challenge. High power rating 3-phase AC-DC converter design with weight ... A recent example is the application of no-bleed system architecture in Boeing 787.
'HVLJQRI+LJK3RZHU'HQVLW\&RQYHUWHUIRU$LUFUDIW $SSOLFDWLRQV
$ULH1DZDZL&KLQ)RRQJ7RQJ @ 7KH GDVKHG OLQH ER[ VKRZV WKH SKDVHOHJFRPSRQHQWV ZKLFKDUHQRUPDOO\SDFNDJHGDVVLQJOH SRZHU PRGXOH :KLOH ,SѰ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
)LJ'HVLJQIORZFKDUWIRUSRZHUFRQYHUWHURSWLPL]DWLRQ
)LJ(YDOXDWHGFRQYHUWHUWRSRORJLHVD OHYHOE OHYHO13&DQG F OHYHO 7W\SH 7KH UHG GDVKHG OLQH ER[ LQGLFDWHV RQH OHJ RI WKH SKDVHFRQYHUWHU
SRZHU PRGXOH ,*%7 GLRGH K\EULG SRZHU PRGXOH 6L ,*%7 6L& 6FKRWWN\ GLRGH DQG 6L& SRZHU PRGXOH 026)(7GLRGH ZLWK$FXUUHQWUDWLQJ7KHLPSRUWDQW GHYLFHV¶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
)LJ &RQYHUWHU HIILFLHQF\ YHUVXV IUHTXHQF\ IRU 6L K\EULG DQG 6L& SRZHUPRGXOHLQYDULRXVWRSRORJLHVZLWKN:SRZHUUDWLQJ
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
&UHH &$6+$0 O Z
:DWHUIORZ
3RZHU0RGXOH
'%& %DVHSODWH WEDVH +HDWVLQN
KI
WI
WEDVH
ZFK
«1
3ORVVPRG1
7M
6ZLWFK «16ZLWFK
3ORVVPRG
&DVLQJ
3ORVVPRG1
E
5WKMF 7F 5WKFV 7V
5WKVD 7D
)LJ3RZHUPRGXOHKHDWVLQNVHWXSDQGLWVWKHUPDOHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLW
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ȡ NJP KHDW FDSDFLW\ FS -NJ. WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ NI :P. DQG YLVFRVLW\ NJPV )RU &RSSHU WKH SDUDPHWHUV DUH PDVV GHQVLW\ ȡP NJP DQG WKHUPDO FRQGXFWLYLW\NV :P. WEDVH 5WK EDVH 5WK ILQ ª¬K K1 FK ZFK K I O º¼ N V ZO 5WK FDS U F S X1 FK K I ZFK 7KH QDWXUH RI ZDWHU IORZLQWKH KHDWVLQNFKDQQHOGHSHQGV RQWKH5H\QROGVQXPEHU5H1R /DPLQDUIORZRFFXUVIRU
7$%/(, +LJK7HPSHUDWXUH3RZHU'HYLFHV¶3DUDPHWHUV8VHGLQ7KLV6WXG\D 3DUDPHWHUV 96LGHYLFHV ,QILQHRQ))557
96LGHYLFHV ,QILQHRQ%60*%'/&
96L&GHYLFHV &UHH&$6+$0
9RQ9 5RQȍ (RQ- (RII- (UHF-
,*%7
026)(7 9 $
,*%7
9 $
'LRGH 9 $
9 $
'LRGH
9 $
'LRGH E 9 $
96L&GHYLFHV ,QILQHRQ ,':*& LQSDUDOOHO 'LRGH E 9 $
D
3DUDPHWHUV¶YDOXHVDW&RU&DUHXVHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHDYDLODEOHGDWDLQGDWDVKHHW
E
$SSUR[LPDWHGYDOXHDWURRPWHPSHUDWXUHLVXVHGVLQFHWKHGDWDLVQRWDYDLODEOHLQWKHGDWDVKHHW
)LJ 7KH KHDWVLQN WR DPELHQW WKHUPDO UHVLVWDQFH DQG LWV ZHLJKW DV IXQFWLRQRIQXPEHURIFKDQQHOIRUWI PPDQGKI PP
)LJ 5HTXLUHG KHDWVLQN WKHUPDO UHVLVWDQFH IRU N: FRQYHUWHU ZLWK 6L& SRZHU PRGXOHV XQGHU 7M DQG 7D RI & DQG & IRU GLIIHUHQW WRSRORJLHVDQGLWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJZHLJKW
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
U P ª¬ WEDVH ZO 1 FK W I K I O º¼ U 1 FK K I ZFK O
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¨9GFDUHJLYHQE\ ,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDW&GF LVDOZD\V &GF)LJVKRZVWKHFDOFXODWHG'&OLQNFDSDFLWDQFH IRUGLIIHUHQWWRSRORJLHVZLWK¨9GFRIDVDIXQFWLRQRIIV &'&
9SI , SI I V '9GF9GF
&'&
9SI , SI S I V '9GF9GF
S· § ¨ ¸ ¹ ©
,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH DSSO\ 7\SH 0/3 & )ODWSDFN $OXPLQXP (OHFWURO\WLF FDSDFLWRUV IURP &'( HVSHFLDOO\ IRU
DHURVSDFH DSSOLFDWLRQV )RU WKH N: FRQYHUWHU VHULHV FRQQHFWHGFDSDFLWRUVHDFKZLWK)9UDWLQJ O DQG J VSHFLILFDWLRQV DUH XVHG IRU DOO WRSRORJLHV 7KHUHIRUH WKH WRWDO YROXPH DQG ZHLJKW RI WKH '&OLQN FDSDFLWRUVDUHODQGJ ' $&)LOWHU'HVLJQ $V VKRZQ LQ )LJ D SKDVH /& ILOWHU LV DSSOLHG DV RXWSXW$&ILOWHU$&) RIWKHLQYHUWHU x $&),QGXFWRU 7KH UHTXLUHG LQGXFWDQFH YDOXH LV FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH FRQYHUWHU VSHFLILFDWLRQV )ROORZLQJ >@ WKH LQGXFWDQFH RI $&) LQGXFWRU /$& DQG /$& IRU DQG OHYHO WRSRORJ\ UHTXLUHGWRPDLQWDLQFHUWDLQSHUFHQWDJHRI FXUUHQWULSSOH¨, LVJLYHQE\ DQG )LJVKRZVWKHFDOFXODWHG$&) LQGXFWDQFH IRU GLIIHUHQW WRSRORJLHV ZLWK ¨, RI DV D IXQFWLRQRIIV,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDW/$&LVWLPHVRI/$& 9 SI § 9 SI · /$& ¨ ¸ I V ', © 9GF ¹
9
9SI § 9SI · ¸ ¨ I V ', © 9GF ¹ ,Q VL]LQJ WKH LQGXFWRU WKH ZLUH GLDPHWHU 'Z LV ILUVWO\ GHWHUPLQHG EDVHG RQ $:* $PHULFDQ :LUH *DXJH VWDQGDUG >@ 6LPSOH FXUYH ILWWLQJ RI WKH FXUUHQW FDUU\LQJ FDSDFLW\ RI &RSSHU ZLUH ZLWK & LQVXODWLRQ DQG DOORZDQFH\LHOGV
'Z
/$&
GF
ª¬ [ , S , S º¼
,Q WKLV VWXG\ ZH XWLOL]H 32:(5/,7( &&RUHV $0&& VHULHV PDGH RI ,URQ EDVHG 0HWJODV $PRUSKRXV $OOR\ ZLWK
)LJ 7KH FDOFXODWHG '&OLQN FDSDFLWDQFH IRU N: FRQYHUWHU ZLWK OHYHODQGOHYHOWRSRORJLHVDQG¨9GFRI
GLPHQVLRQDVVKRZQLQ)LJ7KHLQGXFWDQFH/PD[LPXP FXUUHQW,PD[PD[LPXPIOX[GHQVLW\%PD[7 QXPEHURI ZLQGLQJWXUQV1DQGFRUHFURVVVHFWLRQDODUHD$FDUHUHODWHG E\ >@$VDUHDDYDLODEOHIRUZLQGLQJFRQGXFWRUVQHHGV WR EH ODUJHU WKDQ WRWDO FRSSHU DUHD WKH FRQVWUDLQW HTXDWLRQ FDQ EH JLYHQ E\ ZKHUH .X :D DQG $Z DUH WKH ILOO IDFWRU ZLQGRZ DUHD :D %& DQG ZLUH DUHD 6XEVWLWXWLQJ WR \LHOGV ZKLFKLVWKHNH\WRVHOHFWWKHULJKW FRUH GLPHQVLRQV :D DQG $F 2QFH WKH FRUH LV VHOHFWHG 1 FDQEHFDOFXODWHGEDVHGRQ , PD[
1%PD[ $F /
.X:D t 1$Z
:D $F t
/, PD[ $Z %PD[ . X
)LJ7KHFDOFXODWHG$&)LQGXFWDQFHIRUN:FRQYHUWHUZLWKOHYHO DQGOHYHOWRSRORJLHVDQG¨,RIDQGLWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJZHLJKW
7KH LQGXFWRU ZHLJKW LV WKH VXP RI FRUH ZHLJKW IURP GDWDVKHHW DQG ZLQGLQJ ZHLJKW ZKLFK FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG EDVHG RQ WKH ȡP DQG ZLUH YROXPH DFFRUGLQJ WR ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH YROXPH RI HDFK SDUDOOHO LQGXFWRU 9/ FDQ EH HVWLPDWHGE\
:ZLUH 9/
UP 1$Z $ '
1$Z ·§ 1$Z · § ¨ ( & ¸¨ ' & ¸ ) © ¹© ¹
7KHFRUUHVSRQGLQJZHLJKWRISKDVH$&)LQGXFWRUVIRU N: FRQYHUWHUV ZLWK OHYHO DQG OHYHO WRSRORJLHV LV VKRZQLQ)LJ,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWODUJHYDULDWLRQLQ /$& UHVXOWV LQ ODUJH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH LQGXFWRU ZHLJKW $W KLJKHUIVWKH ZHLJKWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQOHYHODQGOHYHO WRSRORJ\EHFRPHVVPDOOHU$WIVхN+]RQO\VPDOOZHLJKW UHGXFWLRQ LV QRWLFHG IRU ERWK WRSRORJLHV )XUWKHUPRUH WKLV ODUJH YDULDWLRQ LQ LQGXFWDQFH DOVR FDXVHV ODUJH YDULDWLRQ LQ LQGXFWRUYROXPHOIRUOHYHOWRSRORJ\DQG OIRUOHYHOWRSRORJ\ x $&)&DSDFLWRU 7KH YDOXH RI $&) FDSDFLWDQFH IRU ERWK OHYHO &$& DQG OHYHO &$& WRSRORJLHV DUH GHVLJQHG E\ VHWWLQJ WKH UHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\DWIVDVJLYHQLQ I V S /$& &$& ,Q WKLV VWXG\ 7\SH $&) 0HWDOOL]HG 3RO\SURS\OHQH &DSDFLWRUVIURP&'( ZLWKUDWLQJRI9UPV DUHDSSOLHG 7KH ZHLJKW LV HVWLPDWHG E\ OLQHDU LQWHUSRODWLRQ ZLWK UHVSHFWWR YROXPH XVLQJ PDVV RI ,//,12,6 33 &$3$&,725 3+&. DV D UHIHUHQFH
)LJ 7KH DSSOLHG 32:(5/,7( &&RUH $0&& VHULHV D ZLWK LWV GLPHQVLRQE DQGZLQGLQJF LOOXVWUDWLRQV
)LJ7KHFDOFXODWHG$&)FDSDFLWDQFHIRUN:FRQYHUWHUZLWKOHYHO DQGOHYHOWRSRORJLHVDQGLWVFRUUHVSRQGLQJZHLJKW
7KH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ FDSDFLWDQFH DQG ZHLJKW RI WKH SKDVH $&)LQGXFWRUVIRUN:FRQYHUWHUVZLWKOHYHODQGOHYHO WRSRORJLHVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ ,9 &$6(678'@ 5/DL):DQJ5%XUJRV@ 06FKZHL]HU,/L]DPD7)ULHGOLDQG-:.RODU&RPSDULVRQRI WKH FKLS DUHD XVDJH RI OHYHO DQG OHYHO YROWDJH VRXUFH FRQYHUWHU WRSRORJLHV LQ ,(&21 WK $QQXDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ ,((( ,QGXVWULDO(OHFWURQLFV6RFLHW\SS >@ 6 'LHFNHUKRII 6 %HUQHW DQG ' .UXJ 3RZHU ORVVRULHQWHG HYDOXDWLRQ RI KLJK YROWDJH ,*%7V DQG PXOWLOHYHO FRQYHUWHUV LQ WUDQVIRUPHUOHVV WUDFWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 3RZHU (OHFWURQLFVYROSS >@ 7 / %HUJPDQ DQG ) 3 ,QFURSHUD )XQGDPHQWDOV RI +HDWDQG 0DVV 7UDQVIHU:LOH\ >@ $YDLODEOHKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$PHULFDQBZLUHBJDXJH >@ : * +XUOH\ DQG : + :|OIOH 7UDQVIRUPHUV DQG ,QGXFWRUV IRU 3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV7KHRU\'HVLJQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQV:LOH\