Development of a skull/brain model for military wound ballistics studies
Debra Carr, Anne-Christine Lindstrom, Andreas Jareborg, Stephen Champion, Neil Waddell, David Miller, Michael Teagle, et al. International Journal of Legal Medicine ISSN 0937-9827 Int J Legal Med DOI 10.1007/s00414-014-1073-2
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Author's personal copy Int J Legal Med DOI 10.1007/s00414-014-1073-2
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Development of a skull/brain model for military wound ballistics studies Debra Carr & Anne-Christine Lindstrom & Andreas Jareborg & Stephen Champion & Neil Waddell & David Miller & Michael Teagle & Ian Horsfall & Jules Kieser
Received: 25 April 2014 / Accepted: 28 August 2014 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Abstract Reports on penetrating ballistic head injuries in the literature are dominated by case studies of suicides; the penetrating ammunition usually being .22 rimfire or shotgun. The dominating cause of injuries in modern warfare is fragmentation and hence, this is the primary threat that military helmets protect the brain from. When helmets are perforated, this is usually by bullets. In combat, 20 % of penetrating injuries occur to the head and its wounding accounts for 50 % of combat deaths. A number of head simulants are described in the academic literature, in ballistic test methods for helmets (including measurement of behind helmet blunt trauma, BHBT) and in the ‘open’ and ‘closed’ government literature of several nations. The majority of these models are not anatomically correct and are not assessed with high-velocity rifle ammunition. In this article, an anatomically correct ‘skull’ (manufactured from polyurethane) and ‘brain’ (manufactured from 10 %, by mass, gelatine) model for use in military wound ballistic studies is described. Filling the cranium completely with gelatine resulted in a similar ‘skull’ fracture pattern as an anatomically correct ‘brain’ combined D. Carr (*) : D. Miller : M. Teagle : I. Horsfall Impact and Armour Group, Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Wiltshire SN6 8LA, UK e-mail:
[email protected] A.
