Copper and cadmium removal from synthetic

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Feb 23, 2012 - both the metals was observed at 5 g/100 ml of the adsorbent. ... Electroplating wastewater led to the contaminations of heavy ... on duolite C-433, a synthetic resin, has been studied by Gupta ... The blast furnace waste generated in steel plants has ... sensor for the determination of Vanadium, Zirconium, and.
Copper and cadmium removal from synthetic industrial wastewater using chitosan and nylon 6 N. Prakash, P. N. Sudha & N. G. Renganathan

Environmental Science and Pollution Research ISSN 0944-1344 Volume 19 Number 7 Environ Sci Pollut Res (2012) 19:2930-2941 DOI 10.1007/s11356-012-0801-8

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Author's personal copy Environ Sci Pollut Res (2012) 19:2930–2941 DOI 10.1007/s11356-012-0801-8

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Copper and cadmium removal from synthetic industrial wastewater using chitosan and nylon 6 N. Prakash & P. N. Sudha & N. G. Renganathan

Received: 12 December 2011 / Accepted: 27 January 2012 / Published online: 23 February 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012

Abstract Purpose Chitosan with nylon 6 membranes was evaluated as adsorbents to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. Methods Chitosan and nylon 6 with glutaraldehyde blend ratio with (1:1+Glu, 1:2+Glu, and 2:1+Glu) have been prepared and these were used as membranes to remove copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater. Characterization of the synthesized membrane has been done with FTIR, XRD, TGA/DTA, DSC, and SEM. Chemical parameters for quantities of adsorption of heavy metal contamination have been done and the kinetics of adsorption has also been carried out. Results The optimal pH for the removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) using chitosan with nylon 6. Maximum removal of the metals was observed at pH 5 for both the metals. The effect of adsorbent dose also has a pronounced effect on the percentage of removal of the metals. Maximum removal of both the metals was observed at 5 g/100 ml of the adsorbent.

Responsible editor: Vinod Kumar Gupta N. Prakash (*) Department of Chemistry, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya (SCSVMV) University, Enathur, Kancheepuram, India e-mail: [email protected] P. N. Sudha P.G.and Research Department of Chemistry, D.K.M. College for Women, Vellore, India N. G. Renganathan Department of Chemistry, Veltech Dr.RR & Dr.SR Technical University, Chennai-62, India

Conclusion Copper and cadmium recovery is parallel at all time. The percentage of removal of copper increased with increase in the pH from 3 to 5. In the case of cadmium containing wastewater, the maximum removal of metal occurred at pH 5. The uptake amount of Cu2+ ions on chitosan increased rapidly with increasing contact time from 0 to 360 min and then reaches equilibrium after 360 min; the equilibrium constant for copper and cadmium ions is more or less the same for the adsorption reaction. Keywords Chitosan . Nylon 6 . Glutaraldehyde . Heavy metals removal

1 Introduction Electroplating wastewater led to the contaminations of heavy metals, paddy soil, and rice samples which have been reported by Gupta et al. (1999) and by Liu et al. (2011). The adsorption behavior of Hg(II), Pd(II), and Cd(II) from aqueous solution on duolite C-433, a synthetic resin, has been studied by Gupta et al. (2004) at different temperature by batch process and they have reported thermodynamic parameters to predict the nature of sorption. Low cost fertilizer industry waste material carbon slurry, product in generators of fuel oil-based industrial generators was converted into an effective adsorbent by the removal of hexa valent Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by Gupta et al. (2010). The maximum adsorption reported by the authors was found to be at 70 min, pH 2, 4.0 g/L dose, at 303 K temperature. The utility of waste material in adsorbing reactive dyes like Vertigo Blue 49 and Orange DNA 13 from fuel oilbased generators has been studied as a function of contact time, temperature pH and initial dye concentration by batch experiments by Gupta et al. (2007a). The optimum conditions of biosorption of hexavalent chromium by raw and acid treated

Author's personal copy Environ Sci Pollut Res (2012) 19:2930–2941

green alga oedogonium hatei from aqueous solution were reported as, a biomass dose of 0.8 g/L, contact time 110 min, pH and temperature 2.0 and 318 K (Gupta and Rastogi 2009). The biosorption of Cd(II) ions on oedogonium has been studied in a batch system with respect to initial pH, algal dose, contact time and the temperature by Gupta and Rastogi (2008a) and it is reported that oedogonium sp. appears to be a good sorbent for remaining metal Cd(II) from aqueous phase. A comparative study on the ability of two non-living (dried) fresh water algal oedogonium and Nostoc sp. to remove Pd(II) from aqueous solution has been done by Gupta and Rastogi (2008b) and the optimum conditions for lead biosorption arrived at from this study are pH 5.0, contact time 90 and 70 min, biosorbent dose 0.5 g/L, and initial Pd(II) concentration 200 mg/L. The mass transfer kinetic approach has been successfully attempted (Gupta et al. 2000) for the determination of various design parameters for the treatment of phenolic wastes obtained from fertilizer waste management by carbon columns. An expensive and effective adsorbent from bagasse fly ash obtained from a sugar industry has been developed by Gupta and Ali (2004) and Gupta et al. (1998) for the removal of lead and chromium and it is reported through communication that removal of these to metal ions upto 93% by column experiments. Cyanobacterial biomass Nostoc muscorum has been used successfully by Gupta and Rastogi (2008c) to demonstrate sorptions of chromium (VI) and it is reported that the maximum adsorption capacity in this biomass is 22.92 mg/ g at 25°C and pH 3.0. Another inexpensive and efficient for sugar industry bagasse fly ash adsorbant obtained has been developed by Gupta and Sharma (2003) graph for removal of zinc from aqueous solutions over a wide large of initial metal ion concentration (10−4 to 10−3 m) contact time 24 h, adsorbent dose (5.20 g/L), and pH (1.0 to 6.0). Agricultural waste and the wheat husk have been used as adsorbent for the adsorption of reactofix golden yellow 3 RFN from aqueous solution which has been reported by Gupta et al. (2007b) and in this study, the equilibrium adsorbtion level has been determined to be a function of solution pH, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and contact time. The blast furnace waste generated in steel plants has been converted into low cost adsorbent for the removal of lead and chromium by Gupta et al. (1997) and Srivastava et al. (1997) and in this study, the effect of pH, sorbent dosage, adsorbate concentrations pressure of other metal ions temperature, and contact time on the sorptions of lead and chromium have been reported. Bottom ash, a power plant waste and de-oiled soya, by-product obtained during the processing of soybean in soya oil extraction mills have been used by Gupta et al. (2006) to remove and recover the hazardous azo dye orange 7 and in this report, a fixed bed column has been designed by the authors to assess the practical utility of the adsorbents. Red mud from aluminum industry has been converted into an inexpensive and

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efficient adsorbent by Gupta et al. (2001) and the authors have used this adsorbent for the removal of lead and chromium from aqueous solution and the authors have sought various factors on the removal of their metal ions from waste, e.g., pH, adsorbant dose, adsorbate concentration, temperature, and particle size. Photochemical degradation of the hazardous dye safranin-T using TiO2 catalyst has been reported by Gupta et al. (2007c) and in this the authors concentrated on the process which has been carried out at different pH, amounts of catalyst, concentration of the dye, and effects of the electron acceptor H2O2. Gupta et al. (2009a) have reviewed critically the wastewater treatment and in this the authors have discussed and highlighted in brief the use of low cost alternative adsorbents. Ali and Gupta (2006) have devised a protocol which describes the development of inexpensive adsorbents from waste materials. These adsorbents remove pollutants in 1-2 days and they remove these pollutants by adsorption process in 15– 120 min. The authors have discussed batch and column processes with a view to adopt this technology to industrial scale. Srivastava et al. (1995a) determined lead using poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)-based crown ether membrane. The analytical usefulness of the proposed electrode PVC-based membrane has been evaluated by Jain et al. (1995b) during its application in the determination of Molybdate ions in corrosion inhibitor samples. Srivastava et al. (1995b) used a PVC-based membrane of dibenzo-24-crown-8 for detecting Cs+ ion in a wide concentration range (Jain et al. 1995a). Jain et al. (1997a) have developed a new Cerium (IV) Vanadate-based solid membrane for detecting Bi(III) and they have demonstrated the use of this electrode as an indicator electrode to determine Bi3+ by potentiometry. Srivastava et al. (1996a) described a PVC-based 2, 2, 2-Cryptand sensors for zinc ions and they have also demonstrated that the response time of the sensor is