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Full Mitochondrial Genomes of Central European Upper Palaeolithic Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius)
James A. Fellows Yates 1,2; Dorothée G. Drucker3; Alexander Herbig1,2; Susanne C. Münzel1; Hervé Bocherens3,4; Johannes Krause1,2
[email protected]
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
1 Institute for Archaeological Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, DE; 2 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Thüringen, DE 3 Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, DE; 4 Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment (HEP), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, DE
Published Complete Woolly Mammoth Mitochondrial Genomes
1 Woolly Mammoth mtGenomes from Europe? ● Mitochondrial hypervariable region (HVR) sequences identified a new woolly mammoth maternal population (clade III) in Europe[1], yet no mitochondrial genomes have been published from Europe.
This Study Krakow Spazista
Hohle Fels Geißenklösterle
● We sampled 44 individuals from 5 sites across central Europe: Kraków Spadzista (PL), Předmostí (CZ), Geißenklösterle (DE), Hohle Fels (DE) and Kesslerloch (CH).
Kesslerloch
Clade I
● We present 15 new high quality (>x10 coverage, >75% genome covered) late Pleistocene woolly mammoth mitochondrial genomes from Central Europe.
Clade II
Clade III
2 In-solution Mitochondrial Enrichment through Baits derived from Elephant Blood B.1
B.2
3a Results
n
o
me
mtGe
[5]
● DNA Damage patterns indicate authentic aDNA: Average Freq. C->T miscoding lesions with 5' and 3' ends combined: 1st base 33%, 2nd base 21%.
[5]
C CCGGGTTTGCGAAAGGA
A
D
GACTGACTGTGATCG AAGGGTTCGGAAAATT CCGGGTTTGCGAAAGGA GACTGACTGTGATCG ACGTATGCTGACGTAGA
[3,4]
[6] GenConS
In-solution mitochondrial enrichment (B.2) using elephant blood baits generated from LR-PCR with 3 pairs of novel primers (B.1).
4 mtLineage Replacement in late Pleistocene 49-50k BP Clade II Extinction
3b Low Statistical Support and Conflicting Topologies Topology 2 (NJ, ML, Bayes)
Topology 1 (MP)
CLADE III
88%
CLADE I 1
0.886 1
1
● Alignment: Geneious R9 [12] ● Additional mtGenome data: [2,7,8,9,10]
Maximum Parsimony (MEGA6 [13])
● dLoop Removed due to missing regions ● Evo. model (modelgenerator[11]): TN93 + G4
?
Difficulties in resolving the mammoth mitochondrial tree question previous dating analyses [1,2,10].
NC_009574-Mammut_americanum NC_000934-Loxodonta_africana NC_005129-Elephas_maximus M20_Beringia_63500_infinite SID04-11_Siberia_41300_775 M21_Beringia_58000_infinite M25_Beringia_59300_2700 EID18_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP75_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP66_NorthAmerica_37920_2700 JK2764_Germany_34150_550 JK2769_Germany_33650_550 JK2770_Germany_28760_300 JK2772_Germany_34300_600 JK2766_Germany_32370_280 SID36-10_Russia_41910_500 JK2762_Germany_34050_550 JK2765_Germany_29560_240 JK2773_Germany_31900_450 JK2779_Germany_undated_undated JK2760_Germany_28890_310 JK2768_Germany_28740_300 SVED74_NorthAmerica_19620_120 SVEP7380_NorthAmerica_19200_120 Rogaev_Beringia_32750_1000 M22_Beringia_50200_900 M2_Siberia_20380_140 M5_Beringia_undated_undated M19_Beringia_18560_50 M4_Beringia_18545_70 SEP62_Siberia_12125_30 SEP64_NorthAmerica_36690_810 M8_Beringia_46900_700 M26_Beringia_24740_110 SEP68_NorthAmerica_16789_108 SEP01_Siberia_infinite_undated JK2803_Poland_24480_180 JK2790_Poland_24480_190 JK2802_Poland_undated_undated SEP65_NorthAmerica_33530_340 Krause_Beringia_12170_50 M13_Beringia_35800_1200 M15_Beringia_13995_55 JK2782_SwitzerlandKesslerloch_13980_110 M18_Siberia_17125_70 M3_Siberia_20620_70 M1_Beringia_undated_undated Poinar_Siberia_27740_220 EID30VEP84_NorthAmerica_10930_100 EID15_NorthAmerica_38260_790 EID26_NorthAmerica_11560_60 SEP19_NorthAmerica_13850_45 SEP52_NorthAmerica_12490_35 SVEP1478_NorthAmerica_16160_80 SEP30_NorthAmerica_23670_190 SVEP5681_NorthAmerica_18440_145 SEP07_NorthAmerica_15947_60 SVEP49_NorthAmerica_11100_35 SEP31_NorthAmerica_23800_140 SSEP18_NorthAmerica_23590_130 SEP44_NorthAmerica_18510_100 SVEP32_NorthAmerica_15200_60 SEP11_NorthAmerica_17070_70 SVEP15_NorthAmerica_11585_35 SEP17_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP12_NorthAmerica_12130_35 SEP59_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP38_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP41_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP43_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP57_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP39_NorthAmerica_12475_40 SEP58_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP72_NorthAmerica_10650_30 SSEP45_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP29_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP37_NorthAmerica_13398_58 EID03_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID10_NorthAmerica_22430_140 EID13_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SEP61_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SVEP09_NorthAmerica_12495_45 SVEP1679_NorthAmerica_33670_450 EID11_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID02_NorthAmerica_41510_480 SEP63_NorthAmerica_38600_2900 EID07_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP69_NorthAmerica_42764_1737 EID05_NorthAmerica_28960_310 EEP41_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID25_NorthAmerica_12200_55 SVEP05_NorthAmerica_17510_70 SEP02_NorthAmerica_12450_40 SSEP25_NorthAmerica_13985_45 EID23SEP03_NorthAmerica_23050_180 EID27_NorthAmerica_10350_45 SEP50_NorthAmerica_12320_50 VEP82_NorthAmerica_11250_65 SVEP08_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP06_NorthAmerica_20550_100 SSED27_NorthAmerica_13950_45_16926 SSED28_NorthAmerica_13860_40 SSEP26_NorthAmerica_12930_40 SEP53_NorthAmerica_13215_40 SVEP48_NorthAmerica_undated_undated
CLADE III ~50%
CLADE I 100
100
0.506
vs.
29-20k BP Clade III Extinction by 28k BP Clade I Arrival in Europe
CLADE II
100
NC_009574_Mammut_americanum NC_009574_Mammut_americanum NC_009574_Mammut_americanum NC_009574_Mammut_americanum NC_000934_Loxodonta_africana NC_000934_Loxodonta_africana NC_000934_Loxodonta_africana NC_000934_Loxodonta_africana NC_005129_Elephas_maximus NC_005129_Elephas_maximus NC_005129_Elephas_maximus NC_005129_Elephas_maximus EID18_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID18_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID18_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID18_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP75_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP75_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP75_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP75_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP66_NorthAmerica_37920_2700 SEP66_NorthAmerica_37920_2700 SEP66_NorthAmerica_37920_2700 SEP66_NorthAmerica_37920_2700 100 100 JK2770_Germany_28760_300 JK2770_Germany_28760_300 JK2770_Germany_28760_300 100 JK2770_Germany_28760_300 JK2772_Germany_34300_600 JK2772_Germany_34300_600 JK2772_Germany_34300_600 JK2772_Germany_34300_600 JK2764_Germany_34150_550 JK2764_Germany_34150_550 JK2764_Germany_34150_550 JK2764_Germany_34150_550 JK2769_Germany_33650_550 JK2769_Germany_33650_550 JK2769_Germany_33650_550 JK2769_Germany_33650_550 JK2766_Germany_32370_280 JK2766_Germany_32370_280 JK2766_Germany_32370_280 JK2766_Germany_32370_280 SID36_10_Russia_41910_500 SID36_10_Russia_41910_500 SID36_10_Russia_41910_500 SID36_10_Russia_41910_500 JK2762_Germany_34050_550 JK2762_Germany_34050_550 JK2762_Germany_34050_550 JK2762_Germany_34050_550 JK2765_Germany_29560_240 JK2765_Germany_29560_240 JK2765_Germany_29560_240 JK2765_Germany_29560_240 JK2773_Germany_31900_450 JK2773_Germany_31900_450 JK2773_Germany_31900_450 JK2773_Germany_31900_450 JK2760_Germany_28890_310 JK2760_Germany_28890_310 JK2760_Germany_28890_310 JK2760_Germany_28890_310 JK2768_Germany_28740_300 JK2768_Germany_28740_300 JK2768_Germany_28740_300 JK2768_Germany_28740_300 JK2779_Germany_undated_undated JK2779_Germany_undated_undated JK2779_Germany_undated_undated JK2779_Germany_undated_undated M20_Beringia_63500_infinite M20_Beringia_63500_infinite 100 M20_Beringia_63500_infinite 100 100 M20_Beringia_63500_infinite SID04_11_Siberia_41300_775 SID04_11_Siberia_41300_775 SID04_11_Siberia_41300_775 SID04_11_Siberia_41300_775 M21_Beringia_58000_infinite M21_Beringia_58000_infinite M21_Beringia_58000_infinite M21_Beringia_58000_infinite M25_Beringia_59300_2700 M25_Beringia_59300_2700 M25_Beringia_59300_2700 M25_Beringia_59300_2700 SVED74_NorthAmerica_19620_120 SVED74_NorthAmerica_19620_120 SVED74_NorthAmerica_19620_120 SVED74_NorthAmerica_19620_120 SVEP7380_NorthAmerica_19200_120 SVEP7380_NorthAmerica_19200_120 SVEP7380_NorthAmerica_19200_120 SVEP7380_NorthAmerica_19200_120 Rogaev_Beringia_32750_1000 Rogaev_Beringia_32750_1000 Rogaev_Beringia_32750_1000 Rogaev_Beringia_32750_1000 M22_Beringia_50200_900M22_Beringia_50200_900 M22_Beringia_50200_900 M22_Beringia_50200_900 M2_Siberia_20380_140 M2_Siberia_20380_140 0.506 0.506 M2_Siberia_20380_140 0.506 M2_Siberia_20380_140 M5_Beringia_undated_undated M5_Beringia_undated_undated M5_Beringia_undated_undated M5_Beringia_undated_undated M19_Beringia_18560_50 M19_Beringia_18560_50 M19_Beringia_18560_50 M19_Beringia_18560_50 M4_Beringia_18545_70 M4_Beringia_18545_70 M4_Beringia_18545_70 M4_Beringia_18545_70 SEP62_Siberia_12125_30SEP62_Siberia_12125_30 SEP62_Siberia_12125_30 SEP62_Siberia_12125_30 SEP64_NorthAmerica_36690_810 SEP64_NorthAmerica_36690_810 SEP64_NorthAmerica_36690_810 SEP64_NorthAmerica_36690_810 M8_Beringia_46900_700 100 100 M8_Beringia_46900_700 M8_Beringia_46900_700 100 M8_Beringia_46900_700 M26_Beringia_24740_110M26_Beringia_24740_110 M26_Beringia_24740_110 M26_Beringia_24740_110 SEP68_NorthAmerica_16789_108 SEP68_NorthAmerica_16789_108 SEP68_NorthAmerica_16789_108 SEP68_NorthAmerica_16789_108 SEP01_Siberia_infinite_undated SEP01_Siberia_infinite_undated SEP01_Siberia_infinite_undated SEP01_Siberia_infinite_undated JK2790_Poland_24480_190 JK2790_Poland_24480_190 JK2790_Poland_24480_190 JK2790_Poland_24480_190 JK2802_Poland_undated_undated JK2802_Poland_undated_undated JK2802_Poland_undated_undated JK2802_Poland_undated_undated JK2803_Poland_24480_180 JK2803_Poland_24480_180 JK2803_Poland_24480_180 JK2803_Poland_24480_180 Krause_Beringia_12170_50 Krause_Beringia_12170_50 Krause_Beringia_12170_50 Krause_Beringia_12170_50 SEP65_NorthAmerica_33530_340 SEP65_NorthAmerica_33530_340 SEP65_NorthAmerica_33530_340 SEP65_NorthAmerica_33530_340 M13_Beringia_35800_1200 M13_Beringia_35800_1200 M13_Beringia_35800_1200 M13_Beringia_35800_1200 M15_Beringia_13995_55 M15_Beringia_13995_55 M15_Beringia_13995_55 M15_Beringia_13995_55 M1_Beringia_undated_undated M1_Beringia_undated_undated M1_Beringia_undated_undated M1_Beringia_undated_undated M3_Siberia_20620_70 M3_Siberia_20620_70 M3_Siberia_20620_70 M3_Siberia_20620_70 Poinar_Siberia_27740_220 Poinar_Siberia_27740_220 Poinar_Siberia_27740_220 Poinar_Siberia_27740_220 JK2782_Switzerland_13980_110 JK2782_Switzerland_13980_110 JK2782_Switzerland_13980_110 JK2782_Switzerland_13980_110 M18_Siberia_17125_70 M18_Siberia_17125_70 M18_Siberia_17125_70 M18_Siberia_17125_70 EID30VEP84_NorthAmerica_10930_100 EID30VEP84_NorthAmerica_10930_100 EID30VEP84_NorthAmerica_10930_100 EID30VEP84_NorthAmerica_10930_100 EID15_NorthAmerica_38260_790 EID15_NorthAmerica_38260_790 EID15_NorthAmerica_38260_790 EID15_NorthAmerica_38260_790 SSEP45_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP45_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP45_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSEP45_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP29_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP29_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP29_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP29_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP37_NorthAmerica_13398_58 SVEP37_NorthAmerica_13398_58 SVEP37_NorthAmerica_13398_58 SVEP37_NorthAmerica_13398_58 EID26_NorthAmerica_11560_60 EID26_NorthAmerica_11560_60 EID26_NorthAmerica_11560_60 EID26_NorthAmerica_11560_60 SEP19_NorthAmerica_13850_45 SEP19_NorthAmerica_13850_45 SEP19_NorthAmerica_13850_45 SEP19_NorthAmerica_13850_45 SEP52_NorthAmerica_12490_35 SEP52_NorthAmerica_12490_35 SEP52_NorthAmerica_12490_35 SEP52_NorthAmerica_12490_35 SEP30_NorthAmerica_23670_190 SEP30_NorthAmerica_23670_190 SEP30_NorthAmerica_23670_190 SEP30_NorthAmerica_23670_190 SVEP1478_NorthAmerica_16160_80 SVEP1478_NorthAmerica_16160_80 SVEP1478_NorthAmerica_16160_80 SVEP1478_NorthAmerica_16160_80 SVEP5681_NorthAmerica_18440_145 SVEP5681_NorthAmerica_18440_145 SVEP5681_NorthAmerica_18440_145 SVEP5681_NorthAmerica_18440_145 SEP07_NorthAmerica_15947_60 SEP07_NorthAmerica_15947_60 SEP07_NorthAmerica_15947_60 SEP07_NorthAmerica_15947_60 SVEP49_NorthAmerica_11100_35 SVEP49_NorthAmerica_11100_35 SVEP49_NorthAmerica_11100_35 SVEP49_NorthAmerica_11100_35 SEP31_NorthAmerica_23800_140 SEP31_NorthAmerica_23800_140 SEP31_NorthAmerica_23800_140 SEP31_NorthAmerica_23800_140 SEP44_NorthAmerica_18510_100 SEP44_NorthAmerica_18510_100 SEP44_NorthAmerica_18510_100 SEP44_NorthAmerica_18510_100 SSEP18_NorthAmerica_23590_130 SSEP18_NorthAmerica_23590_130 SSEP18_NorthAmerica_23590_130 SSEP18_NorthAmerica_23590_130 SVEP32_NorthAmerica_15200_60 SVEP32_NorthAmerica_15200_60 SVEP32_NorthAmerica_15200_60 SVEP32_NorthAmerica_15200_60 SEP11_NorthAmerica_17070_70 SEP11_NorthAmerica_17070_70 SEP11_NorthAmerica_17070_70 SEP11_NorthAmerica_17070_70 SEP17_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP17_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP17_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP17_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP15_NorthAmerica_11585_35 SVEP15_NorthAmerica_11585_35 SVEP15_NorthAmerica_11585_35 SVEP15_NorthAmerica_11585_35 SVEP20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP20_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP58_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP58_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP58_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP58_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP12_NorthAmerica_12130_35 SSEP12_NorthAmerica_12130_35 SSEP12_NorthAmerica_12130_35 SSEP12_NorthAmerica_12130_35 SSEP39_NorthAmerica_12475_40 SSEP39_NorthAmerica_12475_40 SSEP39_NorthAmerica_12475_40 SSEP39_NorthAmerica_12475_40 SVEP43_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP43_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP43_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP43_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP57_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP57_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP57_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP57_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP72_NorthAmerica_10650_30 SVEP72_NorthAmerica_10650_30 SVEP72_NorthAmerica_10650_30 SVEP72_NorthAmerica_10650_30 SEP59_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP59_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP59_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SEP59_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP38_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP38_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP38_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SSEP38_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP41_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP41_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP41_NorthAmerica_10990_25 SVEP41_NorthAmerica_10990_25 EID13_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID13_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID13_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID13_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SEP61_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SEP61_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SEP61_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated SEP61_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID03_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID03_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID03_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID03_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID10_NorthAmerica_22430_140 EID10_NorthAmerica_22430_140 EID10_NorthAmerica_22430_140 EID10_NorthAmerica_22430_140 SVEP09_NorthAmerica_12495_45 SVEP09_NorthAmerica_12495_45 SVEP09_NorthAmerica_12495_45 SVEP09_NorthAmerica_12495_45 SVEP1679_NorthAmerica_33670_450 SVEP1679_NorthAmerica_33670_450 SVEP1679_NorthAmerica_33670_450 SVEP1679_NorthAmerica_33670_450 EID11_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID11_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID11_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID11_NorthAmerica_infinite_undated EID02_NorthAmerica_41510_480 EID02_NorthAmerica_41510_480 EID02_NorthAmerica_41510_480 EID02_NorthAmerica_41510_480 SEP63_NorthAmerica_38600_2900 SEP63_NorthAmerica_38600_2900 SEP63_NorthAmerica_38600_2900 SEP63_NorthAmerica_38600_2900 EID07_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID07_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID07_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EID07_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SEP69_NorthAmerica_42764_1737_46455 SEP69_NorthAmerica_42764_1737_46455 SEP69_NorthAmerica_42764_1737_46455 SEP69_NorthAmerica_42764_1737_46455 EID05_NorthAmerica_28960_310 EID05_NorthAmerica_28960_310 EID05_NorthAmerica_28960_310 EID05_NorthAmerica_28960_310 EEP41_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EEP41_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EEP41_NorthAmerica_undated_undated EEP41_NorthAmerica_undated_undated We thank: Pama, Zella, Annika Krengel EID25_NorthAmerica_12200_55 EID25_NorthAmerica_12200_55 [1] Palkopoulou et EID25_NorthAmerica_12200_55 al. (2013) Proc. Roy. Soc. B. [9] Gilbert et al. (2007) Science EID25_NorthAmerica_12200_55 SVEP05_NorthAmerica_17510_70 SVEP05_NorthAmerica_17510_70 SVEP05_NorthAmerica_17510_70 SVEP05_NorthAmerica_17510_70 and Tobias Knauf-Witzens (Wilhelma Zoo EID23SEP03_NorthAmerica_23050_180 EID23SEP03_NorthAmerica_23050_180 EID23SEP03_NorthAmerica_23050_180 [2] Enk et al. (2016) Front. Ecol. Evol. [10] Gilbert et al. (2008) P.N.A.S. USA EID23SEP03_NorthAmerica_23050_180 EID27_NorthAmerica_10350_45 EID27_NorthAmerica_10350_45 EID27_NorthAmerica_10350_45 Stuttgart), Ella EID27_NorthAmerica_10350_45 Reiter, Maria Spyrou, SEP02_NorthAmerica_12450_40 SEP02_NorthAmerica_12450_40 [3] Dabney et al. (2013) SEP02_NorthAmerica_12450_40 P.N.A.S. USA [11] Keane et al. (2006) BMC Evol. Biol. SEP02_NorthAmerica_12450_40 SSEP25_NorthAmerica_13985_45 SSEP25_NorthAmerica_13985_45 SSEP25_NorthAmerica_13985_45 Simon Heumos, SSEP25_NorthAmerica_13985_45 Nicholas Conard and SEP50_NorthAmerica_12320_50 SEP50_NorthAmerica_12320_50 [4] Meyer and Kircher SEP50_NorthAmerica_12320_50 (2012) Nucleic Acids Res. [12] Kearse et al. (2012) Bioinformatics SEP50_NorthAmerica_12320_50 VEP82_NorthAmerica_11250_65 VEP82_NorthAmerica_11250_65 Maria Malina VEP82_NorthAmerica_11250_65 (INA, Universität SEP06_NorthAmerica_20550_100 (2010) PLoS One [13] Tamura et al. (2013) Mol. Biol. Evol. SEP06_NorthAmerica_20550_100[5] Maricic et al. VEP82_NorthAmerica_11250_65 SEP06_NorthAmerica_20550_100 SEP06_NorthAmerica_20550_100 SVEP08_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP08_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP08_NorthAmerica_undated_undated Tübingen); Piotr Wojtal (ISEZ, Kraków) SVEP08_NorthAmerica_undated_undated Genome Biol. [14] Nguyen et al. (2015) Mol. Biol. Evol. SEP53_NorthAmerica_13215_40 SEP53_NorthAmerica_13215_40 [6] Peltzer et al. (2016) SEP53_NorthAmerica_13215_40 SEP53_NorthAmerica_13215_40 SSEP26_NorthAmerica_12930_40 SSEP26_NorthAmerica_12930_40 SSEP26_NorthAmerica_12930_40 SSEP26_NorthAmerica_12930_40 [7] Krause et al. (2006) Nature [15] Ronquist et al. (2012) Syst. Biol. SVEP48_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP48_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP48_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SVEP48_NorthAmerica_undated_undated SSED27_NorthAmerica_13950_45_16926 SSED27_NorthAmerica_13950_45_16926 SSED27_NorthAmerica_13950_45_16926 SSED27_NorthAmerica_13950_45_16926 PLoS Biol. [16] Drucker et al. (2012) Quat. Int. SSED28_NorthAmerica_13860_40 SSED28_NorthAmerica_13860_40[8] Rogaev et al. (2006) SSED28_NorthAmerica_13860_40 SSED28_NorthAmerica_13860_40
19k-10k BP Clade I Migration into Europe
Clade I
mtGenome
Clade II
Clade III
mtFragment (HVR)
14C dates uncalibrated Based on [1,2,7,8,9,10]
5 Late Pleistocene European Woolly Mammoth Population Dynamics
● Clade III survived until at least 28k uncal BP in S.W. Germany, [1] later than 29k uncal BP .
● Earliest European clade I individuals in modern Poland 24k uncal BP.
Maximum Likelihood (IQ-Tree [14]) Bayes (MrBayes v3.2.6 [15])
CLADE II
39-30k BP Clade III Range Reduction
● Population replacement prior LGM - humans hunted clade III to 'extinction'? Supply of clade I from the east?
References and Acknowledgments
