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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Dietary amino acid and vitamin complex protects honey bee from immunosuppression caused by Nosema ceranae Uros Glavinic1*, Biljana Stankovic2, Vladimir Draskovic1, Jevrosima Stevanovic1, Tamas Petrovic3, Nada Lakic4, Zoran Stanimirovic1

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1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, 2 Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia, 3 Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, Serbia, 4 Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia * [email protected]

Abstract OPEN ACCESS Citation: Glavinic U, Stankovic B, Draskovic V, Stevanovic J, Petrovic T, Lakic N, et al. (2017) Dietary amino acid and vitamin complex protects honey bee from immunosuppression caused by Nosema ceranae. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0187726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187726 Editor: Sanjay B Jadhao, International Nutrition Inc, UNITED STATES Received: February 19, 2017 Accepted: August 30, 2017 Published: November 8, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Glavinic et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Data Availability Statement: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Microsporidium Nosema ceranae is well known for exerting a negative impact on honey bee health, including down-regulation of immunoregulatory genes. Protein nutrition has been proven to have beneficial effects on bee immunity and other aspects of bee health. Bearing this in mind, the aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of a dietary amino acid and vitamin complex “BEEWELL AminoPlus” to protect honey bees from immunosuppression induced by N. ceranae. In a laboratory experiment bees were infected with N. ceranae and treated with supplement on first, third, sixth and ninth day after emergence. The expression of genes for immune-related peptides (abaecin, apidaecin, hymenoptaecin, defensin and vitellogenin) was compared between groups. The results revealed significantly lower (p