Design of Sensor Modules of Active & Intelligent Energy-saving System Chun-Liang Hsu/St. John’s University
Sheng-Yuan Yang/ St. John’s University
Electrical Engineering Department Taipei, Taiwan
[email protected]
Computer & Communication Engineering Department Taipei, Taiwan
[email protected]
Abstract—This paper presented new methodology of intelligent energy-saving system to accomplish the goal of real energy-saving from the view-point of system-orient strategy instead of materials. In this system design included sensors of temperature, humidity, luminance, CO2, and power detector(smart outlets) in addition to designing backend intelligent agent technology to quickly response to the feedback control system through hybrid net-work of ZigBee and Bluetooth technology which would sensor the running parameters and environment factors of energy-saving system Keywords- Intelligent Energy-saving system, ZigBee, Bluetooth, Agent, Power-consumption, Sensor modules.
I.
INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Fig. 1. Design conception of intelligent energy-saving system
With limited territory, large population, and rare natural resource, Taiwan mostly depended on import to provide civilian needs up-to 97%. Nowadays, with fast pace march to Green-silicon Island and Joining WTO, it faced successive progress of domestic industries, daily increasing energy demand, international oil price unstable, summer electricityconsumption limitation, and solving more and more serious global green-house problem. To solve the energy shortage and green-house problem, all nations reach to the common sense that is to positively promote energy-saving activity. Hence, Energy Bureau of Economy Ministry of Taiwan actively impetus relative energy-saving strategies according to conclusion of Taiwan Energy Conference, and hope to save 6580 thousands Kilo-liter oil till 2010, furthermore up-to 24000 thousands Kilo-liter oil till 2020, and especially established “Energy-saving Measures for Offices of Government” and giving orders to official units to promote relative energy-saving activities, all that hopes to lead civilian or industrial organizations to follow the pace and enhances the display of energy-saving education to come to the goal of saving energy and increase the competition strength of whole nation [15].
978-1-4244-8038-8/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
The energy-saving system would collect all the running parameters in the energy-consumption system such as room, house, office, factory, community, or any space. The collected parameters including people number, light luminance, temperature. CO2, power used, and humidity which would influence the dynamic running of the system, and the collected parameters would be sent to Servo-computer and embedded system middle-way through Bluetooth and ZigBee web-net to decide the feedback control parameters, the design conception was shown in Fig. 1. The sensors of temperature, CO2, luminance, humidity, power used in this energy-saving system were design with modules to meet with different situations of power consumption such as power system, lights luminance, air conditioning, official affairs machines and facilities, and the information stream was used large number of technology of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) so as to construct an active & intelligent energy-saving system. All sensor modules were designed with microprocessor as the core of control system, consumers could combine some certain module to case-by-case set up the energy-saving system in their own need. The content of this paper are divided into four parts: the first part in section I is to describe the background of energysaving developing; the section II is to mention about the related works and literature; the section III mainly describes the system structure and how to operate the system with the
2096
running parameters and sensors modules; the section IV is the main part of this paper that describes the hardware design of all sensor modules and software of decision making mechanism of the intelligent energy-saving system with the agent techniques.
any time and anywhere with cloud-computing conception [4] to get to the real-time response for the energy-saving and the optima energy-saving effect. III.
SYSTEM STRUCTURE DESIGN AND ITS OPERATING FUNCTIONS
II.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND RELATED WORKS
The initialization of development for wireless sensor networks was first applied in the monitoring assignments in the battle fields [12]. The development of wireless communication technique was proceeding faster and faster nowadays more and more wireless sensor networks were implemented in daily life such as environmental monitoring and controlling, automation in home-appliance, biomedical technologies, traffic control system etc [13]. The spec and standard of ZigBee, which is the most popular and important wireless sensor networks, was broadly used in many intelligent systems. Therefore, we used ZigBee in our wireless control and monitoring system on account of its lower cost, less power consumption, longer communication distance, and higher reliability [6]. Some of the researchers have proposed general-purposed remote controller designed with ZigBee modules combining with infrared rays to control some traditional consumer electronic devices [10]. But the controlled codes encoded in the infrared rays communication system had much difference in compatibility and it’s difficult for venders to solve the related problems to unite different coding of all venders, so we used the method that we designed the Bluetooth wireless control for power on/off function directly mounting on the outlets [8]; therefore, not only could we control on/off of electrical facilities but also we could calculate the total power consumption by receiving the transmitted data through ZigBee wireless web-net and displayed on the server computer to warn the users to save the energy [7]. In addition, we learned that to save the electrical energy we must handle all running parameters and the environmental factors such as the number of people, temperature, humidity, luminance, quality of air in the living space and probably adjust all the parameters dynamically, for example, if the temperature in the living space were lower than 28℃, the air conditioner would keep closed, and if there were none in the space all the facilities ought not be opened. From the description above, we need to design a decision mechanism to proceed data mining, events analysis, and quickly response system—Intelligent Agent technique [16], in this paper we used PC-based agent that would display all the sensor information and running parameters of the intelligent energy-saving system on the server computer screen, and through the comparison between the real-time received data with database to proceed calculate the decisive parameters and proceed feedback control to all facilities. In addition, the system designed an embedded system or PDA (middle-way) to connect the server computer so that energy managers could remote control and monitor power consumption environment
The energy-saving system structure was shown in Fig. 2 and relationship between collected parameters in space and energy-saving system was described as follow: A.
Luminance management We would first calculate the area of a space and decide the maximum number of people , after then we detected the real people number and the luminance parameters and sent back to servo-computer and middle-way to feedback control how many lights in the space should be turn off and the luminance still meet with the regular luminance 550Lux, the decisive procedure could be in two ways, one is calculated the factor which was maximum entered people divided by entered people, and used this factor to multiply the total lights number, so we got the desired turned on lights, and then we used the detected light luminance to decide whether the luminance was enough or not, and then feedback control the lights according the judge of intelligent agent system built in servo-computer. We could directly and dynamically decide the lights turned on or off according to the luminance sensor signals. B.
Air-conditioning management The CO2 density would decide whether the people inner the space were comfortable or not, if the density was over the standard and made people not feel well then the airconditioning would proceed to winding function rather than cooling to release the condition. If there were no people in the space, then the air-conditioning would be turned off. If the number of people was more than threshold we set, then the airconditioning would be turned on. If the temperature was higher than 28°C, then the cooling function would be turned on. As for central control air-conditioning with cool-water machines, which consumption the most electricity power, we could use time-interval method and temperature sensor to take turns turning off some cool-water machines with certain period so as to achieve the attempt to save energy. C. Management of Computer Lab. or computers in big office (Affairs machines) Since one computer power consumption is almost near to 300 W, many a computers in an office or in school lab would result in waste of power especially in endless open condition without using it. Hence, we need to detect the number of people in the space with RFID door alarm system, if there were no people in the space, and then all computers ought to be turned off. If there were people in the space, we would use image analysis technique to decide which one computer had person in use and we would keep the corresponding computer turned on; on the contrary, if there was no person in its seat,
2097
then the computer would be turned off by auto-shut-down software. The other affairs machines especially those no need to open during long period such as water-boiling machine no need to open during the sleep night, we could design timer and auto-shut-down control mechanism to save the power. D.
Management of power system Every power consumption home-appliance or facility in a certain space ought to be detected its used power by the system in order to avoid over-loading of power. Because in Taiwan the electricity power plant—Tai-power has set up some rules to constrain the usage of power consumption for people such as overloading the capacity of contract with Taipower, the customer would be fined portion of their basic paid money every month; another cause is that if the running power factor were lower 1% than 80%, the customer would be fined 3/1000 of their total electricity paid money while were higher 1% than 80%, the paid money would be decreased 1.5/1000, so the consumption power is a key factor to decide how much money the customer should pay to Tai-power. To accurately and real-time know how much power consumption of the house or certain space, we designed smart outlets as power node on every home-appliance and facility, the outlet would display the real-time power and power factor itself, and sent the data dynamically to the server trough ZigBee network, so the server would calculate the total power consumption to decide what kind of high power consumption facility should be turned off to let power consumption maintain under the overloading margin as well as proceed to deal with the low power factor, all this action was automatically performed by the intelligent agent built in the server in advance, and the feedback-control was also judged and controlled by server. The human-machine interface was designed with Java programming language so as to be applied in the inter-net information system.
sensor network in the different campus buildings to detect the temperature, humidity, luminance, density of CO2, and consumption power of every electrical facility as the running parameters of the intelligent energy-saving system. The sensors placement should consider whether the place we laid is full of people or not, because the more people would get the higher sensor temperature than average, and the number of sensors ought to estimate by the space area. In the target building we totally placed 40 sensor nodes scatted in 3 ZigBee domains including one Coordinator which need to receive the sensor information from simple nodes anytime, so the power supply of coordinator was using commercial electricity. End Device which was mounted on facilities would transmit the sensor data every 80 seconds, and then they would fall into idle state mode, so we supplied the power with 3 No. 3 batteries. After 8 months experiment, the whole energy-saving system could function successfully and the displayed screen of collected data and running condition on the server could be shown in both historical-mode and curve-mode. The running efficiency and its outcomes of the energy-saving system could be verified and shown in table III. TABLE III THE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF ENERGY-SAVING SYSTEM Condition Device
Lighting
Air conditioning
Computers
Service Machines
Toatl Energy-saving percentage
Before using energy-saving
After using energy-saving
system
system
40w * 232Group= 9.280kw/hr 10kw * 19 Group=190kw/hr 400w*153 Group=61.2kw/hr
120w* 35 Group =4.2kw/hr
7.424kw/hr
142.5kw/hr
52k w/hr
3.36 kw/hr
100%-(7.424+142.5+52+3.36)/(9.28+190+61.2+4.2)=22.44%
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was originally creative works and sponsored by The National Science Council of Taiwan Government under the Research Project Grant No. NSC-97-2221-E-129019, NSC-98-26221-E-129-003-CC3, NSC 99-2623-E-129002-ET, NSC-99-2221-E-129-011, and NSC-99-2221-E-129012 as well as sponsored by The Education Minister Department of Taiwan Government under the project “Creating Superiority in Teaching Strategies in Colleges of Taiwan--The Co-operation Project of Constructing GreenEnergy and Intelligent Energy-Saving Technologies Among Campus and Industry.” And this project has won the first prize of “The Contest of Students’ Creativity in Practical Works” in
Fig. 2 The designed system structure of intelligent energy-saving system
IV.
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This paper has practically implemented the ZigBee wireless
2098
addition to achieving the Taiwan Patent authorized by Patent Bureau of Economy Ministry Department of Taiwan. REFERENCES [1]
[2]
[3] [4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11] [12]
[13]
[14] [15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
G. Chen, The Role Switching Mechanism of Mobile Random-net in IEEE 802.15.4, Master Degree Thesis of Communication and Computer Engineering Dept., National Cheng-koung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2005. H.Y. Cheng, Design and Practical project of Linking BT with Microprocessor, Master thesis, E.E. Department of National ChengKung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2005 C.B. Chuang, Digital and analog IC Lab. Chuan-hwa Bookstore, Taipei, Taiwan, 2007. V.D. Cunsolo, S. Distefano, A. Puliafito, and M. Scarpa, “Volunteer Computing and Desktop Cloud: the Cloud @ Home Paradigm,” Proc. of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009, pp. 134-139. C.J. Huang, Hierarchical Grown Blue-trees—An Effective Topology for Bluetooth Scatter-nets, Master thesis, E.E. Department of National Chung-Sun University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2003. J.Y. Jung and J.W. Lee, “ZigBee device access control and reliable data transmission in ZigBee based health monitoring system,” Proc. the 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, Phoenix Park, South Korea, 2008, pp. 795-797. N. Kushiro, S. Suzuki, M. Nakata, H. Takahara, and M. Inoue, “Integrated Residential Gateway Controller for Home Energy Management System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 49, no 3, 2003, pp. 629-636. C.H. Lien, Y.W. Bai, and M.B. Lin, “Remote controllable power outlet system for home power management,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1634-1641, 2007. S.C. Lin, Communication Protocol of Message Package of BT Net, Master thesis of Electronic Engineering Dept. of Fen-Kai University, Taichung, Taiwan, 2003. W.K. Park, I. Han, and K.R. Park, “ZigBee based dynamic control scheme for multiple legacy IR controllable digital consumer devices,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 1, 2007, pp. 172-177. Ray-Ti International Communication Ltd. Corp., “Experiment Databook of BT EVAL LAB,” Taipei, Taiwan, 2007. K. Romer and F. Mattern, “The design space of wireless sensor networks,” IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 11, no 6, 2004, pp. 5461. G.M. Song, F. Ding, W.J. Zhang, and A. Song, “A wireless power outlet system for smart homes,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 54, no 4, pp. 1688-1691, 2008. Sun-Tec Technology Ltd. Corp., “ZigBee Module Experiment Data Sheet.” Taipei, Taiwan, 2007. Taiwan Ministry of Economic Affairs Bureau of Energy, “Energy Technology Research and Development White Paper,” First chapter Senate, Available at http://www.moeaec.gov.tw/Policy/PoMain.aspx?PageId=energytechwhit epaper, 2007. G.L. Wang, G.H. Cao, and T. La Porta, “Proxy-Based Sensor Deployment for Mobile Sensor Networks,” Proc. of 2004 IEEE International Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems, FL, USA, pp 493-502, 2004. Z.H. Wen, The Position Tracing System Design with ZigBee, Master Degree Thesis of Communication Engineering Dept, National ChungCheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, 2005. C.P. Yang, The Net-Timing Synchronization Mechanism of WSN Based on ZigBee, Master Degree Thesis of Communication and Computer Engineering Dept., National Cheng-koung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2005. S.Y. Yang, P.C. Liao, and C.S. Ho, “A User-Oriented Query Prediction and Cache Technique for FAQ Proxy Service,” Proc. of 2005 International Workshop on Distance Education Technologies, Banff, Canada, 2005, pp. 411-416.
[20] S.Y. Yang, P.C. Liao, and C.S. Ho, “An Ontology-Supported CaseBased Reasoning Technique for FAQ Proxy Service,” Proc. of the 17th International Conference on Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan, 2005, pp. 639-644. [21] S.Y. Yang and C.L. Hsu, “An Ontological Proxy Agent with Prediction, CBR, and RBR Techniques for Fast Query Processing,” Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 5, 2009, pp. 9358-9370. [22] S.C. Zeng, Practical Design of Protocol of ZigBee Wireless Network in Linux System, Master Degree Thesis of Information Engineering Dept., National Cheng-koung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 2005.
2099
