Daylighting Contribution for Energy Saving in a Historical Building - Core

0 downloads 0 Views 286KB Size Report
The purpose of this study is assessing the reliability of the software DIALux 4.12 for daylighting design, comparing experimental data with simulation results; the ...
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XLOGLQJ3K\VLFV&RQIHUHQFH,%3& 

'D\OLJKWLQJ&RQWULEXWLRQIRU(QHUJ\6DYLQJLQD+LVWRULFDO%XLOGLQJ *LRYDQQL&LDPSL$QWRQLR5RVDWR0LFKHODQJHOR6FRUSLR 6HUJLR6LELOLR Second University of Naples, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via San Lorenzo, 81031, Aversa (CE), Italy



$EVWUDFW 

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





© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH&(1752&21*5(66,,17(51$=,21$/( 65/ Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL Keywords: 'D\OLJKWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJILHOGPHDVXUHPHQWVHQHUJ\VDYLQJSRWHQWLDOGD\OLJKWLQJVLPXODWLRQ







,QWURGXFWLRQ

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





 

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address: PLFKHODQJHORVFRUSLR#XQLQDLW

1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.270

1258

Giovanni Ciampi et al. / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262



7KHVN\OXPLQDQFHGLVWULEXWLRQUHSUHVHQWVWKHFDSLWDOLQIRUPDWLRQIRUWKHVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUHLQRUGHUWRSHUIRUP DQ DFFXUDWH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH GD\OLJKW DYDLODELOLW\LQVLGHDURRP XVXDOO\ WKHPHDVXUHPHQWV RI WKH VN\OXPLQDQFH GLVWULEXWLRQDUHDYDLODEOHRQO\IRUIHZORFDOLWLHV7KHHDVLHVWPDQQHUWRULGHRXWWKHODFNRIH[SHULPHQWDOOXPLQDQFH GDWDIRUDSODFHLVWRFDOFXODWHWKHVN\OXPLQDQFHGLVWULEXWLRQWKURXJKDVLPXODWLRQPRGHO ,Q RUGHUWRJLYHDUHIHUHQFHPRGHO IRU SUHGLFWLQJWKHVN\OXPLQDQFHGLVWULEXWLRQWKH ,62 ( &,(6 (>@GHILQHVWDQGDUGVN\W\SHV7KRVHPRGHOVDOORZGHVFULELQJWKHSRVVLEOHOXPLQDQFHGLVWULEXWLRQVRI WKHVN\WKDWFDQRFFXUDQGFDQEHXVHGIRUGD\OLJKWLQJGHVLJQSXUSRVH ,QWKLVSDSHUWKHGD\OLJKWLQJFRQGLWLRQVRIDQRIILFHRIWKH$EEH\RI6DQ/RUHQ]RDG6HSWLPXPWKDWLVORFDWHG LQ $YHUVD VRXWKHUQ,WDO\ ODWLWXGHƒ¶ORQJLWXGHƒ¶ DQGKRVWVWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG,QGXVWULDO 'HVLJQ ³/XLJL 9DQYLWHOOL´ RI WKH 6HFRQG 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 1DSOHV ZHUH H[SHULPHQWDOO\ HYDOXDWHG ,Q RUGHU WR FKDUDFWHUL]HWKHURRP IURP WKHSKRWRPHWULFDOSRLQW RIYLHZ WKHUHIOHFWDQFHYDOXHV RIWKHLQWHUQDO VXUIDFHV DQGWKH WUDQVPLWWDQFH YDOXHV RI WKH ZLQGRZ KDYH EHHQ H[SHULPHQWDOO\ HYDOXDWHG ,QVLGH WKH URRP QLQH OX[PHWHUV IRU WKH DFTXLVLWLRQRIWKHGD\OLJKWLQJLOOXPLQDQFHGLVWULEXWLRQZHUHSODFHGDWPIURPWKHIORRUOHYHO )ROORZLQJWKHPHWKRGSURSRVHG E\%DUW]RNDVD$HWDO>@IRU WKHFODVVLILFDWLRQ RIWKHVN\ZLWK DVRODU DOWLWXGH ORZHU WKDQ ƒ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

 7KLVZRUN DQDO\]HV WKHGD\OLJKWDYDLODELOLW\LQDURRP WKDWKRVWVDQ RIILFHDWWKHILUVWIORRU RIWKH$EEH\RI6DQ /RUHQ]RDG6HSWLPXP7KHURRPKDVDIORRU DUHDRIDERXWPDKHLJKWRIDERXWPDQGDQRULHQWDWLRQRI ƒ6RXWK6RXWK:HVW7KHZLQGRZ ZLWKDWRWDOVXUIDFHRIDERXWP DQGDUDWLRJODVVDUHDWRWDOZLQGRZDUHD HTXDOWRLVSODFHGRQWKHH[WHUQDOVLGHRIWKHSHULPHWHUZDOOWKDWKDVDWKLFNQHVVRIPWKHGLVWDQFH EHWZHHQ WKHPLGGOHSRLQWRIWKHZLQGRZDQGWKHJURXQGLVDERXWP 7KHUHIOHFWDQFHYDOXHVRIDOOVXUIDFHVLQWKHURRPZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWKWKHVSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU0LQROWD&0±G VL]HRILQWHJUDWLQJVSKHUH¡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“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

Giovanni Ciampi et al. / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262

1259

7KH H[WHUQDO PHDVXUHPHQWV ZHUH SHUIRUPHG RQ D SRVLWLRQ IUHH IURP H[WHUQDO REVWUXFWLRQV 7KH RXWGRRU GLIIXVH KRUL]RQWDOLOOXPLQDQFHZDVPHDVXUHGE\DOX[PHWHU &KURPD0HWHU&/PDQXIDFWXUHGE\.RQLFD0LQROWD  ZLWK FRVLQH FRUUHFWLRQ PHDVXULQJ UDQJH IURP  O[ WR  NO[ DQG DFFXUDF\ RI “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ƒDQGDFFXUDF\RI“ERWKWKHLQVWUXPHQWVZHUHSODFHGRQDVXSSRUWVWUXFWXUHIRU WKHLUFRUUHFWSRVLWLRQLQJ 7KH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH ]HQLWK OXPLQDQFH /]  DQG WKH KRUL]RQWDO GLIIXVH LOOXPLQDQFH 'Y  YDOXHV ZDV XVHG WR LGHQWLI\WKHVN\W\SH ,QGHHG IRU VRODUDOWLWXGHVORZHU WKDQƒ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

x 7KHPRGHODSSOLHGDV&OHDU6N\FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKH&,(6WDQGDUG6N\7\SH x 7KHPRGHODSSOLHGDV,QWHUPHGLDWH6N\GRHVQ WFRUUHVSRQGWRDQ\&,(6WDQGDUG6N\7\SH x 7KHPRGHODSSOLHGDV2YHUFDVW6N\FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKH&,(6WDQGDUG6N\7\SH

 7KHVLPXODWLRQSURJUDPDOORZVWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHGLUHFWVXQOLJKWRQO\IRUWKHFOHDUVN\ 8VLQJ WKH PHDVXUHG JHRPHWULFDO DQG SKRWRPHWULFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV D YLUWXDO PRGHO RI WKH URRP ZDV UHDOL]HG WKURXJKWKHVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUH $VPHQWLRQHGEHIRUH WKHZLQGRZLVSODFHGRQ WKHH[WHUQDOVLGHRIWKHSHULPHWHU ZDOO DQGWKHQZDOO¶VWKLFNQHVV EHWZHHQ WKHH[WHUQDO VXUIDFHVRIWKHZLQGRZDQGWKHSHULPHWHU ZDOO ZHUHQRW FRQVLGHUHG ZKLOHWKHLQWHUQDO ZDOO¶V WKLFNQHVVZDVPRGHOOHGDVWKHRWKHULQWHUQDOVXUIDFHVRIWKHURRP %HFDXVHRIWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHH[WHUQDOREVWUXFWLRQLQWKHVRIWZDUHPRGHOWKH\ZHUHPRGHOOHGDVVLJQLQJWRWKH VXUIDFH DQ DYHUDJH YDOXH RI WKH UHIOHFWDQFH )RU WKH VDPH UHDVRQ WKH JURXQG ZDV PRGHOOHG DV D VXUIDFH ZLWK D UHIOHFWDQFH YDOXH RI  7KH ILJXUH E VKRZV WKH H[WHUQDO REVWUXFWLRQV YLHZHG IURP WKH ZLQGRZ RI WKH RIILFH FRQVLGHUHG  5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

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

   

1260

Giovanni Ciampi et al. / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262 







3



&ORVHW

3

'UHVVHU

3



3



3

c



'HVN 6KHOYHV



'HVN



3

3

3 3ULQWHU







'RRU

3



+HDWHU

:LQGRZ 

 



E





D





 













)LJ D 5HIHUHQFHURRPDQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHSRLQWVIRULOOXPLQDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWV PHDVXUHPHQWVH[SUHVVHGLQPHWHUV  E OD\RXWDQG GLPHQVLRQVRIWKHH[LVWLQJZLQGRZ PHDVXUHPHQWVH[SUHVVHGLQPHWHUV  F H[WHUQDOREVWUXFWLRQV   6LP

'D\OLJKWLOOXPLQDQFHYDOXH OX[

([S 







 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW 3RLQW

0HDVXUHPHQWSRLQWV



)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIVLPXODWHGDQGH[SHULPHQWDOLOOXPLQDQFHYDOXHVIRUDOOPHDVXUHPHQWSRLQWVLQVLGHWKHWHVWURRPDFTXLUHGRQ)HEUXDU\WK DW 

 $VVXPLQJ WKH YDOXHV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO GD\OLJKW LOOXPLQDQFH (H[S DV UHIHUHQFH YDOXHV WKH UHODWLYH SHUFHQWDJH HUURU ( EHWZHHQ (H[S DQG WKH VLPXODWHG GD\OLJKW LOOXPLQDQFH (VLP IRU HDFK PHDVXUHPHQW SRLQW LV GHILQHG DV IROORZV 

Esim Eexp  E  u Eexp

 



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

1261

Giovanni Ciampi et al. / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262 

7DEOH6RODUDOWLWXGHDQGD]LPXWKDWDFTXLVLWLRQWLPH  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

$FTXLVLWLRQ WLPH GGPP\\ KKPP  6RODU    DOWLWXGH ƒ     6RODU D]LPXWK ƒ 





















         

5HODWLYHSHUFHQWDJHHUURU( 

                   

            







   0HDVXUHPHQWSRLQWV









 )LJ5HODWLYHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUFDOFXODWHGIRUHDFKPHDVXUHPHQWSRLQW

 )LJUHSRUWVIRUHDFKDFTXLVLWLRQWLPHWKHUHODWLYHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUEHWZHHQWKHH[SHULPHQWDODQGWKH VLPXODWHG DYHUDJHLOOXPLQDQFHYDOXHV7KHUHVXOWVVKRZHGLQ)LJZHUHFDOFXODWHGZLWKWKH(T  FRQVLGHULQJWKH DYHUDJH YDOXHRQWKHQLQHPHDVXUHPHQWSRLQWV  

ƜVLPƜH[S ƜH[S 











 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



7LPH GGPP\\KKPP

)LJ5HODWLYHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUFDOFXODWHGIRUHDFKDFTXLVLWLRQWLPH



 )LJVKRZVWKDWWKHVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUHDOZD\VXQGHUHVWLPDWHVWKHGD\OLJKWLOOXPLQDQFHOHYHOLQVLGHWKH URRP DQG WKDW WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ VLPXODWHG DQG H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD YDULHV VWURQJO\ZLWK WKHGD\DQG WKHKRXU RI WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ

1262

Giovanni Ciampi et al. / Energy Procedia 78 (2015) 1257 – 1262

9LHZLQJWKHUHVXOWVSUHVHQWHGLQWKH)LJWKH\FDQEHJDWKHUHGLQWRWKUHHJURXSV  x PHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHRQ-DQXDU\WKDQGRQ)HEUXDU\WKDWIRUZKLFKWKHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUUDQJHVIURP WR x PHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHRQ)HEUXDU\WKDWDQGDWWKDWVKRZDVLPLODUYDOXHRIWKHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUUDQJH DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ x PHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHRQ)HEUXDU\WKIRUZKLFKWKHSHUFHQWDJHHUURUUDQJHVIURPWR

 &RQFOXVLRQV

 ,QWKLVSDSHUGD\OLJKWTXDQWLWLHVZHUHPHDVXUHGGXULQJOLPLWHGZLQWHUSHULRGLQRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHUHOLDELOLW\RI WKHVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUH',$/X[IRUGD\OLJKWLQJGHVLJQ 7KH FRPSDULVRQZDV FDUULHG RXW IRUDQRIILFH RI WKH $EEH\ RI 6DQ/RUHQ]R DG 6HSWLPXP WKDW KRXVHV WKH 'HSDUWPHQWRI$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG,QGXVWULDO'HVLJQ³/XLJL9DQYLWHOOL´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