La publication, en 1977, des nouvelles recommandations de la Commission internationale de protection radiologique (CIPR) a rendu nécessaire le calcul des ...
AECL-6540
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA UM1TED
K £ 9 • f i ^ j f
L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE DU CANADA LIMITÉE
COMMITTED EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT CONVERSION FACTORS FOR INTAKE OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES BY INFANTS AND ADULTS Facteurs de conversion des équivalents de dose réellement engagés pour l'absorption par les enfants en bas age et les adultes de radionucléides sélectionnés
J.R. JOHNSON. D.G. STEWART and M.B. CARVER
Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories
Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River
Chalk River, Ontario November 1979 novembre
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
COMMITTED EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT CONVERSION FACTORS FOR INTAKE OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES BY INFANTS AND ADULTS
by
J.R. Johnson, D.G. Stewart* and M.B. Carver*
Mathematics S Computation Branoh Biomédical Research Branch Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario, KOJ U O November 1979
AECL-654O
Facteurs de conversion des équivalents de dose réellement engagés pour l'absorption par les enfants en bas âge et les adultes de radionucléides sélectionnés
par J.R. Johnson *, D.G. Stewart ** et M.B. Carver **
Résumé La publication, en 1977, des nouvelles recommandations de la Commission internationale de protection radiologique (CIPR) a rendu nécessaire le calcul des équivalents de dose réellement engagés par yCi d'absorption pour tous les radionucléides, sous leurs diverses formes chimiques et physiques, jouant un rôle important dans l'industrie nucléaire au Canada. Les facteurs de conversion de dose ainsi que les données et les méthodes employées pour les calculer font l'objet du présent rapport. On y trouve, en particulier, les valeurs s'appliquant à un jeune enfant de référence âgé d'un an et celles s"appliquant à un homme de référence, comme les définit CIPR. *Lépartement de recherche biomédicale **Département de mathématiques et de calculs
L'Energie Atomique du Canada, Limitée Laboratoires nucléaires de Chalk River Chalk River, Ontario, KOJ 1J0 Novembre 1979 AECL -6540
ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
COMMITTED EFFECTIVE DOSE EQUIVALENT
CONVERSION FACTORS
FOR INTAKE OF SELECTED RADIONUCLIDES BY INFANTS AND ADULTS
by
J.R. Johnson, D.G. Stewart* and M.B. Carver*
ABSTRACT The 1977 publication of new recommendations by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) made it necessary to calculate committed effective dose equivalents per yCi intake for all radionuclides, in their various chemical and physical forms, of importance in the nuclear industry in Canada. These dose conversion factors, and the data and methods used to calculate them, are the subject of this report. Included are values for reference infant, taken to be a one year old, as well as those for reference man, as defined by the ICRP.
Mathematics S Computation Branch
Biomédical Research Branch Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories Chalk River, Ontario, KOJ 1J0 November 1979
AECL-6540
TABLE OF CONTENT Page A.
INTRODUCTION
1
B.
THE GENERAL MODEL
3
1)
The Lung Model
3
a)
Differential Equations
3
b)
Modification of Model for Infants
5
2)
3)
C.
The G.I. Tract Model a) Differential Equations b) Modification of Model for Infants Compartment Model Describing the Organs a) Differential Equations b) Metabolic Data - Description c) Metabolic Data - Adults d) Metabolic Data - Infants
6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE GENERAL MODEL
14
1)
Integration of the Equations
14
2)
Implementation of the General Model
15
D.
CASES NOT SOLVED USING THE GENERAL MODEL
18
E.
1) Tritium Gas 2) Tritium Oxide 3) CO Gas 4) Iodine Isotopes 5) Alkaline Earth Elements S-PRIME FACTORS
18 20 22 23 25 28
1)
Adult Values
29
2)
Infant Values
30
DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS
34
1) 2)
34 34
F.
G.
Stochastic Dose Conversion Factors Non-stochastic Dose Factors
SUMMARY
35
REFERENCES
37
TABLES
40
FIGURES APPENDIX I
44 General Model Program Listing
APPENDIX II Computer Generated Tables
A.
INTRODUCTION The recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological
Protection of 1977 philosophy.
represented a major shift in radiation protection
Previously, the recommendation regarding limits on doses r°~
ferred to a single "critical" organ
2)
; the critical organ for doses from
internal contamination being that organ which received the largest fraction of its recommended dose limits following an intake of radioactive material The limit on dose in the new recommendations refers to the "effective" 4) dose . This effective dose is the dose calculated by weighting the dose to an individual organ following an intake by a factor proportional to the risk per unit dose for that organ and summing over all organs. The publication of these new recommendations made it necessary to calculate effective doses for radionuclides, in their various chemical and physical forms, of importance in the nuclear industry in Canada.
Thase
effective doses per unit intake of radioactivity and the data and methods used to calculate them, are the subject of this report. More specifically, the committed effective dose equivalent per unit activity intake, in rem*per viCi* intake are calculated with the formula.
H 5 0 = I Q50.S1
A-l
Here Q50. is the integral to 50 years, in yCi-days per yCi intake,of the retention of radioactive material in organ j following an intake of one yCi. The calculation of the Q50. factors is described in sections B, C and D. S'. is the conversion from integrated activity in organ j to effective dose
*S.I. Equivalents rem = 0.01 Sv i = 3.7x104 Bq
.
-2-
equivalent, in rem per yCi-day.
The calculation of these "S-prime" factors
are described in Section E. Similar calculations, specific for occupational exposure, have been done by Adams et al.
and much of the metabolic data given in their report
have been used here for adults.
These data are that expected to be used
in forthcoming publications* of Committee 2 of ICRP, which will give the results of similar calculations, also only for occupational exposure. of these data were taken from ICRP Publication 23 Reference Man Report (RMR).
Much
, referred to here as
RMR and other publications have been used in
this report to extend the metabolic data to infants,taken in this report to be a one year old, and to physical and chemical forms not expected to be considered in the NC2R. The dose conversion factors derived in this report are intended to be "representative" values and there could be large differences between these factors and actual values for certain individuals, or for certain individual groups.
These differences could arise from such things as variations in
the metabolism of the various elements, with chemical and physical form, and with individual diets.
Therefore it is important that these factors
should not be used to calculate doses to individuals but rather they should be used to limit intake by individuals to ensure that they will not exceed dose limits.
This can be achieved by the setting of such limits as Derived
Release Limits
and Annual Limits of Intake
. If these limits are approached,
there will be in general enough activity in the exposed person that actual metabolic rates for the individual involved can be estimated and used to calculate the dose received more accurately.
*
These publications will be referred to here collectively as the New Committee 2 Report (NC2R). The first of these publications, ICRP Publication 30, Part 1 "Limits • of Intakes of Radionualides by Workers" is now available in Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 2, No. 3/4, 1979 .
-3B.
THE GENERAL MODEL The general model used to produce Q50 values combines the ICRP's Task
Group on Lung Dynamics (TGLD)Model
, Eve's
model for the transport of
material through the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and a compartment model for uptake and retention by the organs.
1)
The Lung Model The TGLD model has been adapted to simplify the writing of the differential
equations (DE) describing the retention of material in the lung. The lung model is shown schematically in Figure 1, with compartments A and B representing the nasal-pharynx (N-P) region, C, D and D1 the tracheo-bronchial (T-B) region and E to I the pulmonary (P) region of the lung.
Compartments J and
K represent the lymph nodes in the thoracic region.
a)
Differential Equations The differential equations (DE) described below and in subsequent sections are suitable for use for the intake of a radionuclide that may or may not have radioactive daughters.
It is assumed throughout that
the intake is of the parent only, and the activity due to the radioactive daughters is from that produced in vivo from the decay of its parent.
If calculations for intake of any one of the daughters
is required, this radionuclide should itself be treated as a parent. Throughout, all quantities are in number of atoms, and not activity. However, the DE for the parent radionuclide is independent of whether Y and I are specified in atoms or activity units.
-4-
The DE for the parent isotope in compartments A to I (excluding D 1 ) is
" i f = " » o+ A r0> Y a0 (t) + I a0< t)
B X
-
where Y „ is the amount of the parent (3=0) in the a (a=A to I) compartment.
In this and subsequent equations, the second subscript
($) refers to the parent (3=0), first daughter (6=1), etc.
X
does
not have a second subscript because the daughters are assumed to behave in an identical fashion as the parent. X
is the rate constant for material leaving compartment a.
For
acute exposure, I n (t) is zero and Y n (0) the amount of parent material deposited in compartment a.
For chronic exposure, Y
I Q (t) the rate of deposition in compartment a. decay rate of the parent isotope.
À
(0) is zero and is the radioactive
Values of halftimes, from which the
X 's can be calculated, and the fractional deposition (D ) , from which Y .(0) or I Q (t) for acute or chronic exposure can be calculated, are given in Table 1. The values of X
and D
for the three classes of material, Class
D (relatively "soluble"; material remains in lung for D_ays), Class W (slightly "soluble"; material remains in lung for Weeks) and Class Y ("insoluble"; material remains in lung for J_ears) are taken from ICRP Publication 1 9 1 0 \ The DE for all compartments for daughters of the parent material that are produced in-vivo for all material (parent and in vivo produced
-5d a u g h t e r s ) f o r compartments D 1 , J and K a r e dY T dt
A OO)Y " v(A + A )Y oo ++ ZZ XX YY .. ++ AA oo _Y _Y .. ,, v a rB y YY ^3 r(3-l a rB afî afî ^3 r(3-l aa 3-1 3-1
B-2
The sum over y is over all the compartments with routes leading into compartment a, and the term with 3-1 describes the ingrowth of daughter B($>1) in compartment a.
b)
If 3=0, this term is zero.
Modification of Model for Infants The only change in the model for infants was to reduce the rate constant A
by a factor of 10 for class W and Y compounds.
The reason-
ing that A
is the only change made is, with reference to Figure 1 and
Table 1, - Deposition as a function of lung size and breathing rate varies considerably, and the values used for adults probably are as good as any others that might be selected for infants. - Clearance to blood (X , X , X , X.) is considered to be a c e j primarily a chemical process and should not be very age dependent. - Clearance to lymph tissue (A, , A ) is primarily by macrophage action, and again should not be too age dependent, although one would expect somewhat faster clearance for infants. - The fast clearance from the N-P, T-B and P regions to the GI tract (A, , A,, A,) probably slows with increasing age (due to increased size of the lung and decreasing efficiency of the ciliary-mucus transport process) but the material in these compartments does not add appreciably to the dose and therefore no adjustment is deemed necessary.
-6-
- The slow clearance from the P region to the GI tract (X ) is primarily by ciliary-mucus transport and this is thought to be the most affected by age. A factor of 10 was chosen to account for the difference in size, and the possible difference in rate from decreasing efficiency due to damage to the ciliary-mucus transport system with age. 2)
The GI Tract Model This model, shown schematically in Figure 2, was adapted from Eve
9)
and is the one used by Adams et al. , and the one expected to be used in the NC2R.
Material ingested, either directly or after being cleared from
the lungs is either transported through the GI tract's four compartments, with a fraction f. being absorbed by the blood from the small intestine, or, if f-,=l all the material is assumed to be absorbed immediately by the blood. Material being cleared from the body in feces is not assumed to be absorbed back into the GI tract but is assumed to go directly to feces. a)
Differential Equations The differential equation for the parent isotope in the stomach (3T), for fj* 1, is
and for daughters is ( f i 1)
YomD
It A
r3-l Y STg-l
-7For an inhalation exposure, I g -(t) is the rate of material entering the GI tract from the lung and in this case is equal to
I
STB (t) = V b S + X d ( Y d B + W
For acute ingestion exposure Y ingested at t=0 and Icq,D(t) is zero. Y
n (0)
B 5
"
(0) is the amount of material For chronic ingestion exposure
is zero and Icrpn(t) is the rate of ingestion of material. All
values of IorpQ(t) and Y OJ. p
Q (0)
are zero for ingestion exposure if &>0.
oip
The DE for the material in the small intestine (SI) is
B-6 > Y rg-1 ST6-1 where A_ is the rate constant for absorption of the material into the blood from the small intestine which can be calculated as shown in Figure 2. The DE for the material in the upper (UL1) and lower (LLI) large intestines are
=
"
(
V Arp-)Yaf5+ ASIpYSIB + X aB-l Y a6-l
B
"7
where a can be either the ULI or the LLI.
b)
Modification of Model for Infants The adult rate constants given in Figure 2 are based on the work 9) of Eve and represent a mean residence time of material in the GI
-8tract of about 1.75 days.
It is known that the mean residence time
of material in an infant's GI tract is much shorter '
, and the values
given in Figure 2 were chosen as being a reasonable way of dividing up an assumed mean residence time of 10 hours, with the main change from the adult values being in those chosen for the large intestine.
3)
Compartment Model Describing Transport of Material Through the Organs Figure 3 shows the organ compartment model combined with the lung and
GI models. Material that enters the blood (the transfer compartment or TC), either from the lung, GI tract, skin absorption, wounds, or injections, is assumed to have a retention in the TC characterized by a single rate constant. This rate constant is the sum of the rata constants for excretion (by urine, feces, exhalation, etc) and the rate constants for uptake by the various compartments of the organs.
Each organ is assumed to consist of a series of
uncoupled compartments, each with a characteristic rate constant for excretion. Ideally, one should have the organs feeding material back into the transfp . compartment for subsequent redistribution and/or excretion.
How-
ever, cue parameters that are available for describing organ retention for most elements are not the true rate constants, but are the measured organ retention function (solutions to the differential equations) which are of the form -b t R(t) = Zate
following acute unit uptake by the organ, where the a. and b. are functions of the true rate constants.
In all but a few exceptions it is not possible
-9to extract true rate constants from R(t) and therefore one uses a model with a fraction a. (which then can be used to calculate the rate constant for uptake from blood) going to each compartment, which has a rate constant for excretion given by b..
This model will give the correct value for the
integrated activity in the various organs, but can lead to large errors in the calculated values for blood concentrations and excretion rates (see for example reference 11). Another assumption that is made in this model is that all the daughters produced in vivo can be described by the same parameters as the parent. While this assumption is in general not valid, in most cases data do not exist from which in vivo produced daughter parameters can be estimated.
Parameters
can be estimated for the daughters not produced in vivo, but these in general go to different organs than the parent, and even if the parent and daughter went to the same organ, the parameters describing the retention of a daughter taken up by the organ rather than produced in the organ are not necessarily the same.
a)
Differential Equations The DE for material in the transfer compartment is
~dT~
=
"
(X
TC +X rB )Y TC6
+
I
TCB ( t )
+ X
r6-l Y TCg-l
B 8
"
where A__ is the sum of all rate constants for material leaving the blood (?.a.. + A ) and I Q(t) is the rate of material entering the IJ 13 exc itp blood from all routes. For inhalation and ingestion exposures, all
-10Y-, D (0) are zero. As before, S=0 signifies the parent isotope and TCp f$>l signifies subsequent daughters. The differential equation for material in compartment j or organ i is dX
f-ifi
b)
Metabolic Data - Description Metabolic data, as the term is used in this report, with reference to Table A, are Fl
=
the fraction of material absorbed in the blood from the GI tract (given in Table B ) .
LB
=
the rate constant for material leaving the transfer compartment.
FUB =
fraction excreted in urine from blood.
FFB =
fraction excreted in feces from blood.
0RGAN=
organ referred to (organ i).
C
=
compartment of organ referred to (compartment j of organ i).
F0
=
fraction of uptake of material by blood that goes to compartment j of organ i.
TO
=
halflife for material in compartment j of organ i.
FUO
=
fraction excreted in urine from compartment j of organ i.
FUF
=
fraction excreted in feces from compartment j of organ i.
These data can be related to the parameters in equations B-8 and 9 by
-11ATC
= LB FO-LB An (2)/TO
A
exc
=
LB -
Values of LB, FUB, FFB, ORGAN, C, FO, TO, FUO, and FFO for the elements whose retention was calculated using the general model are given in Tables A-l and A-2 for adults and infants respectively.
c)
Metabolic Data - Adults The main source of adult metabolic data used with the model described above was Adams et al. . These data are expected to be identical with, or similar to, those which will be used in the NC2R. These data were critically reviewed using RMR to ensure compatability. In some cases they were modified or extended.
RMR was used for
elements not given by Adams et al. . Often chemical similarities between elements were used to assign metabolic data to elements for which no information could be obtained from RMR or Adams et al . . When assigning values to the various metabolic parameters, use was made of the fact that, with the model used, the amount of a particular material in a given organ as a function of time during constant intake has the form t 0(t) = Z, / io
-A (T-t) a.e 1
x
( . U(T)dt
B-10
-12-
where U ( T ) is the uptake rate to the organ at time T , from a constant rate of intake I, a. is the fraction of material entering the blood that goes to compartment i of the organ, and A. is this fraction's rate constant.
Then if t»l/A., for all the A , as it is for many
elements, the amount of material in the organ O(t>>l/Ai) is constant and equal to
O(t»lM±) =
where f
I • f • E i a i /A 1
B-ll
is the fraction of intake (either by inhalation or ingestion)
that is taken into the blood.
Values of f , I and O(t»l/A.) can be
found in KMR and they can be used to ensure that the values chosen for a. and A. are reasonable. The fraction excreted in urine and feces were estimated with reference to data in RMR.
d)
Metabolic Data - Infants In most cases, the only changes made to the adult metabolic data were in the values of A., which were increased to account for the generally faster turnover of material with decreasing age.
New values
of A. were chosen so that equation B-10 would be valid for the one year old infant, with the value of O(t»l/A ) chosen so that the concentration of the stable element in the organ would be the same as that used for adults.
Values of I were taken from RMR, f (inhalation)
is set by the lung model, and f the same as the adult values.
(ingestion) and a. were taken to be
-13-
Particular attention was paid to the elements hydrogen, carbon, iodine, and cesium, as radionuclides of these elements are considered to be of particular importance in setting release limits, as are some of the radionuclides of the alkaline earth elements, which are currently under review at CRNL.
Values used for the other elements should be
considered as reference values only, and if a particular isotope, in a particular situation, is found to contribute significantly to the infant dose, these metabolic parameters should be examined in more detail. It is important to note that most infant effective halflives of radionuclides considered in this report are short compared to the time that it takes for the infant organ masses and biological halflives to change appreciably. constant is small.
Therefore the error introduced by assuming them Consider, as an example, an organ that has a single
exponential retention function with biological rate constant A, and mass m.
The committed dose to this organ from unit activity in the
. 19) organs is
=
50 years -A (t)t 51.2 / e e e(t)/m(t)dt
B-12
with A (t) = A, (t) + A . e b r The infant biological rate constant A, will usually decrease with b
age, and the effective energy e(t) and the mass m(t) will increase, so that the integral in equation B-ll tends to be more constant
-14with age than the values X (t), e(t) and m(t). Now if the changes in A (t), e(t) and m(t) are small in the time it takes for e~ e to become much smaller than unity, then equation B-ll becomes
D 5 Q = 51.2 e/(m-X e ) Notable exceptions to the above are the long-lived isotopes of the actinide elements and the alkaline earth elements, which have long biological halflives.
One is helped somewhat with the actinides
in that a considerable fraction of the effective dose from inhalation and ingestion of these elements results from the dose to the lung and GI tract, which do not depend on the metabolic parameters. The infant A, for the different organs for these elements were taken to be D
twice the adult values and these will result in a conservative estimation of the dose conversion factor.
It is planned that more effort be spent
on these elements in the near future. C.
NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE GENERAL MODEL
1)
Integration of the Equations The equations described in section B form a set of A3 coupled ordinary
differential equations for the parent and for each of the daughters, a possible total of 129 equations when two daughters are included. Because of the wide disparity of natural time constants the equations are difficult to integrate numerically by standard means, as the computational algorithm must use a small enough time step to follow the fast decaying components, and yet take a large enough time step, once these have decayed, to integrate up to a final time
-15-
of 50 years or 18 250 days.
Unfortunately classical numerical integration
algorithms give unstable results if the time step is not limited to values comparable to the fast transients, and therefore take an inordinate amount of time to complete the solution.
This 'stiff differential equation
problem has received considerable attention over the last decade and a number of integration algorithms have been developed which surmount this problem and retain stablity and accuracy for the large step sizes required. These methods rely heavily on the implicit predictor corrector formulation in Newton iteration form
12)
, and thus require a linear equation
solution involving the Jacobian matrix at frequent intervals during the solution.
The time and storage involved for this computation increases
with the square of the number of equations and becomes a problem for large sets. The equations were therefore solved using the FORSIM simulation package
12) ,
which contains an efficient stiff integration routine with an option to use snarse matrix techniques for the above matrix problem.
It is interesting to
note that a particular complete integration of the 129 equations took about 565 seconds on the CDC Cyber 175 when the full matrix is used, but only 70 seconds with the sparse matrix option. These times are of course dependent on the effective time constants.
2)
Implementation of the Model The ordinary differential equations to be solved by FORSIM are written
in a single subroutine called UPDATE.
For solving a single set of equations,
the procedure is straightforward; the equations, initial conditions, termination
-16criteria and desired output are specified and the FORSIM package performs the integration.
A computer run may contain a number of cases in which
parameters are changed. For the current application, however, each case may also contain one or more sub-cases depending on the computations required.
The listing
of the UPDATE subroutine is given in Appendix I and the reader is referred 12) to the FORSIM manual for a full explanation of its use. Equations and parameters to be used in the computation are selected according to information on a case data card which interfaces with the established metabolic data base, stored on tape 9.
Each case card specifies:
- Element - Age group under consideration (adult or infant) - Isotope name - Halflife of parent isotope - Halflife of first daughter - Halflife of second daughter
Equations for a daughter are excluded from the calculation if a corresponding halflife is omitted.
- Control Selector ICS specifies the sub-cases to be completed which are :
-17ICS
Compute
1
Acute and chronic, inhalation and ingestion
2
chronic, inhalation and ingestion
3
Acute
A 5
chronic,
ingestion
Acute
6 7
inhalation and ingestion
ingestion chronic, inhalation
Acute
8
inhalation injection
The metabolic data base is scanned for a header record with matching element and age group.
The header record also contains the three material
classes D, W and Y discussed in section B.I and the corresponding 01 tract to blood transfer fractions for inhalation, and up to two ingestion transfer fractions.
Again a zero transfer fraction omits the corresponding case.
An injection case is specified by a material Class I. The ICS flag on the data card may be used to over-ride the data base specifications, for example, a selection ICS=4 will ignore the inhalation classes included in the data base and compute only the ingestion classes. Once the model is specified in this way, data for all organs are retrieved from the base
and the equations and initial conditions appropriate
to the model are established.
Integration then commences and results are
reported at specified times, in days, to a specified maximum time. Two summary tables are generated, one (on tape 7) lists integrated activity in
-18each organ to selected times.
The second (on tape 8) contains the activity
in the organs at selected times, and the excretion rates. Depending on the computations selected, each case may consist of a number of sub-cases, each of which completes one integration of the relevant set of equations.
For example if the full number of transfer fractions are
included, ICS=4,5 require two integrations, ICS=6,7 require three, 2,3 require five, and 1 requires ten. After all the sub-cases have been completed, another data card is entered. Following completion of all the data cards in a run, the summary tables on tapes 7 and 8 may be preserved on permanent files or appended to existing files established in a previous run. then available for use by subsequent programs.
Data in these tables are
In particular, the integrated
activities (tape 7) at 18 250 days (50 years) for acute exposure are the Q50 values.
These are listed In tables B-l to B-A for adult and infant
inhalation, and adult and infant ingestion, respectively.
D.
CASES NOT SOLVED USING THE GENERAL MODEL
1)
Tritium Gas Tritium, as HT or T~> is only slightly soluble in body fluids. Further-
more, no specific processes have been identified by which Hï can be oxidized in vivo, although Pinson
13)
found that rats that were exposed to
HT did convert some of it to HTO, the most likely site of conversion being the GI tract. It is expected that the NC2R will ignore the dose to the body tissues from HT dissolved in blood, and from any conversion to HTO in vivo, and base
-19their dose conversion factor on the dose delivered to the lung from the HT in the air contained in the lung. This approach is used in this report, 1 A)
but it has been criticized as being too simplistic^
. Conseouently, the
dose conversion factor for HT will be kept under review. Using the approach described above the dose conversion factor for HT can be calculated as follows : The dose rate to lung is
= 5i.2v L c T y m = average volume of air in lungs6) -3 3 = 3 x 10 m for adults = 5 x 10-A m3 for infants = average beta energy = 0.0057 MeV for tritium = mass of the lung = 1000 g for adults = 150 g for infants C
T
,3 = concentration of HT in air in yCl/m
•Adult
8.76 x 10~ 7 C
•Infant L
9.73 x 10~ 7
The daily rate of intake of air is
rem'd~1'm3'
23 m
and 3.8 m
for adults and
infants respectively. Adults doing "light" work breathe at a rate of 3 3—1 9.6 m /8 hours or 29 m • d . The dose to lung per yCi intake is therefore
-20Adult
=
3.81 x 10" 8 rem/yCi
Infant
=
2.56 x 10
Adult (Occ) =
rem/yCi
3.02 x 10~ 8 rem/yCi
Adult (Occ) is the dose per uCi intake for adults exposure only at work.
Since this value is less than the Adult value it is dropped to avoid
the confusion of having two adult values. The effective dose per yCi intake is obtained by multiplying the abovo values by the lung weighting factor of 0.12. are about 2x10
Note that these values
lower than the corresponding dose conversion factor for
HTO (see Table D ) . It is possible therefore that the DRL (Derived Release Limit) for HT would be set by the dose conversion factor for HTO (from HT being converted to HTO) rather than the dose conversion factor for HT. A model for environmental conversion of HT to HTO will be required if a separate (from HTO) DRL is to be calculatP^.
A conservative approach, and
one that is consistent with what is done for other isotopes, is to assume that HT releases are actually HTO releases, and use the HTO DRL as being the most conservative.
This conservative approach would also counter ariy
criticism of only considering the dose to lung from inhaled HT, for if as little as 0.01% of the inhaled tritium were to change its chemical form in vivo, the dose from inhaled HT would approximately double.
2)
Tritium Oxide Tritium oxide does not fit any of the classes given by the TGLD's
model, and in this report it is assumed that HTO is immediately and completely mixed with the total body water
(TBW) immediately following inhalation,
-21-
ingestion, or absorption through skin.
Consequently, the dose conversion
factors are identical for ingestion and inhalation.
Tritium oxide that does
enter the body water is assumed to be retained with a biological halflife calculated by assuming that the daily water balance (WB) completely mixes with the TBW.
The halflife for tritium oxide retention is therefore
£n(2) TBW/WB.
Values of TBW can be obtained from RMR and are 0.042 m
3 adults (male) and 0.006 m
for infants.
WB can also be calculated from data
3 given in RMR and is 0.003 m
for
3 for adults and 0.001 m
for infants.
The dose to TBW per pCi intake is then
D
=51.2 Q50 • e/m
Q50 e
= / " exp(-t • WB/TBW)dt o = 0.0057 MeV
m
= mass of TBW in grams
therefore D
= 9.73 x 10~ rem/uCi for adults = 2.94 x 10
rem/uCi for infants
Traditionally, the dose to whole body has been conservatively taken to be that to TBW water, and this implies a weighting factor of unity.
The
dose to TBW is therefore the effective dose. Persons using the above dose conversion factors should note that the uptake through skin is approximately equal for exposure to airborne tritium oxide. are equal.
to the uptake by inhalation
The NC2R assumes that these uptakes
-22-
3)
CO» Gas The standard lung model cannot be used for
CO., because (a) C0 2 is
a gas, and (b) the CO, inhaled as diluted by the CO» entering the air volume in the lung from the blood. as the fraction inhaled as
Bernard
recommends that 1% be used
14 CO» that reaches the blood.
in general agreement with Youmans
This value is
who gives values of 0.3 mm Hg, 28 mm
Hg, and 40 mm Hg as the partial pressure of CO» in inspired, expired, and alveolar air respectively.
However, if the partial pressure of CO
inspired air increases significantly, the fraction of
in
14 CO. going to blood
will also increase. C0 2 entering the blood (the transfer compartment) is assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the body (this is a reasonable assumption see RMR) and have a retention function given by (see Table A)
R., . =0.28 exp(-O.693t/O.4) + 0.026 exp(-0.693t/1400) Adult RT . = 0.28 exp(-0.693t/0.2) + 0.026 exp(0.693t/600) intant
70% of the CO. entering the blood is returned to the lungs. These retention functions were adapted from those given by Bernard
, as described in Section
B-3. Assuming that 1% of inhaled
14 CO» enters the transfer compartment, the
committed effective dose equivalent from this dissolved material is H 5 Q = 0.01 Q50.S1
-23-
From Table C we have S'(other) = 3.60 x 10~ 5 rem (yCi'd)"1 for adults S1(other) = 2.50 x 10~ rem (uCi«d)~
for infants
The effective dose per yCi intake is therefore
D
Adult
=
D
Infant=
i-91^10"5
rera
^Ci
x 10" 5 rem/yCi 14 The dose to the lung from the CO. in the air in the lung can be ^
calculated from the values given for HT above by multiplying the HT values by 0.99 times the ratio of the average energy of beta rays from which is 8.6.
14 3 C and H,
The result is about 3 orders of magnitude below the committed
effective dose equivalent from the
14 C0 ? entering the transfer compartment
and can be ignored.
4)
Iodine Isotopes Iodine is assumed to be immediately and completely absorbed into the
inorganic compartment upon inhalation or ingestion, and then taken up by the thyroid, or excreted, as described by the three compartment model Only the dose to the thyroid contributes significantly to the effective dose, and only this dose is considered here. The effective dose per yCi intake from activity in the thyroid is
50y D = S' / R(t) dt o where S1 is the thyroid S1 factor (Table C) and R(t) is the thyroid retention function.
-24For the purpose of this report, the short term approximation given in reference
is a good approximation of the true thyroid retention (as
given by the three compartment model).
The adult thyroid retention was
shown to be 0.326(e-°- 00609t - a" 2 ' 85 ') adult
The infant retention function was derived by estimating the age dependence of the five rate constants of the three compartment model as follows: In what follows, A_ and A. are the fractions of the iodine in the inorganic compartment that leave each day from uptake by the thyroid and by excretion, respectively; A, is the fraction of the thyroid burden that is transferred to the inorganic compartment each day; and A, and A,, are the daily fractions of the iodine in the organic compartment that is converted back to inorganic iodine and is excreted, respectively. The halflife for removal of iodine from the infant inorganic compartment and the ratio of thyroid uptake to intake was assumed to be the same as that for the adult.
This assumption fixes the values of
A1 and \. at the adult values. The mass of iodine in the infant's thyroid was calculated to be 3.0x10
kg from data in EMR.
The daily iodine output of the thyroid
—8 (as organically bound iodine) is 6x10 kg for a 70 kg man and is -9 assumed to be 8.57x10 kg for a 10 kg infant. Assuming that all thn iodine in an infant's thyroid has equal opportunity of leaving the
-25—9 thyroid as organically bound iodine, then A. for infants is 8.57x10 / 3.0xl0"7 = 0.0286 d"1. If the concentration of organically bound iodine in infant's soft tissue is to be equal to that used for adults, and if, as was done above, the production of thyroid hormones is assumed to be directly proportional to body weight, the sum of A, and A,, for infants must equal that used for adults.
It seems reasonable to assume that A, and
A,, are equal for infants and adults. Users of the dose conversion factors produced using the above rate constants and listed in Table D, should be aware that the parameters (and therefore the dose conversion factors) are dependent on the rate of intake of stable iodine.
The factors derived here result from an assumed daily
iodine intake of 200 pg for adults and 29 ug for infants.
5)
Alkaline Earth Elements ICRP Publication 20 has given retention functions, and integrals of
retention functions, following unit input of activity of alkaline earth isotopes into blood for adult man.
It is difficult, if not impossible, to use
these functions (they have time dependent rate "constants") in conjunction with the lung and GI tract models to derive analytical expressions for the retention in the various organs following inhalation or ingestion.
Adams
et al. have solved this difficulty by least square fitting the retention 5 b t functions of ICRP Publication 20 to functions of the form R(t) = £ a. e . i=l L These values of a. and b. then become the fractional uptake by, and the rate constant for, the compartments of the various organs respectively.
This
-26approach is reasonable and is consistent with that used for other elements whose metabolism was not adequately known.
It will result in the correct
values for the integrated activity but it will not give correct results for blood concentrations and excretion rates.
It is also difficult to
modify the constants found with this procedure to fit different age groups. A project has been started at CRNL to define the metabolism of the alkaline earth elements in terms of differential equations, using the 21) Postulates of ICRP Publication 20 . The rate constants of this model will be optimized for reference man by comparing the numerical solutions of the equations describing this model (for injection into blood) to the values given in Publication 20
21)
. Solutions to inhaled and inpestion cases can then
be easily obtained via FORSIM.
It is anticipated that this method of des-
cribing alkaline earth metabolism will lend itself readily to adaption to other age groups. For the purposes of this report, an approximate model of calculating the Q50 values for the alkaline earth elements was chosen as follows:
Ingestion -
The dose to the GI tract was ignored.
This should not influence
the dose conversion factor greatly, as the smallest f, factor is 0.1, for barium, and therefore the dose from the systemic burden should be limiting.
The dose to the organs from this
"injection" was then taken from tables 34-36 of Publication 20 2 1 ^ Class D Inhalation
-
the dose to the lung was ignored, and all material
that is assumed to be cleared to the blood (either directly or via the GI tract) is assumed to go there directly. dose to the GI tract was also ignored in these cases.
The
-27-
Class W Inhalation
- The dose to the lung was calculated using the TGLD's
model
and the material that goes to the blood is assumed
to go there immediately.
This will not result in as large a
conservative factor as might be thought as 42% of the material deposited in the lungs (for 0.3 Mm AMAD) is cleared with a halflife less than or equal to 1 day. Class Y Inhalation
- The dose to the lung was calculated using the TGLD
model and the early clearance to the blood assumed to take place immediately for all isotopes.
The dose from the systemic burden
from material cleared from the lung and lymph tissue with a halflife of 500 days or greater was ignored for all isotopes except
90
Sr,
226
Ra, and 2 2 B Pu.
All material cleared to the blood
was assumed to go there immediately for these isotopes. The Q50 values for adults for organs other than the lungs were calculated 21) using Tables 3A-36 of ICRP Publication 20 . Infant Q50 values for these organs were also estimated from these tables by dividing the alkaline earth radionuclides used in this report into short (llt0Ba,2 2 3 Ra, medium (85Sr, 8 9 Sr), and long (90Sr, 1 3 3 Ba,
226
Ra,
22B
221
*Ra,
225
Ra) halflives.
Ra),
Based on
comparisons of radioactive halflives with assumed bone remodelling times and half times in soft tissue, the following estimates were made. The Q50 values for infant compact and cancellous bone were taken to be equal to adult values for the short and medium halflived radionuclides, and one half the adult values for the long halflife ones.
The Q50 values for
infant bone surfaces were taken to be four times the adult values except for the short halflife radionuclides, where they were assumed to be equal to the adult values.
Infant soft tissue 050 values were assumed to be one
-28-
half the adult values, except for the short-lived radionuclides, where they were assumed to be equal. E.
S-PRIME FACTORS
The S-prime factors associated with any given isotope are defined by the equation S1
where the W
= E W.S..
E-l
are the organ weighting factors given in ICRP Publication 26
They are listed here for completeness.
Organ
Weighting Factors
Gonads
0.25
Breast
0.15
Red Bone Marrow
0.12
Lung
0.12
Thyroid
0.03
Bone Surfaces
0.03
Each of the five organs not listed above which receive the highest dose
0.06
Whole Body
1.0
These values are those recommended for all workers, regardless of age and sex
and therefore should be appropriate for all adults.
The ICRP
has not recommended a separate set of weighting factors for other ages, and in this absence, the above values are used in this report for infants also. The S.. are the factors that convert a unit of integrated activity (in yCi-days) in the source organ j into units of dose equivalent (in rem)
.
-29-
in target organs i.
S.. is usually expressed as rem per pCi-day.
factors are difficult to calculate rigorously.
S..
In general, approximate
methods were used in this report, except in those cases where the values 19) calculated by Snyder et al. and reported in ORNL-5000 could be used directly.
Once S . factors are known, the S-prime factors can be calculated
by equation E-l.
The S-prime factors used in this report are given in
Tables C-l and C-2 for adults and infants respectively. In most cases, the sum of M.S.. is dominated by the i=j term (source and target organs the same) even for a radionuclide with a single electromagnetic (mainly gamma ray) transition such as
113m
In
. Important
exceptions are when the source "organs" are the GI tract contents, where the dominating terms are those for GI tract walls, and the components of bone where the source organs are compact and cancellous bone, bone surfaces, and bone marrow (red and yellow) and the target organs are bone surfaces and red bone marrow.
1)
Adult Values The values of S.. were taken from ORNL-5000 for radionuclides given
there except for activity in bone, which is dealt with separately below. . For those radionuclides not given in ORNL-5000, the specific absorbed fractions of photon energy given in Table A-3 of ORNL-5000 were used for photons, and the equation
S.. =
51.2 e/m (S.. = 0 if i£j )
was used for beta and alpha radiations.
E-2
In this equation, e is the
average effective energy in MeV deposited in the organ per disintegration
-30-
and m is the mass of organ j in grams.
The factor 51.2 converts MeV per
gram to rem per viCi-d. It appears that the ICRP will use a different procedure than ORNL-5000 to calculate S.. factors in bone
. The procedure used for this report
uses the contribution to the S.. factors from gamma rays given in ORNL-5000 with red bone marrow and the total endosteal cells (TEC1) as the target organs.
The contribution to the S .'s from beta and alpha radiation were
calculated with the aid of Table 3 taken from reference 5.
The appropriate
values for absorbed fractions were multiplied by the values for £ (eqn. E-2). The mass of the red bone marrow and bone surfaces (total endosteal cells) were taken to be 1500 grains and 120 grams, respectively, in accordance with RMR values, and a recommended thickness of 10 ym for "bone surfaces" given in ICRP Publication 26 1 5 .
2)
Infant Values There is no known compilation of S.. values for infants, and a rigorous
calculation of values for infants is beyond the scope of this report. An approximate but quite accurate method that could be used is to estimate the change in distance, compared to adults, between organs, and to use this, along with changes in organ size and buildup factors in tissue between organs to estimate infant S.. factors from adult ones. themselves would take a prodigious amount of work.
These calculations
In this report a simpler
procedure is used which uses the fact mentioned earlier that the sum over W.S.. is usually dominated by the term for the source and target organs being the same.
Infant S-prime values were assumed to be given by
-31-
where R is the ratio of adult organ mass to infant organ mass. m and S!
S'. , S' JY JP
are the contributions to the adult S-prime factor for organ j from
gamma, beta, and alpha radiation respectively,
f , f- and f
are the
correction factors for the absorbed fraction of energy in the infant organ compared to the adult organ for gamma, beta, and alpha radiation respectively. The values of R , f , f g and f The values of f
used in this report are given in Table A.
were estimated from the absorbed fraction (AF) of photon
energy in various organs for adult man, taken from ORNL-5000. are plotted on Figure 4.
These AF factors
The value of f was then estimated by taking the
ratio of the AF at the adult organ mass to that of infant organ mass and noting that this ratio (f ) was relatively independent of photon energy. The values of f. and f were taken to be unity except for bone as the source organ, where the values were taken to be 1.2 (with red bone marrow and bone surfaces as target organs), following the suggestion of Snyder Equation E-3 will give a good approximation to a more accurate estimate for the following reason. - S.. is zero unless i=j for a and B activity for all source target combinations except the GI tract contents and walls and the organs of the bone. - The fraction of the energy deposited in the GI tract walls from 6 or a activity in the GI tract contents will depend on the diameter of the different sections of the GI tract, as this will affect the concentration
-32-
of the activity in the contents.
The increased dose per unit activity
to infants GI tract from a smaller diameter is accounted for by the factor R . m - For 3 and a activity in the bone the decreased size of various components allows a larger fraction of the energy to be deposited in the target organs. Based on work reported by Snyder
20) , the values given in Table 3 should all
be increased by 20%. This can be accomplished in practice by setting fR and f
equal to 1.2.
- The fraction of gamma ray energy deposited in the GI tract walls and the regions of the bone from y~ray activity in these organs does not depend as much on their internal structure as on the overall physical size, as this governs, to a large extent, the fraction of energy leaving the organ. Also, the production of energetic electrons from interactions of the gamma rays in the organs will be fairly uniform throughout the organ.
It is
therefore assumed that the difference between infant and adult factors for gamma activity involving source-target combinations in either the GI tract or bone are adequately accounted for by the factors f Equation
and R .
E-3 will underestimate the infant S-prime factor slightly
as there is no correction in the part due to gamma ray activity for the difference in organ separation and buildup fractions between adults and infants.
This correction would be relatively small, as can be assumed by
examining the gamma part of the S.. factor for combinations of liver, lung, and kidneys.
60
60
Co for the source-targets
Co gamma rays are at relatively
high energy (1.17 and 1.33 MeV) compared to most radionuclides considered in this report, and the correction would be largest for the highest energy
-33-
gamma rays.
From reference 19, we have:
Source Target
Lung
Liver
Kidneys
Lung
5.68 X 10-3
9.99 X 10-*
4.00 X
io" 4
Liver
9.54 X
lu"*
9.94 X 10-3
1.52 X
lu" 3
Kidneys
4.38 X 10" 4
1.49 X
lu" 3
2.82 X 10" 2
These are the rem per uCi-day factors for adults from the gamma emissions in the decay of
60
Co.
As can be seen, a sum over the W.S.. would still be
dominated by the i=j term.
The sum with the largest contribution from a
non i=j term is that for liver as the sources, where the contribution from the dose to the lung and liver accounts for about 30%. If all the target organs were included the gamma ray contribution to S\ from the non i=j terms would about equal the i=j term.
These non i=j terms will be some-
what more important in infants than adults.
However, the relative importance
of these terms for adults compared to infants will not be large, as organs are not point sources and therefore do not exhibit a fall-off in gamma dose with the square of distance between them.
Also many organs that have
important i^j terms are in contact, for both adults and infants. Therefore, although it is recognized that equation E-3 has some deficiencies, it is thought to be accurate enough for the purposes of this report. Adult and infant S-prime factors used in this report are listed in Tables C-l and C-2 respectively.
-34F.
DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS
1)
Stochastic Dose Conversion Factors The committed effective dose equivalent per pCi intake is obtained by
the equation • s:
F-i
where Q50. is the integrated activity to 50 years in organ j (in yCi-days per yCi intake) from Table B and S! is the effective dose equivalent per unit of integrated activity (in rem per yCi-day) from Table C.
These values
are intended to be used in conjunction with the ICRP's recommended stochastic dose limits to individuals of 5 rem (0.05 Sv) or 0.5 retn (5 mSv) effective dose equivalent per year for occupational and non-occupational exposure respectively. H_- values are listed in Table D.
2)
Non-Stochastic Dose Conversion Factors The ICRP has also recommended
that the dose equivalent to any single
organ be kept below 50 rem (0.5 Sv) except the lens of the eve, which is given a limit of 30 rem (0.3 Sv) for occupational exposure.
They recommend a non-
stochastic limit of a factor of 10 below these limits for members of the general public.
Since the lens of the eye does not receive a dose greater
than that assigned to whole body for any of the radionuclides considered in this report, this non-stochastic dose limit can be expressed, for occupational exposure and for exposure to members of the public, as
H 1 < 10 H L 3U 50
F-2
-35where KlQ is the limit on committed effective dose equivalent and H,.. is the committed dose equivalent to target organ i per unit intake; that is
F
«50 " J QMjVlJ where j refers to the source organ.
"3
Then if the limit
10 H
50
is not exceeded for any radionuclide, the stochastic dose limit will be the limiting one for that radionuclide.
Conversely, if this limit is
exceeded, the dose to the target organ i will exceed its limit by the factor
10
- H 50
for an intake that would result in the stochastic limit being reached. These factors have been calculated and are listed in Table E, along with the "critical" organ, for those isotopes for which the limit F-4 is exceeded.
G.
SUMMARY
The data and methods used to calculate the dose conversion factors in this report have been described.
The computer programs and data bases required
to do these types of calculations efficiently have been developed, which will simplify any subsequent updating of the dose conversion factors that may be required because of changes in recommended dose limits or improved metabolic or dosimetric models or data.
-36-
The assembly of the data bases, and the development of the metabolic models have identified elements for which better data and/or models are required.
It is hoped that reviewers and users of this report will identify
further problem areas, particularly for radionuclides that are of concern because they contribute significantly to the dose received by individuals from a particular practice.
-37-
REFERENCES
1.
Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication J26, Pergamon Press (1977).
2.
Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication^, Pergamon Press (1966).
3.
Report of Committee II on Permissible Dose for Internal Radiation, ICRP Publication .2, Pergamon Press (1959).
4.
Statement from the 1978 Stockholm Meeting of the ICRP, ICRP Publication 28, Pergamon Press (1978).
5.
Adams, N., Hunt, B.W.,and Reissland, J.A., Annual Limits of Intake of Radiouclides for Workers, National Radiological Protection Board (UK). NRPB R82.
6.
Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP Publication 23, Pergamon Press (1975).
7.
Barry, P.J., Methods of Calculating Upper Limits to the Rates of Discharge of Radionuclides to the Environment from Nuclear Generating Stations, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL report in preparation.
8.
Deposition and Retention Models for Internal Dosimetry of the Human Respiratory Tract, Task Group on Lung Dynamics, Health Physics _12, 173 (1966).
9.
Eve, I.S., A.
Review of the Physiology of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract
in Relation to Radiation..Doses from Radioactive Materials, Health Physics JL2, 131 (1966).
-3810.
The Metabolism of Compounds of Plutonium and Other Actinides, ICRP Publication JJ, Pergamon Press (1972).
11.
Johnson, J.R., Compartment Models of Radioiodine in Man, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, report ;AK3>5244 (1975).
12.
Carver, M.B., and Stewart, D.G., FORSIM VI - Fortran Oriented Distribution System Simulation Package for Partial and/or Ordinary Differential Equation User's Manual - Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, report AECL-5821 (1978).
13.
Pinson, E.A. and Langham, W.H., Physiology and Toxicology of Tritium in Man, J. Appl. Physiol. JLO, 108 (1957).
14.
Osborne, R.V., Unpublished calculations (1979).
15.
Osborne, R.V., Permissible Levels of Tritium in Man and the Environment. Radiation Research 50, 197 (1972).
16.
Osborne, R.V., Absorption of Tritiated Water Vapor by People, Health Physics VI, 1527 (1966).
17.
Bernard, S.R., A Human Metabolic Model for
14 C-labelled Metabolites
Useful in Dose Estimation, Proceedings of the Third IRPA Congress, p. 1400, (1973). 18.
Youmans, W.B., The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice, p. 449, N.B. Taylor and C.H. Best (Ed.), The William and Wilkins Co. (1961).
19.
Snyder, W.S., Ford, Mary, R., Warner, G.G., and Watson, Sarah, B., A Tabulation of Dose Equivalent per Mlcrocurie-Day of Source and Target
-39Organs of an Adult for Various Radionuclides.
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory Report ORNL-5000, Vol. 1 and 2, (1974).
20.
Snyder, W.S., Age Dependence of Uptake and Retention of Radionuclides, Lecture given at the 2nd International Summer School on Radiation Protection, Hesceg, Nava, Yugoslavia, 21 August 1973.
21.
Alkaline Earth Metabolism in Adult Man, ICRP Publication _20, Pergamon Press (1973).
-40-
TABLE 1 DEPOSITION
D**
Region
FRACTIONS (D)AND CLEARANCE HALFTIMES* FOR THE LUNG MODEL
Compartment
l
Class Y
Class W
Class D D
(t. )
todays)
D
i
todays)
D
i
todays)
A(B)***
0.5
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.01
B(G)
0.5
0.01
0.9
0.4
0.99
0.4
C(B)
0.95
0.01
0.5
0.01
0.01
0.01
D(G)
0.05
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.99
0.2
E(B)
0.8
0.5
0.15
50
0.05
500
F(G)
0
—
0.4
1
0.4
1
G(G)
0
—
0.4
50
0.4
500
H(L)
0.2
0.5
0.05
50
0.135
500
I(L)
0
—
0
—
0.015
500
J(B)
—
0.5
—
50
—
1000
K
—-
—
—
—
—
0.10
N-P
T-B
0.08
Pulmonary
0.30
Lymph Tissue
*
Amended values from ICRP Publication 19
** For a 0.3 pm Activity median Aerodynamic Diameter (AMAD) aerosol *** g - transferred to bloo 0.2 MeV p
emitter on bone ^surfaces E D < 0.2 MeV P
Trabecular bone
Bone Surfaces (BS)
0.025
0.25
0.025
0.025
0.25
Cortical bone
Bone Surfaces (BS)
0.01
0.25
0.015
0.015
0.25
Trabecular bone
Red bone marrow (EM)
0.05
0.5
0.35
0.5
0.5
Cortical bone
Red bone marrow (RM)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
ewmgy o$ na.ck g decay gnoup
-43-
TABLE
4
VALUES USED TO CALCULATE S-PRIME FACTORS FOR INFANTS
Source Organ
Mass Ratio R m
Ref Man (grams)
Ref Infant (1 year old) (grams)
1000
150
6.7
0.50
*
Stomach
150
25
6.0
0.43
1 1
SI
640
100
6.4
0.50
1
ULI
210
30
7.0
0.50
1
LLI
160
25
6.4
0.50
1
1800
300
6.0
0.58
1
Kidneys (2)
310
70
4.4
0.58
1
Spleen
180
30
6.0
0.53
1
Testes
35
1
35.0
0.20
1
Thyroid
20
2
10.0
0.30
1
Red Marrow
1500
200
7.0
0.50
1
Bone
7000
1000
7.0
0.50
1.2
Lungs
Liver
f
Y
Vfa
-kk-
xa
it
K
\âc A ; B
TO G.I. TRACT
i i
N-P
Xc
àc
c
j ie i
• D-
T-8 >
*
E
^
F
*
G
— *
H
*
1
x
J
'. x s, INPUT POSSIBLE
\ PULMONARY J
M
| K
>
—
O l-h
(U hi
O P
O Hi
cn
H
(B
CO
n>
o cr o>
n VO
01
•d
§* rt O 3
rt> (B
o 3 x
rt
O rt
3 Hi 09
to
o
-
1-1
APPENDIX I
Listing of the program UPDATE, used
with the FORSIM package and the
data given in Table A, to calculate the Q50 values given in Table B.
1-2
SUBROUTINE UPDATE C COMMON/DERIVT/YT(4 3),YD1(4 3),YD2(4 3) COMMON/INTEGT/Y{4 3),Yl(4 3),Y2(4 3) COMMON/RES ERV/T,DT,DTOUT,EMAX,TPIN COMMON/CNTROL/IOUT C DIMENSION ISOTOP(2),C(4,4),B(4,4),ORG(4),ZIN(9),A(9),R(11), ,rj(4,4),FF(4,4),ITYPE(3),KIND(3),F11(5) INTEGER ORG,AGE,CLASS ,ORGG,ELMENT(2),ELL(2),CL(3),DUM(8),AGEI C DATA ITYPE(l),ITYPE(2),ITYPE(3)/10HACUTE r10HCHRONIC ,10HINJECTION / DATA KIND(l),KIND(2),KIND(3)/10H (INHALED)f10H(INGESTED), ,10H / DATA EX/0.0/ C C C C
*****
INPUT FROM DATA BASE
TAPE 9
,
*****
IF(IOUT.NE.-4) GOTO 40 C C C C C C C C C C C
INFLAG WILL REMAIN ZERO IF MATCHING DATA FOUND ON DATA BASE ELSE INFLAG WILL BE SET TO 1 AND AN ERROR MESSAGE PRINTED. FORSIM WILL THEN ATTEMPT TO READ NEXT DATA CARD FROM INPUT. INFLAG=0
ICS
READ ELEMENT,AGE,ISOTOPE AND HALFLIFE FROM FORSIM CARD INPUT SEARCH DATA BASE(TAPE9) TO MATCH ELEMENT AND AGE. IF HL2 NE 0 EQUATIONS(Y2,YD2) ARE DEFINED FOR DAUGHTER TWO. IF HL1 NE 0 EQUATIONS(Y1,YD2) ARE DEFINED FOR DAUGHTER ONE DEFINES WHICH CASE(1 TO 8) IS TO BE DONE.
READ(5,330)ELMENT,AGE,ISOTOP,HL,HL1,HL2,ICS IF(ICS.EQ.O) ICS = 1 WRITE(6,320)ELMENT,AGE,ISOTOP,HL,HL1,HL2,ICS X=ALOG(2.) RR=X/HL RRF=RR IF(HL1.EQ.O.) RR=1. C C C C C C •7 C C C C
FIRST DATA CARD WILL CONTAIN ELEMENT AND AGE TO CHECK IF CL = I THIS IS AN INJECTION CASE IF CL = I IT MUST BE IN POSITION 1,2, OR 3 AS F11 = GUT TO BLOOD TRANSFER FRACTION ELSE POSITION 1 TO 3 FOR INHALATION POSITIONS 4 AND 5 FOR INGESTION ONLY 5
C C
READ(9,335)ELL,AGEI,R23,FUE,FUF,(CL(I),F11(I),1=1,3),F11(4),F11(5) CHECK FOR END-OF-FILE. AN EOF INDICATES NO DATA COULD BE FOUND FOR ELEMENT AND AGE ON INPUT CARD. IF(EOF(9>) 220,10 10 CONTINUE
1-3
IP(ELL(1).EQ.ELMENT(l).AND.ELL(2).EQ.ELMENT(2).AND.AGEI.EQ.AGE) GO ,TO 20 C C C
ELEMENT AND AGE DID NOT MATCH READ THRU ORGAN DATA AND CHECK NEXT CARD WITH ELEMET,AGE ECT. DO 15 1=1,17 READ(9,345)DUM
C C 15 C
EACH DATA SET SHOULD END WITH A END IN COLUMN 1. IF(DUM{1).EQ.3HEND) GOTO 5 NO END CARD FOUND AT END OF ORGAN DATA PROGRAM STOPS. GOTO 225
C c
C C
******** READ IN ORGAN DATA OF CORRECT FILE ********* 20 CONTINUE INITIALIZE ALL ARRAYS ASSOCIATED WITH ORGANS DO 25 1=1,16
FF(I,l)=0. 25 CONTINUE EX=0. C C
READ AND OUTPUT ALL ORGAN DATA FOR DATA BASE. WRITE(6,240) DO 30 1=1,4 DO 30 J=l,4 READ(9,340)ORGG,C(I,J),B(I,J),FU(I,J),FF(I,J) IF(B(I,J).EQ.0.) B(I,J)«1. IF(FU(I,J).EQ.0.) FU(X,J)-l. IF(ORGG.EQ.3HEND) GOTO 35 IF(J.EQ.l) ORG(I)=ORGG IORG=I EX=EX+C(I,J) 30 WRITE(6,245)ORG(I),C(I,J),B(I,J),FU(I,J),FF(I,J) 35 CONTINUE EX=1.-EX
C ****** S E T up ACCORDING TO VALUE OF ICS DEFINING- ***** c C IDONE, IDONED STARTING AND ENDING ELEMENTS IN ARRAY C F11 POSITIONS 1-3 FOR INHALED, 4,5 FOR INGESTED C IZINT,IZINTE STARTING AND ENDING VALUES OF IZINT C IZINT = 0 ACUTE ,= 1 CHRONIC ,= 2 INJECTION C C ICS CASES IZINT IZINTE IDONE IDONED C C 1 ACUTE CHRONIC INHAL INGEST 0 1 1 5 C 2 CHRONIC INHAL INGEST 1 1 1 5 C 3 ACUTE INHAL INGEST 0 0 1 5 C 4 CHRONIC INGEST 1 1 4 5 C 5 ACUTE INGEST 0 0 4 5 C 6 CHRONIC INHAL 1 1 1 3 C 7 ACUTE INHAL 0 0 1 3 C "• 8 ACUTE INJECTION 2 2 1 1 C
1-4
c c c c c c c c
IDONE=1 ID0NED»6 IZINT=IZINTE=O IP(ICS.GT.5) IDONED-4 IF{ICS.EQ.4.OR.ICS.EQ.5) IDONE-4 IF(ICS.EQ.l) IZINTE=»1 IP(MOD(ICS,2).EQ.O) IZINT-IZINTE-1 IF(ICS.EQ.8) IZINT=IZINTE»IDONED»2 IZINTS=IZINT IORG = THE NUMBER OF ORGANS IOR USED FOR OUTPUT OF ORGAN DATA. IOR=28+5*(IORG-1) RETURN INITIAL CONDITIONS 40 IF(T.NE.O.) GOTO 135
c c c c c
c c
c c c c
IF INFLAG = 1 INDICATING A MATCH COULD NOT BE FOUND GO ON TO NEXT CASE. I.E. READ NEXT DATA CARD. IF(INFLAG.EQ.l) IOUT=2 PRESET ARRAYS TO ZERO DO 45 1=1,9 A(I)=0. ZIN(I)=0. 45 CONTINUE DO 50 1=1,43 Y(I)=0. IF(HL1.NE.O.) Yl(I)=0. IF(HL2.NE.O.) Y2(I)=0. 50 CONTINUE DO 55 1=1,11 55 R(I)=0. GT=0. ZGT=0. IF Fil NE 0. THIS CASE WILL BE DONE. SO IF(FIKIÛONE) .NE.0.) GOTO 65 IDONE=IDONE+1 IF(IDONE.GE.IDONED) GOTO 215 GOTO 60 65 F1=F11(IDONE) IF(IDONE-4) 70,75,75 70 CLASS=CL(IDONE) IF(CLASS.EQ.1HI) IZINT=2. GOTO 80 INGESTION 75 IF(IZINT.EQ.l.) ZGT=1./RR IF(IZINT.EQ.O.) GT=1. SET CLASS TO BLANK FOR INGESTION WILL USE CLASS Y BY DEFAULT CLASS=10H
1-5
80 CONTINUE C C
C C
C C
C C
INITIAL VALUE OF CONSTANTS COMMON TO ALL CLASSES Sl=l. IF(Pl.EQ.l.) Sl=0. XIN=0. RD1=O IF(HLl.NE.O) RD1=X/HL1 RD2=0. IF(HL2.NE.O.) RD2=X/HL2 R(l)=R(2)=R(3)=X/0.01 R(4)=X/0.2 R15=24. VALUES FOR ADULTS R16=6. RI 7=1.8 R18=l. VALUES FOR INFANTS IF(AGE.EQ.5HADULT) GOTO 85 R16=12. R17=8. RI8=6. 85 CONTINUE RB=0. IF(Fl.NE.l.) RB=(F1*R16)/(1.-F1) IF IK IS 1 = INHALED, IK=2
2 - INGESTED,
C IF(IZINT-l) 90,95,100 C C C C C
C C C C C
C Q
********** ACUTE ********** IF(GT.NE.O) ACUTE INGESTION 90 IF(GT,NE.O.) Y(15)=1./RR IF(GT.NE.0.) GOTO 105 ELSE ACUTE INHALATION Y(1)=Y(2)=.1/RR Y(3)=Y(4)=.08/RR Y(5)=Y(6)=Y(7)=Y(8)=Y(9)=.3/RR IK=1 GOTO 105 ********** CHRONIC ********** IF(ZGT.NE.O.) CRONIC INGESTION 95 IF(ZGT.NE.0.) GOTO 105 ELSE CRONIC INHALATION ZIN(1)=ZIN(2)=.1/RR ZIN(3)=ZIN(4)=.08/RR ZIN(5)=ZIN(6)=ZIN(7)=ZIN(8)»ZIN(9)-.3/RR IK=1 GOTO 105 **********
INJECTION
**********
3 BLANK FOR INJECTED
1-6
100 CONTINUE IK=3 CLASS=»1HI GOTO 120 C C C
**********
CLASS D
**********
105 CONTINUE IF(CLASS.NE.1HD) GOTO 110 R(6)=R(7)=R(8)=R(ll)=0.0 R(5)=R(9)=R(10)»X/0.5 IF(IDONE.GT.3) GOTO 130 A(1)=A(2)=.5 A(3)=.95 A(4)=0.05 A(5)=0.8 A(6)=A(7)=0. A(8)=0. A(9)=.2 GOTO 120 C C C
**********
CLASS W
**********
110 IF(CLASS.NE.1HW) GOTO 115 R(8)=R(ll)=0.0 XDIV=50. R(5)=R(7)=R(9)=R(10)=X/XDIV R(6)=X/1.0 IF(IDONE.GT.3) GOTO 130 A(l)=0.1 A(2)=0.9 A(3)=A(4)=0.5 A(5)=0.15 A(6)=A(7)=0.4 A(8)=0. A(9)=.O5 GOTO 120 C C C C
**********
CLASS Y
**********
115 CONTINUE XDIV=500. R(5)=R(7)=R(8)=R(9)=»X/XDIV R(6)=X/1.0 R(10)=X/1000. R(ll)=0.0 IF(IDONE.GT.3) GOTO 130 A(l)=A(3)=0.01 A(2)=A(4)=0.99 A(5)=0.05 A(6)=A(7)=0.4 A(8)=.O15 A(9)=.135 C 120
CONTINUE
1-7
125 C
DO 125 1=1,9 ZIN(I)=ZIN(I)*A(I) Y(I)=A(I)*Y(I) CONTINUE
130 CONTINUE OUTPUT OF INITIAL CONDITIONS. RR=RRF IF(IOUT.NE.O) GOTO 135 WRITE(6,230) IF(AGE.EQ.6HINFANT) R(7)=R(7)*10. WRITE(6,315)ITYPE(IZINT+1),ISOTOP,KIND(IK),HL,CLASS,F1 WRITE(6,235)R23,FUE,FUF WRITE(6,250)A WRITE(6,255)R WRITE(6,310) ZIN WRITE(6,260)Y WRITE(6,325)IZINT,ZGT,GT,RR,RD1,RD2 WRITE(6,275) 135 CONTINUE
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
EQUATIONS 1 TO 9 REPRESENT COMPARTMENTS A TO I EQUATIONS 1 AND 2 REGION N-P COMPARMENTS A AND B EQUATIONS 3 AND 4 REGION T-B COMPARMENTS C AND D EQUATIONS 5 TO 9 PULMONARY REGION COMPARTMENTS E TO I EQUATION 10 LYMPH REGION COMPARTMENTS J EQUATION 11 LYMPH REGION COMPARTMENT K EQUATION 12 REPRESENTS THE TOTAL IN THE LUNG EQUATION 13 REPRESENTS THE TOTAL IN THE LYMPH TISSUE EQUATION 14 TRANSITION OF MATERIAL DEPOSITED IN PUL. TO G-I TRACT EQUATION 15 GUT REGION EQUATION 16 SMALL INTESTINE REGION EQUATION 17 UPPER LARGE INTESTINE REGION EQUATION 18 LOWER LARGE INTESTINE REGION EQUATION 19 REPRESENT INTEGRATED RETENTION OF GUT REGION EQUATION 20 REPRESENT INTEGRATED RETENTION OF SMALL INTESTINE EQUATION 21 REPRESENT INTEGRATED RETENTION OF U. LARGE INTESTINE EQUATION 22 REPRESENT INTEGRATED RETENTION OF L. LARGE INTESTINE EQUATION 23 REPRESENTS THE TOTAL IN THE BLOOD EQUATIONS 24 TO 43 REPRESENT A POSSIBLE TOTAL OF FOUR ORGANS EACH WITH FOUR COMPARTMENTS.PLUS AN EQUATION REPRESENTION THE SUM OF THE ORGAN COMPARTMENTS
EQUATIONS FOR RADIONUCLIDES DO 140 1=1,9 YT(I)=-(R(I)+RR)*Y(I)+ZIN(I) 140 CONTINUE YT(10)=-(R(10)+RR)*Y(10)+R(9)*Y(9) YT(11)=-RR*Y(11)+R(8)*Y(8) YT(12)=Y(3)+Y(4)+Y(5)+Y(6)+Y!31E+02 .106E+01 .154E-01 .616E-01 .205E+00 .370E+00
EU-152
Y
.100E-03 •117E+03 .688E+02 .169E-01 .677E-01 •226E+00 .407E+00
EU-154
W
.100E-03 .131E+02 .106E+01 •154E-01 .615E-01 .205E+00 •368E+00
EU-154
Y
•100E-03 .120E+03 .766E+02 .170E-01 •678E-01 .227E+00 .409E+00
EU-155
W
.100E-03 .123E+02 .934E+00 •151E-01 .604E-01 •201E+00 •360E+00
EU-155
Y
.100E-03 .741E+02 .157E+02 .153E-01 .611E-01 •203E+0C .366E+00
YB-169
W
•100E-03 .S27E+01 .164E+00 .122E-01 .484E-01 •160E+00 •281E+00
ORGAN BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER BONE LIVER
Q50 .647E+00 .194E+01 .162E+00 .485E+00 .267E-01 .797E-01 .666E-02 •199E-01 .652E+01 .196E+02 .163E+01 .490E+01 .639E+00 .191E+01 .159E+00 •478E+00 .518E+02 .518E+02 .120E+02 .120E+02 .141E+03 •141E+03 .587E+02 .587E+02 .155E+03 .155E+03 .671E+02 .670E+02 •378E+02 .378E+02 .707E+01 •706E+01 .142E+01 .142E+01
11-24 rtHHrlOHOOriOHHO«HOOHHHHOOHOrir)OHNHNO-(
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TABLE B-l(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INHALATION ISOTOPE TL-204
CLASS D
FI LUNG LYMPH ST SI ULI .500E+00 .218E+00 .432E-01 .225E-02 .451E-02 .150E-01
LLI 270E-01
TH-228+
W
.200E-03 .124E+02 .941E+00 .151E-01 .603E-01 .201E+00
361E+00
TH-228+
Y
.200E-03 .758E+02 .166E+02 .153E-01 .613E-01 .204E+00
367E+00
TH-230
W
.200E-03 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .615E-01 .205E+00
370E+00
TH-230
y
.200E-03 .129E+03 .13OE+O3 .174E-01 .695E-01 .233E+00
417E+00
U-232
D
.500E-01 .219E+00 .433E-01 .225E-02 .855E-02 .285E-01
513E-01
U-232
W
.500E-01 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .584E-01 .195E+00
351E+00
U-232
Y
.200E-02 .128E+03 .117E+03 .173E-01 .690E-01 .231E+00 .415E+00
U-233
D
.500E-01 .219E+00 .432E-01 .225E-02 .857E-02 .285E-01
513E-01
U-233
W
.500E-01 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .584E-01 .195E+00
351E+00
U-233
Y
.200E-02 .130E+03 .137E+03 .174E-01 .697E-01 .232E+00
416E+00
PU-238
W
.100E-03 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .617E-01 .205E+00 .370E+00
ORGAN KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER TESTES
Q50 .227E+00 .432E+01 .681E+02 .212E+01 .848E+01 .131E+02 •409E+00 .163E+01 •665E+03 .441E+01 •176E+02 •330E+03 .226E+01 .907E+01 .591E+02 .902E+00 .902E+00 .177E+02 .270E+00 .270E+00 •755E+01 .117E+00 .117E+00 •678E+02 .928E+00 .929E+00 .204E+02 •278E+00 .278E+00 .899E+01 .126E+00 .126E+00 .634E+03 .516E+03 •493E+00
TABLE B-l(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INHALATION ISOTOPE PU-238
CLASS Y
FI LUNG LYMPH' ST SI ULI LLI .100E-04 .128E+03 .120E+03 .173E-01 .693E-01 .231E+00 .416E+00
PU-239
W
.100E-03 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .617E-01 .206E+00 .370E+00
PU-239
Y
.100E-04 .130E+03 .137E+03 .174E-01 .695E-01 .232E+00 .418E+00
NP-239
W
•100E-01 .739E+00 .218E-02 .882E-02 .333E-01 .955E-01 .133E+00
AM-241
W
.500E-03 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .617E-01 .205E+00 .370E+00
CM-242
w
.500E-03 .102E+02 .635E+00 .142E-01 .567E-01 .189E+00 .338E+00
CM-244
w
.500E-03 .131E+02 .107E+01 .154E-01 .616E-01 .205E+00 .369E+00
SE-79
D
.950E+00 .219E+00 .434E-01 .225E-02 .450E-03 .150E-02 .270E-02
SE-79
W
-SOOE-Ol .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .587E-01 .195E+00 .352E+00
TC-99
D
.800E+00 .218E+00 .434E-01 .225E-02 .180E-02 .600E-02 .108E-01
TC-99
W
.800E+00 .132E+02 .108E+01 .154E-01 .123E-01 .412E-01 .740E-01
ORGAN Q50 BONE .299E+03 LIVER .246E+03 TESTES .232E+00 BONE .761E+03 LIVER .609E+03 TESTES .592E+00 BONE .364E+03 LIVER .297E+03 TESTES .284E+00 BONE .743E-01 LIVER .743E-01 TESTES .579E-04 BONE .735E+03 LIVER .591E+03 TESTES .572E+00 BONE .983E+01 LIVER .976E+01 TESTES .765E-02 BONE .351E+03 LIVER .301E+03 TESTES -271E+00 BONE M .168E+01 LIVER .336E+01 KIDNEY .334E+01 OTHER .101E+02 BONS M .452E+00 LIVER .904E+00 KIDNEY .895E+00 OTHER .271E+01 LIVER .154E+00 KIDNEY .192E-01 THYROI .145E+00 OTHER .173E+01 LIVER .133E+00 KIDNEY .166E-01 THYROI .126E+00 OTHER .149E+01
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i TABLE B-2(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR INFANT INHALATION ISOTOPE PU-238
CLAi Y
FI LUNG LYMPH ST SI ULI LLI .100E-04 .514E+02 .120E+03 .174E-01 .348E-01 .521E-01 .698E-01
PU-239
W
.100E-03 .545E+01 .108E+01 .154E-01 .308E-01 .462E-01 .617E-01
PU-239
Y
.100E-04 .521E+02 .137E+03 .175E-01 .348E-01 .523E-01 .697E-01
NP-239
W
•100E-01 .636E+00 .218E-02 .101E-01 .195E-01 .283E-01 .360E-01
AM-241
W
•500E-03 .545E+01 .108E+01 .153E-01 .308E-01 .463E-01 .617E-01
CM-242
w
.500E-03 .439E+01 .634E+00 .152E-01 .304E-01 .457E-01 .607E-01
CM-244
w
.500E-03 .542E+01 .107E+01 .154E-01 .308E-01 .461E-01 .615E-01
SE-79
D
.950E+00 .219E+00 .433E-01 .225E-02 .225E-03 .337E-03 .450E-03
SE-79
W
.500E-01 .545K+01 .108E+01 .154E-01 .293E-01 .440E-01 .587E-01
TC-99
D
.800E+00 .219E+00 .432E-01 .225E-02 .899E-03 .135E-02 .179E-02
TC-99
W
.800E+00 .546E+01 .108E+01 .154E-01 .615E-02 .925E-02 .123E-01
ORGAN BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER LIVER KIONEY THYROI OTHER LIVER KIDNEY THYROI
Q50 .297E+03 .246E+03 .232E+00 .761E+03 .609E+03 .592E+00 .364E+03 .297E+03 -284E+00 .748E-01 .747E-01 .580E-Û4 .736E+03 .592E+03 .573E+00 -981E+01 .975E+01 .763E-02 .351E+03 .301E+03 .272E+00 .853E+00 .171E+01 .168E+01 .S12E+01 .230E+00 .460E+00 .452E+00 .138E+01 .846E-01 .106E-01 .697E-01 .948E+00 .732E-CP. .914E-,.' .603E-01
S JL °
11-41 H
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P
TABLE B-3 Q50 VALUES FOR iDULT ISOTOPE NA-22
FI .100E+01
ST .417E-01
NA-24
.100E+01
.437E-01
C-14 P-32
.100E+01 .800E+00
.417E-01 .417E-01
P-33
.800E+00
.419E-01
S-35 S-35 SC-46
.100E+01 •ÎOOE+OO .100E-03
.418E-01 .418E-01 .417E-01
CR-51
.100E+00
.417E-01
MN-54
.ÎOOE+OO
.418E-01
FE-55
.100E+00
.417E-01
FE-59
.100E+00
.417E-01
CO-58
.800E+00
.417E-01
CO-58
.500E-01
.417E-01
CO-60
.800E+00
.417E-01
CO-60
.500E-01
.417E-01
SI
INGESTION
OLI
ORGAN BONE OTHER EONE OTHER OTHER • 323E-01 .107.E+00 .171E+00 BONE OTHER .333E-01 .108E+00 .186E+00 BONE OTHER OTHER .150E+00 .497E+00 .888E+00 OTHER .166E+00 .552E+00 .987E+00 BONE LIVER OTHER .150E+00 .493E+00 .865E+00 BONE OTHER BONE .150E+00 .500E+00 .897E+00 LIVER OTHER LIVER .150E+00 .500E+00 .899E+00 SPLEEN OTHER LIVER .150E+00 .495E+00 .880E+00 SPLEEN OTHER .333E-01 .111E+00 .197E+00 LIVER OTHER .158E+00 .524E+00 .935E+00 LIVER OTHER .333E-01 .lllE+00 •200E+00 LIVER OTHER .158E+00 .528E+00 -948E+00 LIVER OTHER
LLI
Q50 .641E+01 .150E+02 .194E+00 .454E+00 •525E+02 .268E+01 .293E+01 .478E+01 .393E+01 .790E+01 .790E+00 •596E-02 .180E-02 .119E-02 •191E+01 .101E+01 .178E+01 .821E+00 •113E+01 .573E+01 .931E+00 .649E+02 .500E+00 .812E-01 .568E+01 .131E+00 .118E+02 .820E-02 .740E+00 .737E+00 .665E+02 •462E-01 .415E+01
TABLE B-3(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION
PI
ISOTOPE NI-63
500E-01
•417E-01
.158E+00
•528E+00
ZN-65
500E+00
•418E-01
.832E-01
.277E+00
AS-76
300E-01
.428E-01
.151E+00
•372E+00
SE-75
950E+00
.418E-01
.832E-02
.277E-01
SE-75
500E-01
.418E-01
.158E+00
.527E+00
ST
SI
ULI
Y-90
100E-03
.421E-01
.161E+00
.471E+00
Y-91
100E-03
•418E-01
.166E+00
.552E+00
NB-95
500E+00
.417E-01
.833E-01
.275E+00
NB-95
100E-01
.417E-01
.165E+00
.543E+00
MO-99+
800E+00
.422E-01
•334E-01
.977E-01
MO-99+
500E-01
.422E-01
.154E+00
.450E+00
LLI
ORGAN KIDNEY OTHER .497E+00 BONE OTHER .411E+00 LIVER KIDNEY OTHER .496E-01 BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER .941E+00 BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER .672E+00 BONE LIVER OTHER .980E+00 BONE LIVER OTHER .485E+00 BONE KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER .958E+00 BONE KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER .141E+00 BONE KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER .649E+00 BONE KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER .949E+00
Q50 .700E-01 .136E+02 .220E+02 .645E+02 .216E-02 .722E-03 .332E-01 .225E+01 .449E+01 .444E+01 .135E+02 .118E+00 .236E+00 .235E+00 .709E+00 .171E-03 .512E-04 .341E-04 .419E-02 .126E-02 .837E-03 .874E+01 .225E+00 .125E+00 .325E+01 •175E+00 •449E-02 .249E-02 .649E-01 .403E+00 .777E+00 .130E+00 .130E+01 .243E-01 .471E-01 .786E-02 .786E-01
M M
00
TABLE B-3(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION
ULI
LLI
ISOTOPE RU-103 RU-106+ AG-110M
PI .500E-01 .500E-01 .500E-01
ST .417E-01 .417E-01 .419E-01
SI .158E+00 .158E+00 .158E+00
.523E+00 .527E+00 .528E+00
.923E+00 .945E+00 •946E+00
SN-123
.500E-01
.417E-01
.158E+00
. 525E+00
.941E+00
SB-122
.900E+00
.422E-01
.168E-01
. 489E-01
.705E-01
SB-122
.200E+00
.422E-01
.130E+00
. 381E+00
.548E+00
SB-124
.900E+00
.417E-01
.167E-01
. 553E-01
.982E-01
SB-124
.200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
. 441E+00
.785E+00
SB-125
.900E+00
.417E-01
.167E-01
. 555E-01
•100E+00
SB-125
.200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
. 444E+00
•802E+00
TE-125M
.900E+00
.417E-01
.167E-01
. 552E-01
.985E-01
TE-125M
.200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
. 441E+00
.782E+00
TE-127
.900E+00
.450E-01
.175E-01
, 294E-01
.191E-01
TE-127
.200E+00
.450E-01
.116E+00
, 196E+00
.127E+00
TE-127M+
.900E+00
.417E-01
.167E-01
, 556E-01
.991E-01
TE-127M+
.200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
443E+00
.791E+00
TE-129M+
.900E+00
.417E-01
.167E-01
551E-01
.970E-01
TE-129M+
.200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
439E+00
.774E+00
ORGAN OTHER OTHER LIVER OTHER BONE OTHER LIVER OTHER LIVER OTHER LIVER OTHER LIVER OTHER LIVER OTHER LIVER OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER BONE OTHER
Q50 •111E+01 .477E+01 .219E+01 .548E+00 •128E+01 •128E+01 .436E+00 .174E+01 .944E-01 .377E+00 .273E+01 •109E+02 .606E+00 .242E+01 .356E+01 .143E+02 .791E+00 •317E+01 .176E+02 .476E+01 .390E+01 .106E+01 .442E-01 .432E-01 .814E-02 .798E-02 .317E+02 .547E+01 •703E+01 .121E+01 •105E+02 .400E+01 .232E+01 .887E+00
H £. *
TABLE B-3(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE TE-132+
.900E+00
•420E-01
.168E-01
.499E-01
TE-132+
.200E+00
.420E-01
•131E+00
.391E+00
CS-134 CS-136 CS-137 ND-147
•ÎOOE+Ol •100E+01 .100E+Û1 .100E-03
•417E-01 .418E-01 .417E-01 .418E-01
.165E+00
•531E+00
LA-140
.300E-03
.423E-01
•159E+00
.431E+00
CE-141
.300E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
•547E+00
PI
ST
SI
ULI
CE-144+
.300E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.554E+00
PM-147
.100E-03
.416E-01
•167E+00
.554E+00
EU-152
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.554E+00
EU-154
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
•555E+00
EU-155
.100E-03
.418E-01
.167E+00
.554E+00
YB-169
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.547E+00
W-185
.750E+00
.417E-01
.417E-01
.138E+01,
ORGAN BONE OTHER .578E+00 BONE OTHER OTHER OTHER OTHER .902E+00 BONE LIVER .548E+00 BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER .965E+00 BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER .993E+00 BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER .999E+00 BONE LIVER .100E+01 BONE LIVER .100E+01 BONE LIVER .997E+00 BONE LIVER .965E+00 BONE LIVER .246E+00 BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER
LLI
•740E-01
Q50 .847E+00 .730E+00 .183E+00 •158E+00 .125E+03 •156E+02 .142E+03 .696E-03 .697E-03 .120E-03 .361E-03 .301E-04 .903E-04 .277E-02 .829E-02 .689E-03 •207E-02 .200E-01 .600E-01 .500E-02 .150E-01 .487E-01 .487E-01 .129E+00 .129E+00 .142E+00 .142E+00 .361E-01 .361E-01 •202E-02 .202E-02 .455E+01 .877E+01 .146E+01 .146E+02
I UI
o
TABLE B-3(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE W-185
500E-01
.417E-01
.158E+00
•525E+00
.934E+00
IR-192
100E-01
.416E-01
.165E+00
.546E+00
.974E+00
HG-197
200E+00
•420E-01
.130E+00
.380E+00
.546E+00
HG-197
200E+00
.420E-01
.130E+00
.380E+00
.546E+00
HG-197
200E-01
.420E-01
.158E+00
.463E+ÙÙ
.663E+00
HG-203
200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
.439E+00
.781E+00
HG-203
200E+00
.417E-01
.133E+00
.439E+00
.781E+00
HG-203
200E-01
.417E-01
.163E+00
.539E+00
.960E+00
TL-204
500E+00
.417E-01
.832E-01
.278E+00
.500E+00
TH-228+
300E-01
.417E-01
.162E+00
•538E+00
.967E+00
TH-228+
200E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.556E+00
.998E+00
TH-230
300E-01
.417E-01
.162E+00
.539E+00
.970E+00
TH-230
200E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
.100E+01
FI
ST
SI
ULI
LLI
ORGAN BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER LIVER 1'IDNEY SPLEEN OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER
Q50 .302E+00 .584E+00 •971E-01 •971E+00 •128E+00 .264E-01 .160E-01 .352E+00 •542E-01 .621E+00 •527E-01 .602E+00 .521E-02 .598E-01 .6953+00 •799E+01 .522E+00 .597E+01 .521E-01 .597E+00 .251E+00 .477E+01 •194E+02 .604E+00 .242E+01 .129E+00 .403E-02 .161E-01 .182E+03 .120E+01 .481E+01 .121E+01 •800E-02 .320E-01
1
TABLE B-3(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE U-232
Fl .500E-01
ST .417E-01
SI .158E+00
ULI 528E+00
LLI .950E+00
U-232
•200E-01
.417E-01
.163E+00
545E+00
.980E+00
U-233
.SOOE-01
.417E-01
.158E+00
528E+00
.950E+00
U-233
.200E-01
.417E-01
.163E+00
544E+00
.980E+00
PO-238
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
555E+00
.100E+01
PO-238
.100E-04
.417E-01
.167E+00
557E+00
.100E+01
PU-239
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
555E+00
.lOOE+01
PU-239
.100E-04
.417E-01
.167E+00
556E+00
.100E+01
NP-239
.100E-01
.422E-01
.159E+00
456E+00
.634E+00
AM-241
.500E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
555E+00
•100E+01
CM-242
•500E-03
.417E-01
.166E+00
554E+00
•991E+00
CM-244
.500E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
555E+00
.100E+01
ORGAN BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES
Q50 .691E+01 •105E+00 .105E+00 .277E+01 .421E-01 .420E-01 .794E+01 .108E+00 .108E+00 .317E+01 .433E-01 .434E-01 .578E+00 .470E+00 •450E-03 .578E-01 .470E-01 .450E-04 .694E+00 .554E+00 .539E-03 .694E-01 .554E-01 .539E-04 •133E-01 .133E-01 .104E-04 .335E+01 .269E+01 .261E-02 •526E-01 .524E-01 .408E-04 .160E+01 .137E+01 .124E-02
Ul
TABLE B-3(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE SE-79
FI .950E+00
ST .417E-01
SI .831E-02
278E-01
SE-79
.500E-01
.417E-01
.158E+00
529E+00
TC-99
.800E+00
.417E-01
.334E-01
111E+00
PD-107
.500E-02
.417E-01
.166E+00
553E+00
ULI
CS-135 PB-210+
.100E+01 .100E+00
.416E-01 ,416E-01
.150E+00
500E+00
BI-210
.500E-01
.421E-01
.156E+00
483E+00
.100E+00
:417E-01
.150E+00
.300E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.100E-01
.417E-01
-165E+00
PO-210
498E+00
AC-227+
556E+CU
PA-231
550E+00
ORGAN BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER .950E+00 BONE M LIVER KIDNEY OTHER .200E+00 LIVER KIDNEY THYROI OTHER •992E+00 LIVER KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER OTHER .900E+00 BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER •763E+00 KIDNEY OTHER •893E+00 LIVER KIDNEY SPLEEN OTHER •100E+01 BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER .990E+00 BONE LIVER TESTES
LLI
•500E-01
Q50 .334E+01 •668E+01 .664E+01 .200E+02 .176E+00 .352E+00 .348E+00 .106E+01 .262E+00 •327E-01 •248E+00 .293E+01 •162E-01 .325E-02 •216E-02 •866E-01 .143E+03 •917E+02 .435E+01 •374E+00 .334E+01 •374E-01 •281E-01 .529E+00 .529E+00 .529E+00 •371E+01 .209E+00 .626E+00 .522E-01 .156E+00 .695E+02 .555E+02 .541E-01
Ul
TABLE B-3(C0HT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE NP-237
FI •ÎOOE-Ol
ST .417E-Ù1
SI .165E+00
ULI .549E+00
LLI .990E+00
BI-210
.500E-01
•414E-01
.154E+00
.477E+00
.754E+00
PO-210 1
.500E-01
•864E-05
•155E-03
.134E-02
.705E-02
TH-232
.300E-01
.417E-01
.162E+00
.539E+00
.970E+00
RA-228 1
.300E-01
.492E-06
.932E-05
.116E-03
.484E-03
TH-228+2
.300E-01
.204E-14
.158E-12
.693E-11
.606E-10
TH-2. 2
.200E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
.100E+01
RA-228 1
.200E-03
.492E-06
.984E-05
.120E-03
.500E-03
TH-228+2
.200E-03
.204E-14
.171E-12
.721E-H
.627E-10
PB-210
.100E+00
.417E-01
.150E+00
.500E+00
.900E+00
BI-210 1
.ÎOOE+OO
.239E-03
.389E-02
.477E-01
.185E+00
PO-210 2
.100E+00
.498E-07
.310E-05
.143E-03
.118E-02
ORGAN BONE LIVER TESTES KIDNEY OTHER KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER KIDNEY OTHER
Q50 •695E+02 .555E+02 •541E-01 .371E-01 •278E-01 .109E-02 .814E-03 .193E+03 •121E+01 •485E+01 •136E+03 •270E+00 .108E+01 •828E-01 .271E-04 .108E-03 .128E+01 .808E-02 .323E-01 .906E+00 .180E-02 .720E-02 .552E-03 .181E-06 .723E-06 .909E+02 .433E+01 .371E+00 .332E+01 •906E+02 .429E+01 •361E+00 .323E+01 .881E+02 .374E+01 .300E+00 .270E+01
TABLE B-3(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE U-232
FI •500E-01
ST .417E-01
SI .158E+00
ULI .528E+00
LLI .950E+00
TH-228 1
.500E-01
.173E-05
.315E-04
.396E-03
.166E-02
RA-224+2
.500E-01
.145E-07
.104E-05
.434E-04
.345E-03
U-232
.200E-01
.417E-01
.163E+00
.544E+00
.980E+00
TH-228 1
.200E-01
.173E-05
.333E-04
.412E-03
.171E-02
RA-224+2
.200E-01
.145E-07
.113E-05
.452E-04
.358E-03
PA-231
.100E-01
.417E-01
.165E+00
.550E+00
.990E+00
AC-227 1
.100E-01
.153E-06
.300E-05
.369E-04
.153E-03
TH-227+2
.100E-01
.242E-09
.197E-07
.828E-06
.707E-05
TH-228
.300E-01
.417E-01
.162E+00
.538E+00
.968E+00
RA-224+1
.300E-01
.351E-03
.648E-02
.742E-01
.275E+00
TH-228
•200E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
.998E+00
ORGAN BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE KIDNEY OTHER BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER
Q50 .691E+01 .105E+00 .105E+00 .577E+01 .368E-01 .368E-01 .577E+01 .366E-01 .366E-01 •277E+01 •421E-01 .421E-01 .231E+01 .147E-01 .147E-01 .231E+01 .146E-01 .146E-01 .694E+02 .555E+02 .540E-01 •333E+02 .248E+02 .259E-01 .332E+02 .248E+02 .258E-01 .194E+02 •604E+00 .242E+01 •194E+02 •602E+00 .241E+01 .129E+00 .403E-02 •161E-01
TABLE B-3(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE RA-224+1
.200E-03
ST .351E-03
.683E-02
ULI .769E-01
LLI .284E+00
PU-241
.100E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
.100E+01
AM-241 1
.100E-03
.720E-08
.144E-06
.176E-05
.731E-05
PU-241
.100E-04
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
.100E+01
AM-241 1
•100E-04
.720E-08
.144E-06
.176E-05
.731E-05
TH-229
.300E-01
.416E-01
.160E+00
.520E+00
.895E+00
RA-225+1
.300E-01
.120E-03
.223E-02
.265E-01
.103E+00
TH-229
.200E-03
.416E-01
.165E+00
•536E+00
.922E+00
RA-225+1
•200E-03
.120E-03
.236E-02
.274E-01
.106E+00
AC-225+
.300E-03
.599E+00
.237E+01
.761E+01
.128E+02
PA-233
.100E-01
.416E-01
.164E+00
.539E+00
.947E+00
FI
SI
ORGAN BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER TESTES
Q50 .129E+00 .401E-02 .161E-01 .262E+00 .229E+00 .204E-03 .121E-01 •913E-02 .941E-05 .262E-01 .229E-01 .204E-04 .121E-02 .913E-03 .941E-06 •429E+00 .240E-01 .962E-01 .446E+00 .247E-01 .988E-01 .286E-02 .160E-03 .641E-03 .297E-02 .165E-03 .659E-03 .120E-01 .359E-01 .299E-02 .898E-02 .173E+00 •172E+00 .134E-03
TABLE B-3(C0NT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE U-233 1
.100E-01
.231E-10
.452E-09
.549E-08
•225E-07
AC-227
.300E-03
.417E-01
.167E+00
.555E+00
•100E+01
TH-227 1
.300E-03
.660E-04
.131E-02
.158E-01
.641E-01
RA-223+2
.300E-03
.170E-06
.141E-04
.570E-03
.470E-02
TH-227
.300E-01
.416E-01
•160E+00
.524E+00
•908E+00
RA-223+1
.300E-01
.106E-03
.198E-02
.236E-01
.926E-01
TH-227
.200E-03
.416E-01
•165E+00
.540E+00
.936E+00
RA-223+1
.200E-03
•106E-03
•209E-02
.245E-01
.957E-01
TH-231
•300E-01
-406E-01
.142E+00
.348E+00
.379E+00
PA-231 1
.300E-01
.984E-10
•172E-08
•170E-07
.527E-07
TH-231
.200E-03
.406E-01
.146E+00
.358E+00
.389E+00
FI
ST
SI
ULI
LLI
ORGAN BONE LIVER TESTES BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER SPLEEN OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER
Q50 •359E-04 .287E-04 .279E-07 .283E+00 .850E+00 •709E-01 .213E+00 •282E+00 •846E+00 .705E-01 -211E+00 .281E+00 .843E+00 .703E-01 .211E+00 .531E+00 .297E-01 •119E+00 .549E+00 .302E-01 .121E+00 .354E-02 .198E-03 .791E-03 .366E-02 .201E-03 .805E-03 •192E-01 .110E-02 •439E-02 .171E-04 .108E-06 .431E-06 .128E-03 .729E-05 •292E-04
TABLE B-3(CONT) Q50 VALUES FOR ADULT INGESTION ISOTOPE PA-231 1
FI .200E-03
ST .984E-10
SI .181E-08
ULI .176E-07
LLI .544E-07
TH-234
.300E-01
.416E-01
.161E+00
.527E+00
.923E+00
PA-234 1
.300E-01
.388E-02
.566E-01
.384E+00
.856E+00
U-234
.300E-01
.124E-11
.751E-10
.189E-08
.998E-08
.200E-03
.416E-01
.166E+00
.543E+00
.951E+00
2
TH-234 PA-234 1
.200E-03
.388E-02
.592E-01
.397E+00
.883E+00
U-234
.200E-03
.124E-11
.808E-10
.197E-08
.103E-07
2
ORGAN BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER BONE LIVER OTHER
Q50 .114E-06 .719E-09 .288E-08 .709E+00 .393E-01 .157E+00 .715E+00 .396E-01 .159E+00 .512E-04 .313E-06 .125E-05 .473E-02 .262E-03 .105E-02 .477E-02 .264E-03 .106E-02 .342E-06 .209E-08 .835E-08
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