Commercialisation of Intelligent Transportation Systems: The Case of ...

3 downloads 32 Views 346KB Size Report
is that it is necessary to start by defining the business ecosystem model for ... The purpose of the first phase was to present a variety of applications from which the most promising ... Step 4: Final vote to identify top 5 cooperative ITS services.
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

7UDQVSRUW5HVHDUFK$UHQD±(XURSH

&RPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQRI,QWHOOLJHQW7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6\VWHPV7KH &DVHRI&RRSHUDWLYH6\VWHPV 0DULD1LOVVRQD 0DWV:LOOLDQGHUD&ULVWRIHU(QJOXQGD D

&RRSHUDWLYH6\VWHPV*URXS9LNWRULDLQVWLWXWH+|UVHOJnQJHQ*|WHERUJ6ZHGHQ 

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¶V GHSOR\PHQW LQ 6ZHGHQ FDUULHG RXW E\ QDWLRQDO DXWKRULWLHV UHJLRQDO URDG DXWKRULWLHV YHKLFOH 2(0V DQG WHOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQV FRPSDQLHV 0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH UHVXOWV IURP D VHULHV RI VWDNHKROGHU ZRUNVKRSV H[SORULQJ WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU DQ HDUO\ GHSOR\PHQW RI D FRRSHUDWLYH ,76 VHUYLFH WKDW FRXOG EH FRPPHUFLDOO\DQGSXEOLFDOO\DYDLODEOHE\2QHREVHUYDWLRQIURPWKHMRLQWHIIRUWLVWKHVKLIWLQHPSKDVLVIURPWKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI D VLQJOH FRRSHUDWLYH ,76 VHUYLFH WRZDUGV GHILQLQJ WKH ³EXVLQHVV HFRV\VWHP PRGHO´ UHTXLUHG WR HQDEOHVXFKFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV2YHUDOOWKLVSUHVWXG\SUHVHQWVWKHQHFHVVDU\PHDQVLQWDNLQJRQHPRUHVWHS WRZDUGVSXEOLFDOO\DYDLODEOHFRRSHUDWLYH,76KLJKOLJKWLQJTXHVWLRQVVXFKDV³ZKRKDVWKHPRWLYDWLRQDQGWDNHVWKH LQLWLDWLYHWRFUHDWHDQHFRV\VWHPIRUFRRSHUDWLYH,76V\VWHPV"´DQG³ZKDWDUHWKHWHFKQLFDOERXQGDULHVWRFRPSO\WR HQDEOHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQE\"´



© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the ‹3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI75$ Transport Research Arena 2012



.H\ZRUGVFRRSHUDWLYHV\VWHPVDSSOLFDWLRQEXLVQHVVPRGHOOLQJLQWHOOLJHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPV6HUYLFH

,QWURGXFWLRQ 7KH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ (8 KDVDQQRXQFHG (XURSHDQFRPPLVVLRQ WKDWWUDQVSRUWLVDQLPSRUWDQW IDFWRU IRU HFRQRPLF JURZWK LQ VRFLHW\ 6XFK WUDQVSRUWV DUH KRZHYHU DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PDMRU HQYLURQPHQWDO HFRQRPLFDO DQG VRFLDO FRVWV :LWK JURZLQJ FLWLHV KLJKHU WUDIILF GHQVLW\ RQ URDGV DQG 

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU (PDLODGGUHVVPDULDQLOVVRQ#YLNWRULDVH

1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research Arena 2012 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1050

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

KLJKHU GHPDQG IRU WLPHO\ DUULYDOV RI KXPDQV JRRGV DQG VHUYLFHV WKH WUDIILF VLWXDWLRQ KDV EHFRPH LQFUHDVLQJO\VWUDLQHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQKLJKO\SRSXODWHGDUHDV  $Q H[SUHVVHG DPELWLRQ E\ JRYHUQPHQWV HJ -HQVWDY  /XQGJUHQ  (XURSHDQ FRPPLVVLRQ  LVWRLQFUHDVHWKHXVHRI,QWHOOLJHQW7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6\VWHPV ,76 LQWKHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQURDGQHWZRUN WR PDNH WKH ODWWHU PRUH HIILFLHQW &RRSHUDWLYH ,76 LV RIWHQ KLJKOLJKWHG DV D SURPLQHQW SDUW RI IXWXUH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ QHWZRUNV DV LW KDV WKH DELOLW\ WR PDNH WKHVH PRUH HIILFLHQW VDIHU DQG ³JUHHQHU´ ,Q WKLV SDSHUFRRSHUDWLYH,76UHIHUVWRDV\VWHPLQZKLFKWZRRUPRUHRISHRSOHYHKLFOHVQRPDGLFGHYLFHVDQG LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDUHFRQQHFWHGDQGFRRSHUDWHE\VKDULQJLQIRUPDWLRQ‚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³EXVLQHVV HFRV\VWHP´ 3HOWRQLHPL  9XRUL   PRGHO WR FUHDWH D VXVWDLQDEOH DUFKLWHFWXUHIRUVXEVHTXHQWFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHVWRFRPH $FRUHEHOLHIXQGHUO\LQJWKHSUHVHQWSDSHU LVWKDWLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRVWDUWE\GHILQLQJWKHEXVLQHVVHFRV\VWHPPRGHOIRUFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHDQG WKHUHE\IRVWHUWKHJURZWKRIVXFKV\VWHPEH\RQGLQGLYLGXDOLQLWLDWLYHV FI)LJXUH  

 )LJ6NHWFKRIEXVLQHVVHFRV\VWHPIRUFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV

 



3UH6WXG\'HVLJQ 7KLVVHFWLRQGLVFXVVHVWKHGHVLJQRIWKHSUHVWXG\FDUULHGRXWE\WKHDXWKRUVRIWKLVDUWLFOHLQWKHVSULQJ RI  7KH SUHVWXG\ ZDV LQLWLDWHG DQG VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH 6ZHGLVK 7UDQVSRUW $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ ZLWK WKH JRDORILGHQWLI\LQJDQ FRRSHUDWLYH ,76DSSOLFDWLRQWKDWFRXOGEHFRPPHUFLDOLVHGDQGSXEOLFDOO\DYDLODEOH  ‚

7\SLFDOO\FRRSHUDWLYH,76LVGHILQHGLQWHUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQPHDQV ,(((SDQG*+] LQWKLVSDSHUWKHGHILQLWLRQ LVEURDGHQHGWRUHIOHFWWKHDXWKRUV¶YLHZWKDWFRRSHUDWLYH,76VKRXOGQRWEHUHVWULFWHGWRRQHUDGLRFRPPXQLFDWLRQPHDQV

723

724

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

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x 6WHS,QGLYLGXDOLGHQWLILFDWLRQWKHPRVWIDYRXUDEOHFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHDPRQJWKHSUHLGHQWLILHG VHUYLFHV x 6WHS%UDLQVWRUPIXUWKHULGHDVRIFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHVWREHDGGHGWRWKHOLVWFRPSLOHGLQVWHS x 6WHS2YHUODSSLQJLGHDVRIVHUYLFHVZHUHFRPELQHG x 6WHS)LQDOYRWHWRLGHQWLI\WRSFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV x 6WHS&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIVHUYLFHVLQWRWKHGLPHQVLRQVRIYROXPHRIXVHUVVSDFHDQGWLPH x 6WHS,GHQWLILFDWLRQRIFXVWRPHUVDQGWKHLUZLOOLQJQHVVWRSD\IRUWKHWRSLGHQWLILHGVHUYLFHV  7KHIRFDOSRLQWRIWKHGLVFXVVLRQVZDVWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRID³NLOOHUDSS´ FI'RZQHV 0XL  IRU FRRSHUDWLYH ,76 WKDW FRXOG EHEURXJKW WR D ³SUHFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ´ VWDWH LQ D ODWHU SURMHFW%H\RQG WKDWWKHLQWHQWLRQZDVWKDWFRPPHUFLDOIRUFHVZRXOGWDNHRQIURPWKHUH$VXPPDU\RIWKHUHVXOWRIWKH ZRUNVKRSLVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ 3KDVH6FRXWLQJEXVLQHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKHLGHQWLILHGVHUYLFHV 7KH SXUSRVH RI WKH VHFRQG SKDVH ZDV WR SHUIRUP DQ LQWHUYLHZ VWXG\ DFWLYLW\   WR HYDOXDWH WKH FXVWRPHU QHHG ZLWKLQ DSSURSULDWH FXVWRPHU VHJPHQWV  DQG ZLOOLQJQHVV WR SD\ IRU WKH WRS  LGHQWLILHG VHUYLFHV FI6WHSDQGLQSKDVH 7KHLQWHUYLHZVWXG\WDUJHWHGRQO\WZRFXVWRPHUVHJPHQWV IUHLJKW

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

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³ZLOOLQJQHVV WR SD\´ DQG WKH ³WHFKQRORJ\DGRSWLRQPRGHO´WDUJHWLQJWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHIROORZLQJDVSHFWV  x &XUUHQWDSSURDFKHVDQGLQYHVWPHQWOHYHOVWRHVWDEOLVKDEDVHOLQH 1XXWLQHQ /XRPD  x 7KHJHQHUDOQHHGIRUQHZVHUYLFHV 1XXWLQHQ /XRPD  x 7KHGHPDQGRIWKHSURSRVHGVHUYLFHV .DDVLQHQ  x 7KHYDOXHRIWKHSURSRVHGVHUYLFHV 0DUWLJQRQL6WDQRHYVND6ODEHYD 0XHOOHU.DDVLQHQ   x 8VDJHDUHDVIRUWKHSURSRVHGVHUYLFHV 0DUWLJQRQL6WDQRHYVND6ODEHYD 0XHOOHU.DDVLQHQ   x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±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³ZKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ LV UHTXLUHG WR PDNH WKH VHUYLFH SRVVLEOH"´ DQG ³ZKDW GDWD FDQ WKH 2(0V SURYLGHDQGEHRSHQZLWKIRUGHYHORSPHQW"´$OVRTXHVWLRQVVXFKDV³ZKDWLVWKHµEXVLQHVVFDVH¶IRUHDFK RIWKHWKUHHFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV"´³:K\ZRXOGWKHFRPPHUFLDODFWRUVSDUWLFLSDWH"´³:KRQHHGHG WRSDUWLFLSDWHWRPDNHWKHVHUYLFHVFRPHWUXH"´³$WZKDWFRVW"´³:KHQFRXOGUHYHQXHVEHH[SHFWHG"´ ³)URP ZKHUH" 0XOWLVLGHG PDUNHWV"´ ³2SHQ LQQRYDWLRQ" :K\ RSHQ"´ ZHUH DOO KLJKOLJKWHG GXULQJ WKH GLVFXVVLRQ$VXPPDU\RIWKHUHVXOWVLVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ 5HVXOWDQG$QDO\VLV 5 $  5HVXOWVLQFOXGHWKHPDWHULDOSURGXFHGLQWKHGLIIHUHQWSKDVHV VXUYH\VUHSRUWVSUHVHQWDWLRQVHPDLOV  DVZHOODVWKHGLVFXVVLRQVGXULQJPHHWLQJVDQGVWDNHKROGHUZRUNVKRSV5HVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGWKHPDWLFDOO\ DQG UHIOHFW WKH VKLIW LQ WKH FROOHFWLYH IRFXV IURP WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI D VLQJOH FRRSHUDWLYH ,76 VHUYLFH WRZDUGVWKHGHILQLWLRQRIDEXVLQHVVHFRV\VWHPWKDWZRXOGHQDEOHWKHJURZWKRIFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV 7KLVLVH[SDQGHGXSRQLQWKHIROORZLQJ 

725

726

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

5 $3KDVH 7KH GLVFXVVLRQV DQG WKH EUDLQVWRUP LQ SKDVH  ZLWK DQ LQLWLDO VHW RI  VHUYLFHV IURP  GLIIHUHQW SURMHFWV DQG LQLWLDWLYH ZLWKLQ WKH (8  FRQYHUJHG RQWR  WRS FDQGLGDWHV WR EH EDVHG RQ FRRSHUDWLYH WHFKQRORJ\EHOLHYHGVXLWDEOHIRUFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQE\ FI$FWLYLW\DQG   x x x x x

+D]DUGRXV/RFDWLRQ1RWLILFDWLRQ 5HVHUYHXQORDGORDGVORWDWSXEOLFVWUHHWV 7UDIILFLQIRDQGUHFRPPHQGHGLWLQHUDU\ 7UDIILFMDPDKHDGZDUQLQJ $GDSWLYHPDSV

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³UHVHUYH ORDG VORW´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x )OH[LELOLW\ x $GRSWDELOLW\ x 5HOLDELOLW\ x ,QIRUPDWLRQSHUWLQHQFH QRROGLQIRUPDWLRQ   7KHUHVXOWRIWKHLQWHUYLHZVVKRZHGWKDWIUHLJKWRSHUDWRUV IURPDPDQDJHU¶VSRLQWRIYLHZ ZHUHLQ JHQHUDO SRVLWLYH WRZDUGV WKH SURSRVHG VHUYLFHV +RZHYHU ZKHQ FRPSDULQJ ZLWK WKHLU FXUUHQW QHHGV H[SUHVVHGSUREOHPVDQGSUHVHQWDOWHUQDWLYHVWKH\FRXOGQRWIRUHVHHDGLUHFWLPSDFWRQWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQ DQGWKXVMXGJHGWKH VHUYLFHV DVKDYLQJDORZ YDOXH FI $SSHQGL[& 7KHLQWHUYLHZV ZLWKSULYDWHURDG XVHUV FI$SSHQGL[& UHYHDOHGDVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWVLWXDWLRQ7KH\LGHQWLILHGDFXUUHQWSUREOHPZKLFK WKH VHUYLFHV ZRXOG VROYH 7KH SURSRVHG VHUYLFHV FRXOG DOVR KDYH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR SURYLGH D EHWWHU DOWHUQDWLYHWKDQH[LVWLQJVROXWLRQV+RZHYHUWKHLUZLOOLQJQHVVWRSD\ZDVDIIHFWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWRGD\¶V VLPSOHU DQG VRPHWLPHV XQSUHGLFWDEOH  DOWHUQDWLYHV DUH W\SLFDOO\ IUHH FI $SSHQGL[ &  7DNHQ WRJHWKHU

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

WKH IROORZLQJ VHUYLFHV ZHUH MXGJHG WR EH WKH PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ RQHV EDVHG RQ H[SHFWHG XVHEHQHILW DQG ZLOOLQJQHVVWRSD\ FI$SSHQGL[&   x 7UDIILFLQIRDQGUHFRPPHQGHGLWLQHUDU\ x 7UDIILFFRQJHVWLRQZDUQLQJ  ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ LW ZDV DOVR HYLGHQW LQ WKH UHVSRQVHV WKDW WKH LQWHUYLHZHHV H[SHULHQFHG WKH SUHVHQWHG VHUYLFHVGLIILFXOWWRVHSDUDWHIURPHDFKRWKHUFRQVLGHULQJWKHPLQVWHDGDVRQH³SDFNDJH´ 5 $3KDVH 7KHLGHQWLILHGVHUYLFHVDQGWKHLQWHUYLHZVSURYLGHGUHVXOWVGLVFXVVHGGXULQJWKHZRUNVKRSLQSKDVH DFWLYLW\ 6SHFLILFDOO\WKUHHVHUYLFHV KD]DUGRXVORFDWLRQQRWLILFDWLRQWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQZDUQLQJDQG UHFRPPHQGHG LWLQHUDU\  ZHUH SURSRVHG DV FRRSHUDWLYH ,76 VHUYLFHV ZLWK WKH SRWHQWLDO WR EH SXEOLFO\ DYDLODEOHE\%DVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVHVHUYLFHVDUHVRPHZKDWVLPLODUDQGWKDWLWZDVGLIILFXOWWR SLFNRQHWKDWDOO VWDNHKROGHUVFRXOGDJUHHRQLW ZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKH IRFXVVKRXOGUDWKHUEHDWKHPH ³KHOS PH WKURXJK WKH FLW\´ DV RSSRVHG WR D VSHFLILF VHUYLFH 7KLV WKHPH FRXOG SURYLGH WKH QHFHVVDU\ PHDQVWRFRPELQHVHYHUDOLQGLYLGXDOUHVHDUFKUHVXOWVLQWRFRPPHUFLDOO\YLDEOHFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV DQGWRPDNHWKHPUHOHYDQWIRUERWKFRPPHUFLDODQGSULYDWHURDGXVHUV,QDGGLWLRQLWZDVMXGJHGWKDWWKLV WKHPHFRXOGSURYLGHD³OD\HU´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

727

728

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

7HFKQLFDODVSHFWVRIHDUO\FRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ 7KH VHOHFWLRQ SURFHVV LQFOXGHG D MXGJHPHQW RI WKH VHUYLFHV¶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¶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x 8VHRIVPDUWSKRQHVERWKIRUGDWDJDWKHULQJDQGVHUYLFHFRQVXPSWLRQ x 7KLVZRXOGUHVWULFWWKHSRVVLEOHIORDWLQJFDUGDWDVHWWREXLOGVHUYLFHVRQWRWKHRQHVVPDUWSKRQHVFDQ SURYLGHDQGKHQFHSRWHQWLDOO\UHVWULFWZKDWVHUYLFHVWKDWFDQEHFKRVHQIRUFRPPHUFLDOLVDWLRQ x *DWKHUGDWDIURPWKHYHKLFOHVDQGXVHVPDUWSKRQHVIRUVHUYLFHFRQVXPSWLRQ x 7KLVRSWLRQZDVFRQVLGHUHGDUHDVRQDEOHFRPSURPLVHVLQFHWKHSDUWLFLSDWLQJYHKLFOHEUDQGVWRGD\KDYH VXIILFLHQWEXLOWLQ,76FDSDELOLWLHVVRWKDWWKH\UHODWLYHO\HDVLO\FDQPRGLI\WKHVHV\VWHPVWREHFRPH GDWDVRXUFHVIRUFRRSHUDWLYH,76VHUYLFHV x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

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

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³ZKDW¶VLQLWIRUP\FXVWRPHUVDQGP\VHOI":K\VKRXOG P\EUDQGHQJDJHLQSURYLGLQJYHKLFOHGDWDWKDWFDQWKHQEHFRQVXPHGRQVPDUWSKRQHVLQFRPSHWLWRU¶V YHKLFOHEUDQGV":KRZLOOSD\IRUWKHLQLWLDOLQYHVWPHQWVZHQHHGWRGR"´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¶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³OD\HUV´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

729

730

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

VHUYLFHV ZKLOH LW JURZ LQ YDOXH WR EHFRPH VXIILFLHQWO\ LQWHUHVWLQJ IRU FRPPHUFLDO DFWRUV WR JRYHUQ FROOHFWLYHO\ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV 7KLVSURMHFWZDVHQDEOHGE\ DJUDQWIURPWKH6ZHGLVK7UDQVSRUW$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ0DQ\ WKDQNVJRWR WKHVWDNHKROGHUVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHZRUNVKRS 5HIHUHQFHV  %ODQN6*7KH)RXU6WHSVWRWKH(SLSKDQ\6XFFHVVIXO6WUDWHJLHVIRU3URGXFWVWKDW:LQ3XEOLVKHU&DIHSUHVVFRP  %RVVRP5HWDO  '(XURSHDQ,76&RPPXQLFDWLRQ$UFKLWHFWXUH2YHUDOO)UDPHZRUN3URRIRI&RQFHSW,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ $YDLODEOHDW

KWWSZZZFRPHVDIHW\RUJXSORDGVPHGLD&20H6DIHW\B'(/B'B(XURSHDQ,76&RPPXQLFDWLRQ$U FKLWHFWXUHBYBSGI

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|YHUJULSDQGH6WUDWHJLRFKKDQGOLQJVSODQI|UDQYlQGQLQJDY,76>LQ6:(',6+@ 7HFKQLFDOUHSRUW7KH6ZHGLVK5RDG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ,661  .DDVLQHQ(  8VHUDFFHSWDQFHRIPRELOHVHUYLFHV±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

731

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

3HOWRQLHPL0 9XRUL(  %XVLQHVV(FRV\VWHPDVWKH1HZ$SSURDFKWR&RPSOH[$GDSWLYH%XVLQHVV(QYLURQPHQWV )URQWLHUDVRIHEXLVQHVVUHVHDUFK$YDLODEOHDWKWWSZZZHEUFILNXYDWBSGI  7KH6ZHGLVK5RDG$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ  6XPPDU\0XOWLPRGDO,76VWUDWHJ\DQGDFWLRQSODQIRU6ZHGHQ7HNQLVNWUDSSRUW $YDLODEOHDW KWWSSXEOLNDWLRQVZHEEXWLNYYVHXSORDGBVXPPDU\BPXOWLPRGDOBLWVBVWUDWHJ\BDQGBDFWLRQBSODQBIRUBVZHGHQSGI >@  6WUDXVV$ &RELQ-  %DVLFVRITXDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKWHFKQLTXHVDQGSURFHGXUHVIRUGHYHORSLQJ JURXQGHGWKHRU\6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ

$SSHQGL[$&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIWRSVHUYLFHVLQWKHWKUHHGLPHQVLRQVRIWLPHGLVWDQFHDQGTXDQWLW\ 6RXUFH$FWLYLW\  6HUYLFH

7LPH PVVPLQKRXU >@

+D]DUGRXV/RFDWLRQ1RWLILFDWLRQ 5HVHUYHORDGVORW 7UDIILFLQIRDQGUHFRPPHQGHGLWLQHUDU\ 7UDIILFMDPDKHDGZDUQLQJ $GDSWLYHPDSV

    

'LVWDQFH GPPNPPLO>@

    

9ROXPH RQHWHQKRXQGUHGV WKRXVHQPLOLRQV>@

    

 $SSHQGL[%:LOLQHVVWRSD\ 6RXUFH$FWLYLW\  $FWRU 

+D] ORFDWLRQ

5HVHUYH ORDGVORW

)UHLJKWRSHUDWRUV 3ULYDWHURDGXVHUV 5RDGDXWKRULWLHV )UHLJKWFXVWRPHUV 7UDQVSRUWUHODWHG VHUYLFHV /RFDODXWKRULWLHV 9HKLFOH2(0 &RPPXWHUV 3XEOLFWUDQVSRUW (PHUJHQF\YHKLFOHV 7UDIILFLQVXUDQFH 1DWLRQDODXWKRULWLHV

           



7UDIILF -DP :DUQLQJ     

$GDSWLYH PDSV

727$/

    

7UDIILF ,QIR5HF ,WHQDU\     

    

    

      

      

      

      

      

732

Maria Nilsson et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 722 – 732

$SSHQGL[&([SUHVVHGZLOLQHVVWRSD\DVH[SUHVVHGE\WKHLQWHUYLHZHHIUHLJKWFRPSDQLHVDQG SULYDWHURDGXVHUV 6RXUFH$FWLYLW\   6HUYLFH 5HVHUYHORDG VORW

([SHFWHG XVH EHQHILW 0LQLPDO

$OWHUQDWLYHVROXWLRQV /DUJHFRPSDQLHVGRLWDOUHDG\WKH\ KDYHWKHUHRZQV\VWHP\RXVLWDQG ZDLWRWKHUGHOLYHU\LVWDNHQLQ EHWZHHQVHQVRUVQRWLI\ZKHQD GHOLYHU\DUULYHV /RFDOUDGLRWUDIILFLQIRUPDWLRQ RWKHUURDGXVHUVRWKHUSHRSOHWKH HQYLURQPHQWVHQVRU\SUHGLFWLRQ JXWIHHOLQJ /RFDOUDGLRWUDIILFLQIRUPDWLRQ  PLQEHIRUH\RXVWDUW\RXULGH  WUDIILFQXZHEFDP

&XUUHQWFRVW IRU DOWHUQDWLYHV ,QGLUHFWRQH IRUDOOFRVW

8VDJHDUHDV

:LOOLQJQHVV WRSD\

1RVWDWHGQHHG

0LQLPDO

)UHH

&RXQWU\VLGHLQ WKHQRUWKQHZ DUHDV

/RZ

)UHH

/RQJGLVWDQFH  FRPPXWHUV XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW ORQJGLVWDQFH  FRPPXWHUV XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQW 1RVWDWHGQHHG

$YHUDJH

+D]DUGRXV ORFDWLRQ QRWLILFDWLRQ

/RZ

7UDIILFLQIR DQG UHFRPPHQGH GLWLQHUDU\ 7UDIILFMDP DKHDG ZDUQLQJ

$YHUDJH

+LJK

/RFDOUDGLRWUDIILFLQIRUPDWLRQ *36QDYLJDWLRQV\VWHP

)UHHRQHIRU DOOFRVW

$GDSWLYH PDS

$EVHQW

/RFDOUDGLRWUDIILFLQIRUPDWLRQ QHZSDSHUPDSXSGDWHWR*36 QDYLJDWLRQVV\VWHP

)UHHRQHIRU DOOFRVW XSGDWHFRVW



$YHUDJH

$EVHQW