Designing a Photovoltaic Sustained Power Sector

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Designing a Photovoltaic Sustained Power Sector: A review of current practice. Eko J. Akpama1*, Ogbonnaya I. Okoro2, Edward Chikuni3

1

Department of Elect/Elect. Engineering, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria 2 Department of Elect/Elect Eng’ring, Micheal Okpara University of Agric, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia, Nigeria 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Kwazulu - Natal * Corresponding author. Tel: +234-07063985363, Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The power situation in Nigeria calls for more concern in order to rejuvenate the sector. It is surprising to note that a country with a population of over one hundred and fifty million people has less than 4000MW power availability. Ruefully, this is about 30% of the total power demand. Creating a photovoltaic (PV), sustained power sector, it is believed that the percentage power availability would have been increased. Investigation has shown that, if there is a designed incentive program in Nigeria solar power, PV awareness which stands at 60% though, would have been backed up with 60% readiness to embrace the PV technology. Due to the high cost of installation it seems the awareness is not there. Therefore something need to be done. In this prevailing circumstance, this paper reviews the current practice, investment and projects on PV technology in Nigeria and proposes a PV incentive program to promote performance. The government/consumer partnership for the installation of PV power systems mostly in the remote areas is recommended. Keywords: PV Technology, Power Generation, Payback Period, Private Sector Partnership, Consumer Awareness. 1.

INTRODUCTION

Electric power availability enhances economic development of any country, while non availability of power or power outage creates discomfort and implies negative economic growth. Since Electric power sustains the society in almost all its ramification, it is therefore imperative for any Government to sustain electric power availability to its citizenry. Since its inception in 1896 till date [1], electricity has never been adequate to the Nigerian populace. One wonders why, with huge natural resources endowment, Nigeria should still be suffering from ‘epileptic’ power supply or total blackout for the past 115 years. Power generation which was rated at 60kW then has risen to 4000MW with the promise that by 2011 power will rise to 10000MW. This is interesting. The population of Nigeria is increasing at an alarming rate due to infrastructural development, and the power sector is unable to match supply with demand of electric power.

Nigerians whose immediate electric power solution is the petrol/diesel generator is faced with the problems of substandard generator sets that breaks down within one year of useful life, cost of fuel, environmental hazards from fuel related incidents, emission of green house gasses that pollutes the atmosphere, sometimes causing health hazards or contribute to global warming. Though, this alternative is seen as generally acceptable and cheap, it is at all not cost effective, [2]. To maintain adequate power generation and supply, it proposed in this paper that, the government should by legislation solve the power problem with renewable energy with strong emphasis in photovoltaic power technology. This paper investigates, the methodology of designing a photovoltaic system for sustained power. This approach is supposed to fit into the ongoing power sector reforms of the country. 2.

ENERGY CRISIS AND THE ROLE OF IPPS IN NIGERIA

In Nigeria, the installed generation capacity stands at 6GW, while the actual available power today is less than 3.5GW. Power situation in Nigeria has attracted much criticism by end-users for its epileptic nature. Power generating plants which is mainly 61% thermal and 31% hydro has faced with so many challenges [3,4], see table 1. The sector has suffered from total neglect for decades. Some of the plants are up to 18 and 43 years old. Investigation has shown that, the plant could not deliver the installed capacity due to lack of timely maintenance, non-availability of spare parts, vandalism, stress due to overload on the system, etc. These can be sum up to, poor planning, poor management, under investment and corruption. The population growth of Nigeria is 3.2% which is estimated at 140 million and the power generation is 5.898 GW compare to South Africa with a population of 40 million having 36 GW, and Egypt with 79 million people, with a capacity of 23 GW, see table 2.

Oji River Afam Delta Kainji Sapele Ijora Egbin Jebba Shiroro Others

Thermal Thermal Thermal Hydro Thermal Thermal Thermal Hydro Hydro Diesel

Installed Capacity (MW) Available Capacity (MW) Year Commissi oned

Type

Location

Table 1: Generating Plants – Grid Stations

60 700 812 760 1020 66.7 1320 540 600 46

488 540 560 790 40 1100 450 600 18

1956 1965 1966 1968 1978 1978 1985 1986 1989 -

It is worthy to note that, only 42% of the country’s population have access to electricity, out of which 30% are in the urban centers. Estimated Electricity consumption/capita (kWh/capita) is 167.6, [5,6]. This means that, even the targeted 10GW power will still be grossly inadequate. Stakeholders believed that 25GW to 30GW would have been manageably adequate. But to adequately satisfy the power need of Nigeria, the estimated power demand is 104MW, [7,8]. In Table 2, Nigeria is ranked the 67th position in terms of electricity availability. For this scenario to change, some urgent steps need to be taken to improve power supply. Evidence abound in the possibility of solving the energy crisis in Nigeria using renewable (solar). New independent power producers (IPPs), have been licensed to generate power. This is in a bid to increase power generation to the targeted goal. The model of the power sector reform is in figure 1. These new generation capacity-build-up as a result of the power sector reforms, under the National Integrated Power Project (NIPP) would result in more than 10GW by 2010. A set of newly licensed independent power producers (IPPs) would add more than 10GW if all come on stream before 2010-12, see table 3, [9]. Though there is still doubts whether we will ever get to the target judging from the pace at which the projects are being handled . Looking at table 2,3, we highly depend on fossil fuel for the power generators, most times, power outages are traced to nonavailability of gas at the gas turbines. It is also reported in [10], that there is a tendency of the depletion of fossil fuels. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the country to start developing renewable sources of energy for power generation, so as to reduce dependence on fuel. In this paper, solar power is proposed as a solution to power stability in Nigeria. Unfortunately, almost all the IPPs are interested in fossil fuel plants, this is a clear indication of the level of awareness of renewable energy. It could also be the result of the barriers. Currently, the contribution of renewable energy in power generation is 35MW, which is about 0.6% of the total power generation in the country.

3.

REVIEW OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER AWARENESS

In order to solve the energy and power problem in the country the Federal Government of Nigeria set up policy guidelines. These policy Guidelines is drawn primarily from the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria set up policy guidelines. Table 3: National Integrated Power Project Under Construction Location

Type

Installed Status Capacity(MW) Ihovbor Thermal 500 UC Calabar Thermal 650 UC Egbema Thermal 370 UC Gbarain Hydro 250 UC Sapele Thermal 500 UC Omoku Thermal 250 UC Akwa Ibom Thermal 680 UC Lagos Solar F Imo Solar F Ondo Solar F Jigawa Solar F Abuja Solar F N/B: Under Construction (UC), Functioning (F)

These policy Guidelines is drawn primarily from the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (1999), the National Energy Policy (2003), the National Electric Power Policy (2001), Electric Power Sector Reform Act (2005), the Renewable Energy Master Plan (2005), the draft Rural Electrification Policy and the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). The policy on solar is stated below; [10] Policies (i) The nation shall aggressively pursue the integration of solar energy into the energy mix (ii) The nation shall keep abreast with worldwide developments in solar energy technology Objectives (i) To develop the nation’s capability in the utilization of solar energy (ii) To use solar energy as a complimentary energy resource in the rural and urban areas (iii) To develop the market for solar energy technologies (iii) To develop the market for solar energy technologies (iv) To develop solar energy conversion technologies locally Strategies (i) Intensifying R&D in solar energy technology (ii) Promoting training and manpower development (iii) Providing adequate incentives to local manufacturers for the production of solar energy systems

(iv) Providing adequate incentives to suppliers of solar energy products and services (v) Introducing measures to support the local solar energy industry (vi) Setting up extension programs to introduce solar technology into the energy mix (vii) Providing fiscal incentives for the installation of solar energy systems (viii) Setting up and maintaining a comprehensive information system on available solar energy resources and technologies With the above wonderful policies, objectives and strategies one would have expected at least 80% solution before now in the power sector through renewable energy. End-users of electricity also would have loved to do so mostly to use the on-site PV generators to reduce the energy bills and climate change impacts [11]. However, PV systems have high initial cost among other barriers. The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) articulates Nigeria’s vision and sets out a road map for increasing the role of renewable energy in achieving sustainable development. This has positive results. Nigeria has launched a solar power scheme that will eventually light up as many as ten rural communities with no access to the national electrical grid. A pilot project began in May at the fishing village on Bishop Kodji Island, a low island of about 5,000 people between the Atlantic Ocean and the Lagos lagoon. For the first time, villagers have television in the community hall as well as power to the churches, mosques and schools. The government of Imo and Cross River state, is utilising solar energy for street lighting and water pumping. A similar government project, launched in 2002 with assistance from the Japanese government, has lit 200 rural communities in Imo, Ondo and Jigawa states as well as the capital territory Abuja. There are communities settled in remote areas where extending the national grid becomes economic waste. This is where IPP take advantage in generating and selling electricity using renewable energy which has a lot of economic advantages to both the investor and the end-users. 4.

DESIGNING A PV SUSTAINED POWER

A PV sustained power sector is a step in the right direction. Nigeria is blessed with abundant sunshine. Solar energy potential stands at 3.5kW/m/day to 7.0kW/m/day while sunshine hours is 4 to 7.5 hours/day [12]. Harnessing this source of energy to the fullest will definitely improve and eradicate the epileptic nature of power to end-users. By the unbundling of National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), now Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), government agencies like; Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN), Rural Electrification

Agency (REA), National Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC), can collaborate with the private sector to make real the objectives of the Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP). Through the Rural Electrification Fund (REF), and Renewable Electricity Trust Fund (RETF), funds can be made available for mostly the huge initial installation cost of PV. It is expected that the IPPs and individuals should take advantage of this to solve the energy problem. This PV venture must be targeted at a specific period, say 10 years and 30 years in the short and long term respectively. Table 4, provides the action plan for a sustained PV driven power sector as a step to solve the energy problem. Also these will go along to reducing green house gas emissions. Table 4: Four steps to energy freedom with PV Type Rooftop PV

Beneficiary Rural dwellers

Funding REF and RETF

Rooftop PV

Residential buildings

REF and RETF

PV power

Street lighting

REF and RETF

Grid connected PV Stand alone PV

Residential buildings

REF and RETF

Incentive Award for best operated PV system Availability of funds and expertise Award for best night lighted city Tariff reduction on energy bills

Street lighting and security

REF and RETF

Tariff reduction on energy bills

5.

ESTIMATING THE COST OF PV FOR DOMESTIC LOADS

Table 5: Domestic loads and power rating Qty Power Hours Appliance Rating used/day Ceiling Fan 4 100 8 Refrigerator 1 300 8 Lighting Point 1 600 12 Computer 1 25 8 Monitor 8 15 12 Television 1 75 4 VCR 1 150 4 Radio 1 80 4 Iron 1 1000 0.3

Watts Hours/day 3200 2400 7200 200 1440 300 600 320 300 15,960Wh

Photovoltaic systems vary in complexity, the factors affecting the cost of PV are; total load demand, complexity of design and availability of sunlight. Here the design of a simple cost estimation of PV for residential load is provided. There are two types of PV systems; stand-alone or off-grid and grid-connected. The cost estimation here is based on the stand-alone PV. Individuals can key into this renewable master plan to provide self generated power for sustainability.

The major components a PV system are; PV array, charge controller, inverter, battery bank and other installation accessories. For residential loads, the table in table 3 is used, PL = Total load demand, PR = PV system power rating, FL = loss factor, As = average Sunlight hour/day, PPV = Total PV array power, BB = Battery bank capacity, VB = Battery voltage, # = The Nigerian currency ‘Naira’ , From table 5, PL = 15.960kWh Losses are accounted for by FL, the power rating of the PV needed will be PR = PL X FL ------------------------------ (1) = 15.960 X 1.5 = 23.940kW AS = 4.5hrs/day The total PV array size needed is PPV =

--------------------(2)

= 15960 X 1.5/4.5 = 5.320kW The size of the battery bank is five times the load demand, that is, BB =

------------------------(3)

= 15960 X 5/12 = 6650Ah Taking the cost of PV array/watt to be $5 = 150 X 5 = #750, ($1exchangeed for #150) So, cost of PV array = 5320 X 750 = #3990000 Cost of Battery bank = 6650 X 150 = #997500 Cost of inverter = 5320 X 150 = #798000 Sub-total = # 5085500 Cost of accessories(wire, fuses, switches, etc.) = 0.2 X 5085500 = #1017100 Total cost of residential PV system = #5085500 + 1017100 = #6102600 6.

PAYBACK PERIOD OF PV

Investigations have shown that, the lifespan of a PV system is between 25 and 30 years. Benefits abound in the choice of solar PV for self generation of electric power. Environmentally, solar power does not contribute to greenhouse gas emission. The payback period of solar power is estimated using the simple payback method as follows; Payback Period = ----(4) Purchase and installation cost of 16kW PV # 5085500, The annual running cost(fuel and maintenance) of an equivalent diesel generator with 2.5lit/hr fuel consumption is #1254500.

Therefore, Payback period = 85500/1254500 = 4.05yrs The payback period is estimated at 4 to 10 years depending on the complexity of design,[13,14]. From this estimation, it follows that, the cost of the PV project is paid off within 10 years and the remaining years is profit making. This estimate also depend on the power rating, type and environmental conditions of the PV. So, when the initial capital is made available, there should be willingness to go solar (PV), in order to help fight climate change and reduce the carbon emission and other Green House Gases, GHG. 7.

RECOMMENDATION

If the initial capital cost can be paid, everybody will go solar. Therefore, the IPPs can collaborate with both Government and consumers to provide stand-alone solar power for domestic users. This they can do by building and hand over the project to the owners on agreed terms. The commercial banks can also key into this renewable master plan to do business. Since the project can pay for itself, the IPPs stand to make profit for sometimes before handing over. 8. CONCLUSION A PV sustained power sector has a lot of advantages to both the producers and consumers of power. The sun will never deplete, it is there for harnessing. In power generation by PV the following are achievable; • Reduction in GHG emission • Improvement in power generation • Reduction in power losses in transmission lines because PV power generators are close to the load. • Employment is generated with the adoption of PV sustained power sector in manpower development. Therefore, government and the private sector should vigorously tackle problem of ‘epileptic’ power, adequately provide power enough for the teaming population of the country through photovoltaic system for a sustained and reliable power sector.

PHCN  GenCo 

PHCN  GenCo

Large  Industries 

IPP 

Large  Industries

TransysCo 

DisCo 

Consumer 

IPP 

DisCo

DisCo

Consumer 

Consumer 

Figure 1: Nigeria Power Sector Reform Model

S/No

ELECTRICITY INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW)

1

USA

1

304

578.600

714.660

748.077

792.197

956.673

2

China

2

1330

65.869

126.638

199.923

299.090

442.890

3

Japan

3

127

129.753

169.184

200.586

230.140

249.905

4

Brazil

10

192

33.366

52.125

57.641

68.180

90.733

5

UK

11

60.9

74.513

72.005

66.190

72.657

77.425

6

S/ Africa

14

43.8

18.383

31.015

34.538

39.817

40.498

7

Mexico

17

110

17.032

28.007

35.102

38.997

51.119

8

S/ Arabia

20

28.2

5.904

19.059

19.711

22.917

30.673

9

Indonesia

25

238

4.876

12.733

15.958

21.953

23.239

10

Thailand

26

65.5

3.849

8.317

13.035

18.741

25.866

11

Venezuela

29

26.4

8.471

18.520

18.966

21.292

22.124

12

Malaysia

32

25.3

3.046

4.967

9.000

12.696

24.432

13

Chile

48

16.4

2.941

4.079

5.523

8.730

10.738

14

Singapore

54

4.61

2.010

3.380

4.553

6.730

9.509

15

Nigeria

67

140

2.240

4.960

5.881

5.888

5.898

COUNTRY

ELECTRIC ITY Population (Million)

Table 2: Electricity Ranking and generation capacity with population of selected countries 1980

1990

1995

2000

2005

  9.

REFERENCES

[1] O I Okoro and E Chikuni, ‘Power sector reforms in Nigeria: opportunities and challenges’ Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, Vol 18, No 3, Aug. 2007, pp.52-57 [2] C. N. O. Nwachukwu, ‘Bridging Demand And Supply Gap: Nipp Initiative’ Nigerian Society of Engineers, (AGM), Heartland, 2009. [3] Felix B. Dayo, ‘Clean Energy Investment in Nigeria: The domestic context’ International Institute for Sustainable Development, Web site: http://www.iisd.org/ [4] A. S. Sambo ‘Renewable Energy For Rural Dev: The Nigerian Perspective’ Isesco Science and Technology Vision, Vol 3, 1st May 2005 pp, 12-22 [5] Kola S. and David M O. ‘Privatization And Trends Of Aggregate Consumption Of Electricity In Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis’. African Journal of Accounting, Economics, Finance and Banking Research Vol. 3. No. 3, 2008. pp. 18-27 [6] Ayodele A.S. ‘Energy Crises in Nigeria: The Case of Electric Energy Market in Bullion’, 22 (4), pp. 19-23, 1998 [7] Enweze, C. ‘Restructuring the Nigerian Economy: The Role of Privatization’ Proceedings, CBN Annual Conference held at Nicon Hotel, Abuja, Nov., 2001, pp. 5-6 [8] Akin Iwayemi ‘Nigeria’s Dual Energy Problems: Policy Issues and Challenges’ International Association for Energy Economics, pp 17-22 [9] Ibitoye, F and Adenikinju A. ‘Future Demand for Electricity in Nigeria.’ Applied Energy 84, (2007), 492504. [10] Renewable Electricity Policy Guideline, December 2006 [11] E.N.C. Okafor, C.K.A. Joe-Uzuegbu ‘Challenges to Development of Renewable Energy for Electric Power Sector in Nigeria’ Int. Journal of academic Research Vol. 2. No. 2. March 2010, pp. 211-216, [12] S.N. Agbo, and O.U. Oparaku, ‘Positive and Future Prospects of Solar Water Heating in Nigeria’ The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 7. No. 2., Nov. 2006, pp. 191-198 [13] K. Knapp; T.L. Jester, “An Empirical Perspective on the Energy Payback Time for PV Modules.” Solar 2000 Conference, Madison, WI, June, 2000. Pp. 16–21 [14] Kato, K.; Murata, A.; Sakuta, K. ‘Energy Payback Time and Life-Cycle CO2 Emission of Residential PV Power System with Silicon PV Module.’ Environmental Aspects of PV Power Systems. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Utrecht University, 1997.

                 

 AUTHORS Principal Author: Eko James Akpama received his B.Eng in Electrical/Electronic Eng’ring From the Federal University of Technology, Owerri/Nigeria in 1996. He received his M.Eng. in 2008 in Electrical Power Devices from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Since 2001 he has been lecturing in the department of Elect/Elect Engineering, Cross River University of Technology. His research interest is in the area of dynamic simulation and control of A.C. machines and Renewable energy. He is a member of IEEE, NSE and IAENG. E‐mail: [email protected]  Co-author: Ogbonnaya I. Okoro received the B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Nigeria. He holds a PhD in Electrical machines from the University of Kassel, Germany under the DAAD scholarship programme. He is a Professor of Electrical Machines and Power and HOD Elect/Elect Eng’ring, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike. He has published over 70 papers in peer reviewed journals and conference papers. He is a registered Electrical Engineer (COREN) and corporate member of the Nigerian society of Engineers (MNSE) and the IEEE (MIEEE). He is also a moderator of examination in Electrical machines and power of the Polytechnic University of Namibia. E-mail: [email protected]

  Co-author: Edward Chikuni, holds a B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Sierra Leone, an M.Sc. from University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology (UMIST), and a Ph.D. from the University of Wales, Swansea. He is a Chartered Electrical Engineer (MIEE) (London) and Fellow of the Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers. At present he is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at the University of Kwazulu-Natal. e-mail: [email protected] Presenter: This paper is presented by Akpama E. J