contents abstract 1 introduction 4 1. overview 5 2. ordinary portland

CONTENTS ABSTRACT

1

INTRODUCTION

4

1. OVERVIEW

5

2. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

6

3. INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT CONCRETE

8

4. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

17

5. SCOPE OF WORK

18

6. SUGARCANE BAGASSE

19

7. HCL ATTACK

20

LITERATURE REVIEW

23

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

39

1.

INTRODUCTION

40

2.

MATERIALS USED

40

METHODOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

49

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

70

CONCLUSIONS

77

REFERENCES

60

ABSTRACT

1

We are aware that a lot of damage is done to environment in the manufacture of cement. It involves lot of carbon emission associated with other chemicals. The researches has shown that every one ton of cement manufacture releases half ton of carbon dioxide, so there is an immediate need to control the usage of cement. On the hand materials wastes such as Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash is difficult to dispose which in return is environmental Hazard. The Bagasse ash imparts high early strength to concrete and also reduce the permeability of concrete. The Silica present in the Bagasse ash reacts with components of cement during hydration and imparts additional properties such as chloride resistance, corrosion resistance etc. Therefore the use of Bagasse ash in concrete not only reduces the environmental pollution but also enhances the properties of concrete and also reduces the cost. It makes the concrete more durable This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions and analysing the effect of HCl on SCBA blended concrete. The concrete mix designed by varying the 2

proportions of Bagasse ash for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% the cubes are been casted and cured in normal water and 5% HCl solution for ages of 7, 28 and 60 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 10% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement. .

3

INTRODUCTION

4

OVERVIEW Ordinary Portland cement is the most commonly used building material throughout the world and it will retain its status in near future also because of demand and expansion of construction industry all over the world. Further the greatest challenge before the concrete construction industry is to serve the two pressing needs of human society, namely the protection of environment and meeting the infrastructure requirements of our growing population Structures which are constructed in aggressive environments are liable to be subjected to acidic attack. One of such major problems is HCl attack against concrete structures due to which there will be loss of weight and reduction in strength of concrete ultimately sacrificing age of the structure. Contaminated ground water, seawater, industrial effluents are some of the sources of sulphate that attack concrete. The use of blended cements have shown a sharp results in resisting the sulphate attack on concrete, sugarcane bagasse ash which shows pozzolanic properties is being used as a partial replacement in concrete in regular 5

intervals of 5% up to 25%. SCBA is being produced from sugar manufacturing units as a waste material which will be grinded to the fineness less than cement for obtaining good bonding between cement and SCBA. This project discusses the very severe exposure of HCl on concrete. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT (OPC): Ordinary Portland cement is a controlled blend of calcium silicates, aluminates and ferrate, which is ground to a fine powder with gypsum and other materials. After 1987 OPC was divided into 3 types based on the strength obtained at 28 days 1.

OPC 33 grade:-strength not less than 33N/mm2 at 28 days

2.


3.


Portland cement gets its strength from chemical reactions between the cement and water. The process is known as hydration. This is a complex process that is best understood by first understanding the chemical composition of cement. 6

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT: COMPOUND

FORMULA

MASS%

Calcium oxide

CaO

61-67%

Silicon dioxide

SiO2

19-23%

Aluminium oxide

Al2O3

2.5-6%

Iron oxide

Fe2O3

0-6%

Sulphate

SO3

1.5-4.5%

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLINKER:

COMPOUND

FORMULA

MASS%

Tricalcium silicate

(CaO)3 · SiO2

45–75%

Dicalcium silicate

(CaO)2 · SiO2

7–32%

Tricalcium aluminate

(CaO)3 · Al2O3

0–13%

Tetra calcium

(CaO)4 · Al2O3 ·Fe2O3

0–18%

CaSO4 · 2 H2O

2–10%

aluminoferrite Gypsum

7

INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT CONCRETE: An artificially built up stone resulting from hardening of a mixture of a cement, aggregates and water with or without a suitable admixture, is generally known as concrete. Cement concrete is a mixture of aggregates and cement water paste. The cement water paste has its role to bind the aggregates to form a strong rock like mass after hardening has a consequence of the chemical reaction between cement and water. Aggregates are classified into fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Fine aggregate consist of sand whose particular size does not exceed 4.75mm coarse aggregate consist of gravel, crush stone etc. of practical size more than 4.75mm. When the materials are mixed together so has to form a workable concrete, it can be moulded into beams, slabs etc. A few hours after mixing the material undergo a chemical combination and have a consequence the mixture solidifies and hardness, attaining

8

greater strength with age. Concrete possess a high compressive strength and has a poor tensile strength. It also develops shrinkage stresses. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE: A hardened concrete must possess the following properties: 1) Strength: Strength is defined as the resistance of the hardened concrete to rupture under different loadings and is accordingly designated in different - i.e., tensile strength, compressive strength, flexural strength, etc. A good quality concrete in hardened - must possess the desired crushing strength. 2) Durability: Durability is defined as the period of time up to which concrete in hardened - withstands the weathering effects satisfactorily. This property is mainly affected by water cement ratio. A good quality concrete in hardened state must be durable. 3) Impermeability: The impermeability of hardened concrete may be defined as the property to resist entry & water. This property is 9

achieved by using extra quantity of cement in concrete mix. A concrete in hardened state must be impermeable. 4) Elasticity: Though hardened con- is a brittle material, it is desired that it possess adequate elasticity. 5) Shrinkage: A hardened concrete should experience least shrinkage. This property is guided by water cement ratio. Shrinkage is less if w/c ratio is less. SCOPE OF THE WORK: The of the present work is to carry out a detailed analysis of the following sub-systems for the prescribed conditions 1. Concrete mix design for M35grade of concrete 2. Casting of concrete cubes of M35 grade of concrete with different percentages of SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) 3. Cubes are subjected to normal & Hcl curing. 10

4. Testing of specimens at various ages. 5. Plotting graphs and comparing the compressive strengths of sugarcane bagasse ash blended concrete cubes in normal and HCl curing. SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH:Bagasse is a by-product from sugar industries which is burnt to generate power required for different activities in the factory. The burning of bagasse leaves bagasse ash as a waste, which has a pozzolanic property that would potentially be used as a cement replacement material. It has been known that the worldwide total production of sugarcane is over 1500 million tons. Sugarcane consists about 30% bagasse whereas the sugar recovered is about 10%, and the bagasse leaves about 8% bagasse ash (this figure depend on the quality and type of the boiler, modern boiler release lower amount of bagasse ash) as a waste, this disposal of bagasse ash will be of serious concern. Sugarcane bagasse ash has recently been tested in some parts of the 11

world for its use as a cement replacement material. The bagasse ash was found to improve some properties of the paste, mortar and concrete including compressive strength and water tightness in certain replacement percentages and fineness. The higher silica content in the bagasse ash was suggested to be the main cause for these improvements. Although the silicate content may vary from ash to ash depending on the burning conditions and other properties of the raw materials including the soil on which the sugarcane is grown, it has been reported that the silicate undergoes a pozzolanic reaction with the hydration products of the cement and results in a reduction of the free lime in the concrete.

HCL ATTACK: The chemicals formed as the products of reaction between hydrochloric acid and hydrated cement phases are some soluble salts and some insoluble salts.Soluble salts, mostly with calcium, are subsequently leached out, whereas insoluble salts along with amorphous hydrogels, remain in the corroded layer. Besides 12

dissolution, the interaction between hydrogels may also result in the formation of some Fe-Si, Al-Si, Ca-Al-Si complexes which appear to be stable in pH range above 3.5. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + 2H2O The reaction essentially causes leaching of Ca(OH) 2 from the set cement. After leaching out of Ca(OH)2, C-S-H and ettringite start to decompose, with release of Ca2+ to counteract the loss in Ca(OH)2 and the set cement starts to disintegrate accelerating the dissolution. Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.26H2O  3Ca2+ +2[Al(OH)4]- +4OH- +26H2O 3Ca2+ +2[Al (OH)4]- +4OH- +12HCL  3CaCl2 + 2ALCL3 + 12H2O There are few indications through experiments about the formation of Friedel’s salt, C3A.CaCl2.10H2O, by the action of CaCl2, formed due to reaction of HCL with CH and C3A

13

Hydrochloric acid attack is a typical acidic corrosion which can be characterized by the formation of layer structure. By hydroxide mixture zone a layer is formed by undissolved salts seen as a dark brown ring. PHYSICAL Properties of Hydrochloric acid: Properties of Hydrochloric Acid Molecular formula

HCl in water (H2O)

Molar mass

36.46 g/mol (HCl)

Appearance

Clear colourless to light-yellow liquid

Density

1.18g/cm3

Melting point

27.32 °C (247 K)

Boiling point

110 °C (383 K)

Solubility in water

Miscible

Acidity

(pKa) −8.0

Viscosity

1.9 mPa·s at 25 °C,

14

LITERATURE REVIEW

15

M.Vijaya Sekhar Reddy, I.V.Ramana Reddy, December 2012 studied the behaviour of High Performance Concrete (HPC) which is being the most used type of concrete in the construction industry. They replaced cement with Supplementary cementing materials (SCM) like fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin. The mix design adopted was M60, cubes were casted and cured for 90 days in 5% HCl(P H=2), NaOH, MgSo4 and Na2So4 They concluded that there was a considerable increase in service life of the concrete structures and reduction in heat of hydration by using the supplementary cementing materials in concrete. They observed the maximum and minimum percentage of reduction in strength of concrete when concrete was replaced with fly ash were 12.64% and 1.92%. Dr. P. Srinivasa Rao et al., studied the durability characteristics of metakaolin blended concrete by adopting M 20 grade of concrete. An attempt was made with H2So4 and HCl. Steel fibres with 60 as aspect ratio at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% of volume of concrete are used. 16

They concluded that the percentage weight loss was reduced and compressive strength was increased in the case of fibre reinforced concrete and concrete containing 10% metakaolin replaced by weight of cement when compared to concrete and the percentage weight loss was less when immersed in HCl and H2So4. P. Murthi and V. Siva Kumar 2008 studied the resistance of acid attack of ternary blended concrete by immersing the cubes for 32 weeks in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions. Binary blended concrete was developed using 20% class F fly ash and ternary blended concrete was developed using 20% fly ash and 8% silica fume by weight of cement. They concluded that the ternary blended concrete was performing better that the ordinary plain concrete and binary blended concrete. They observed that the mass loss for 28 and 90 days of M20 PCC specimens were 19.6% and 16.1% respectively. They also observed that the time taken for reduction of 10% mass loss when immersed in 5% H2So4 and 5% HCl solutions was 32 weeks. 17

A.K. Al-Tamimi and M. Sonebi studied the properties of SelfCompacting Concrete when immersed in acidic solutions. Workability was obtained using slump cone test, L-box and orimet for SCC mix. Cylindrical specimens of diameter 45mm and length 90mm were casted and cured for 28 days in water after they were immersed in 1% HCl and 1% H2So4 solutions by maintaining a pH of 5 regularly. They conclude that self-compacting concrete was performing better than control concrete when exposed to 1% sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. They observed that the time taken for 10% mass loss for SCC was 18 weeks and for CC was 6 weeks. B.Madhusudhana Reddy et al., studied the effect of HCl on blended cement (fly ash) and silica fume blended cement and their concretes. Concrete cubes were casted using deionised water with a series of dosages (100, 150, 300, 500 and 900 mg/l) implanted into water and using only deionised water for comparison. These cubes were tested for determining chloride ion permeability (RCPT) and compressive strength 18

They concluded that the compressive strengths reduction of flyash blended concrete and silica fume blended concrete was 2to 19% at 28 and 90 days. Beulah M. Asst Professor, Prahallada M. C. Professor studied the effect of replacement of cement by metakaolin in high performance concrete subjected to HCl attack. Cubes were casted with different water cement ratios (0.3, 0.35, 0.4 and 0.45), compressive strength was evaluated for 150×150×150 mm cubes and percentage weight loss was evaluated for 100×100×100 mm cubes. These cubes were cured for 30, 60 and 90 days in 5% hydrochloric acid. They concluded that the residual compressive strength after 30, 60 and 90 days of immersion decreases with increasing water binder ratio which is due to porous transition zone leading to the formation of ettringite at higher water levels. Urooj Masood et al., studied the behaviour of mixed fibre reinforced concrete exposed to acids. A mixture 75% glass and 25% steel fibres were used in mixed fibre reinforced concrete and cubes were casted 19

and cured for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days in acids and sodium sulphate. Test specimens were tested for weight loss and denseness of concrete of exposed and unexposed specimens at all the ages and compressive strength at 180 days. They concluded that the resistance towards the sulphuric acid attack was maximum when 100% steel fibres was used when compared to other fibres and without any fibres. Mixed fibre reinforced specimens and 100% steel fibre reinforced specimens exhibited more resistance towards the attack of sulphuric acid. Mr. G. Siva Kumar et al., (2013) had studied on “Preparation of Biocement using Sugarcane bagasse ash and its Hydration behaviour”. In this study they had used as partial Replacement in ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by 10% weight. Compressive strength of the sample was carried out and reported that the cementious material in sugar cane bagasse ash is responsible for early hydration. The pozzolanic activity of bagasse ash results in formation of more amount of C-S-H

20

gel which results in enhances the strength, and hence bagasse ash is a potential replacement material for cement. Mr. H.S. Otuoze et al., had investigated on “Characterization of Sugar Cane Bagasse ash and ordinary Portland Cement blends in Concrete” , The SCBA is obtained by burning Sugar cane Bagasse at between 600-700 degrees Celsius, since the sum of Sio2, Al2o3 and Fe2o3 is 74.44%, For strength test , mix ratio of 1:2:4 was used and OPC was partially replaced with 0% ,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% by weight in concrete. Compressive strength values of hardend concrete were obtained at the ages of 7,14,21,28 days. Based on the test conducted, it can be concluded that SCBA is a good pozzolana for concrete cementation and partial blends of it with OPC could give good strength development and other engineering properties in concrete. An optimum of 10% SCBA blends with OPC could be used for reinforced concrete with dense aggregate. Higher blends of 15% and up to 35% of SCBA with OPC are acceptable for plane or mass concrete. The value fell short of meeting requirements for reinforced 21

concrete with dense aggregate because of excessive fines from increasing SCBA and reducing Strength of bonding. Mr. Lavanya M.R et al., had studied on “A Experimental Study on the Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial replacement of Cement with Sugar cane bagasse ash”. The Feasibility of using sugar cane bagasse ash , a finely grounded waste product from the sugarcane industry, as partial replacement for cement in conventional concrete is examined. The test were conducted as per Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) codes to evaluate the stability of SCBA for partial replacement up to 30% of cement with varying water cement (W/C) ratio. They showed that addition of SCBA results in improvement of strength in all cases and according o the results obtained, it can be concluded that Bagasse ash can increase the overall strength of concrete when used up to a 15% cement replacement level with W/C ratio of 0.35, bagasse ash is a valuable pozzolanic material and it can potentially be used as a partial replacement for cement.

22

Mr. R. Srinivasan et al., has investigated on “Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete”. They had observed that Sugar Cane bagasse is fibrous waste-Product of sugar refining industry, and causing serious environmental problem which mainly contain aluminium ion and silica. Hear bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15%, 25% by weight of cement in concrete. Fresh concrete tests like compaction factor test and slump cone test were undertaken, was well as hardened concrete test like compressive strength , split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity at the age of seven and 28 days was don. The results show that the SCBA in blended concrete had significantly higher compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength compare to that of the concrete without SCBA. It is found that cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 10%. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases workability of fresh

23

concrete; therefore use of superplasticizer is not substantial. The density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content. Mr. U.R. Kawade et al., had studied on “Effect of use of Bagasse ash on Strength of Concrete” they had Chemically and Physically Characterized and partial replaced in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by weight of cement in concrete. The results show that the SCBA concrete had significantly higher compressive strength compared to that of the concrete without SCBA. It is found that the cement could be advantageously replaced with SCBA up to maximum limit of 15%. Although the optimal level of SCBA content was achieved with 15% replacement. Partial replacement of cement by SCBA increases workability of fresh concrete, therefore use of Super Plasticizer is not essential. Lourdes M. S. Souza et al., had studied on “Hydration Study of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash and Calcium Hydroxide Pastes of Various Initial C/S Ratio” they had investigated on the reactions between calcium hydroxide (CH) and sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA). For this purpose, 24

pastes of various initial CaO/SiO2 (C/S) molar ratios were produced. The formed products were analyzed by thermal analyses, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that the main product was found to be C-S-H of not specific morphology and that could not be related to the known products C-S-H (I)/C-S-H (II). Calcium alumina silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrate, in the form of fine plates or needles, were also produced. The main product formed in the pozzolanic reactions between SCBA and CH is C-S-H and it appears as a dense net of amorphous agglomerations. In addition, it cannot be correlated with the C-S-H formed in the reaction of hydrous silica and CH. C2ASH8, C4AH13 and C3ASH6 are also formed and they appear as thin places or needles deposited inside the pores of the C-S-H net. Piyanut Muangtong et al., had investigated on “Effects of

Fine

Bagasse Ash on the Workability and Compressive Strength of Mortars” They are currently exploited as pozzolanic materials and supplements to improve the compressive strength in terms of 25

microstructures of cement by partly replacement of cement with them. One of their advantages is to decrease CO 2 gas emission from decreasing consumption of cement in either mortar or concrete production. Appropriate ratio of replacing clinker by fine (320kg/m3 hence ok 46

5) Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content: Fine aggregate = Zone 2 volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate for different zones of fine aggregate = 0.62 (from table 3 IS 10262:2009) when w/c = 0.50 = 0.62 for every +/- 0.05 change in w/c ratio we have to change -/+ 0.01 change in volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate therefore 0.40=0.64 Fine aggregate=0.36 6) Mix calculations: a) volume of concrete = 1m3 take cement content = 330kg/m3 b) Volume of cement = (mass of cement/specific gravity)*(1/1000) = (330/3.15)*(1/1000) = 0.104 m3 c) Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity)*(1/1000) = (192/1)*(1/1000) = 0.192 m3 d) Volume of aggregate = (a-(b+c)) = 1-(0.104+0.192) = 0.703 m3

47

e) Mass of coarse aggregate = d* volume of coarse aggregate*specific gravity of coarse aggregate = (0.703*0.64*2.74*1000) = 1232.78 kg f) Mass of fine aggregate = d* volume of fine aggregate*specific gravity of fine aggregate = (0.703*0.36*2.74*1000) = 693.43 kg The mix proportion then becomes: Mix proportions for M35 by weight Water :

Cement

: Fine Aggregate : Coarse Aggregate

192

:

330.00

:

693.43

:

0.40

:

1.0

:

2.10

:

48

1232.78 3.73

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

49

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Compressive strength Results – M35 grade at Normal water & HCL Solutions Table V: Compressive Strength Results (M35 in normal water) Sample Designation

% Replacement of SCBA in Cement

compressive strength



at 7 days (σcu)

at 28σ days (σcu)

at 60 days (σcu)

C0

0

35

45

51.38

C1

5

39

48.8

49.6

C3

10

39.5

52.3

52.5

C4

15

35.5

48.5

50.66

C5

20

31.66

44.83

45.5

C6

25

32.83

43.66

40.3

Table VI: Compressive Strength Results (M35 in Hcl) Sample Designation





at 7 days (σcu)

at 28σ days (σcu)

at 60 days (σcu)

C0

0

32.5

42.5

45

C1

5

37.33

43.5

46.5

C3

10

39

51.33

48.16

C4

15

33.16

40.5

44

C5

20

31.66

40

39.5

C6

25

20.16

30.66

26

50

Results of Durability Studies Table VII: Reduction in Compressive strength under HCL attacking for 7 days Sample Designation


(σcu)

(σ1cu)

% decrease in strength

M0

0

35

32.5

7.14

M1

5

39

37.33

4.28

M2

10

39.5

39

2.53

M3

15

35.83

33.16

7.4

M4

20

31.66

30.66

3.1

M5

25

32.83

20.16

38.5

Table VIII: Reduction in Compressive strength under HCL attacking for 28 days Sample Designation


(σcu)

(σ1cu)


M0

0

45

42.5

5.55

M1

5

48.8

43.5

10.8

M2

10

52.3

51.33

1.8

M3

15

48.5

40.5

16.49

M4

20

44.83

40

4.8

M5

25

43.66

30.66

13

51

Table IX: Reduction in Compressive strength under HCL attacking for 60 days Sample Designation


(σcu)

(σ1cu)


M0

0

51.38

45

6.38

M1

5

49.6

46.5

3.1

M2

10

52.5

48.16

4.34

M3

15

50.66

44

6.66

M4

20

45.5

39.5

6

M5

25

40.33

26

14.33

GRAPHS: 45

Comp.Strength, N/mm2

40 35 30 25 M35(WATER)

20

M35(HCL)

15 10 5

0 0%

5%

10% 15% 20% % replacement

25%

Graph 1: Compression test results for 7 days in normal water & HCL Solution

52


60

50 40 30 M35(WATER) 20

M35(HCL)

10 0

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% replacement Graph 2: Compression test results for 28 days in normal water & Hcl Solution


60 50 40 30

M35(WATER)

20

M35(HCL)

10 0 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% replacement

Graph 3: Compression test results for 60 days in normal water & Hcl Solution

53

Comp.Strength N/mm2

60 50 40 7 days

30

28 days

20

60 days

10 0 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% replacement

Graph 4: Compression test results for 7, 28 & 60 days in normal water

Comp.Strength N/mm2

60 50 40 7 days

30

28 days

20

60 days

10 0

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

% replacement

Graph 5: Compression test results for 7, 28 & 60 days in HCl Solution

54

As the percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash increases the compressive strength of concrete tends to increase up to certain percentage and then start’s decreasing with the increase of ash content. The strength of 10% sugarcane bagasse ash concrete is more than 5% sugar cane bagasse ash concrete and strength of 5% sugar cane bagasse ash concrete is more than normal concrete. This shows that till 10% sugarcane bagasse ash concrete the strength increases while percentage of sugarcane bagasse ash increases.

The strength of cubes having 10% sugar cane bagasse ash is almost equal to 15% sugar cane bagasse ash concrete. This increase in strength in Sugar cane bagasse ash concrete is due to presence of Silica in Sugar cane bagasse ash. Silica in Sugar cane bagasse ash react with residual CH after the formation of C-S-H gel, and increase the amount of C-S-H gel and results in increase the strength.

55

CONCLUSIONS

56

CONCLUSIONS

1. SCBA concrete performed better when compared to ordinary concrete up to 10% replacement of sugar cane bagasse ash. 2. Increase of strength is mainly to presence of high amount of Silica in sugarcane bagasse ash. 3. Compressive strength is decreased for concrete cured in 5% HCL solution when compared to the concrete cured in normal water. 4. Compressive strength is increased for 7, 28 and 60 days when cured in normal water, but compressive strength is reduced very low acid attack after cured of 28 & 60 days in HCL solutions. 5. It is observed that effect on concrete decreases when exposed to Hcl solution. 6.Utilization of the waste material Sugar Cane Bagasse ash can be advantageously used as a replacement of cement in the preparation of concrete.

57

REFERENCES 1. M.Vijaya Sekhar Reddy, I.V.Ramana Reddy, “Studies on durability characteristics Of high performance concrete” International journal of advanced scientific and technical research, issue 2 volume 6, December 2012 ISS 2249-9954. 2. Dr. P. Srinivasa Rao et al., “Durability studies on steel fibre reinforced metakaolin blended concrete”. 3. P. Murthi and V. Siva Kumar, “Studies on Acid Resistance of Ternary Blended concrete”, Asia journal of civil engineering (building and housing) Vol.9, No.5 (2008). 4. A.K. Al-Tamimi and M. Sonebi, “Assessment of self-Compacting Concrete immersed In Acidic Solutions”. 5. B.Madhusudhana Reddy et al., “Effect of Hydrochloric Acid on Blended cement and silica fume blended cement and their concretes”, International journal of science and technology volume 1 no. 9, September, 2012 6. Beulah M. Asst Professor, Prahallada M. C. Professor, “Effect of replacement of cement by metakalion on the properties of high performance concrete subjected to hydrochloric acid attack”, IJERA ISSN: 2248-9622 vol.2, Issue 6, NOV-DEC 2012, pp.033-038.

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7. G. Siva Kumar et al., “Preparation of Bio-Cement using SCBH and its Hydration Behaviour”. 8. H.S Otuoze et al., “Characterization of SCBH and ordinary Portland cement blends in concrete”. 9. Mr. Lavanya M.R et al., “An Experimental study on the compressive strength of concrete by partial replacement of cement with SCBA”. 10. R.Srinivasan et al., “Experimental study on bagasse ash in concrete”. 11. U.R.Kawade et al., “Effect of use of bagasse ash on strength of concrete”, International journal of innovative research in science, Engineering and technology.(July 2013) 12. Lourdes M.S Souza et al., “Hydration study of SCBA and Calcium Hydroxide pastes of various initial C/S ratios”. 13. Abdolkarim Abbasi and Amin Zargar,” Using Bagasse Ash in Concrete as Pozzolana”. 14. Piyanut Muangtong et al., “Effect of Fine Bagasse Ash on Workability and Compressive Strength of Mortars”. 15. Asma Abd Elhameed Hussein et al., “Compressive Strength and Microstructure of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Concrete”. 16. Kanchana lata Sing and S.M Ali Jawaid,(August 2013) , “Utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) as pozzolanic material in concrete”. 17. V.S Ramachandran et al., “Concrete Admixture Hand Book”. 59

18. R. Paul Lohlia and Ramesh C. Joshi, “Concrete Admixture Hand Book”.

LIST OF CODES:

o IS: 12269-1987 o IS 383-1970 o IS:2386-1963 o IS:456-2000 o IS: 10262-2009 o IS 516-1959

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