used for agriculture out of 79.61 million hectares of land and that land is also at the risk due to rapid urbanization. Moreover, poorly managed canal irrigation system and livestock, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers is deteriorating the public health, environment and sustainability. In case of Pakistan, the poor efficiency of water, flood irrigation system, traditional cultivation techniques, excessive and improper use of pesticides and fertilizers, poor drainage of canal irrigation system, energy crises and poor governance are the challenges to attain environmental and agricultural sustainability. Agriculture is a crucial policy issue for all levels of governance. Except the regulatory efforts to control water and soil pollution, there is no national-level approach to monitor the status of water and land resources (Ozerol et al., 2012). Therefore, in addition to institutional reforms and regulatory frameworks, there is also a need to focus on demand and supply management strategies (Qureshi et al., 2010). The need for the integration of multiple aspects are prominent for sustainable natural resource governance. In this regard, irrigated agriculture, water and soil are vital natural resources, while the negative impacts on these resources threaten environmental sustainability. The developing countries are facing governance-related challenges, which are often more relevant for developing countries than developed countries due to the social and political limitations or lack of fully functioning democracies. Therefore, good governance in water, energy, agriculture and rural development sectors are mandatory to achieve the objectives of Pakistan Vision 2025 for economic growth sustainability.

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