Different Insecticides

Pak. J. Entomol. Volume 31 (1) 2016 (January - June) CODEN: PJENEL, ISSN: 1018-1180

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DREYER, M. (1984). Effects of aqueous neem extracts and neem oil on the main pests of Cucurbita pepo in Togo. Proc. 2nd Int. Neem Conf. (Rauischholzhausen, 1983), pp. 435-443.

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EDWARDS, C.A. AND HEATH, G.W. (1964). The Principles of Agricultural Entomology. Chapman and Hall, London, 418 pp.

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NAQVI, S.N.H., ASHRAFI, S.H. AND QADRI, M.A.H. (1968). Acid phosphatase activity in the digestive system of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål). Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 21: 1047-52.

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RAUPP, M.J. AND DENNO, R.F. (1983). Leaf age as a predictor of herbivore distribution and abundance. In: Denno, R.F. and McClure, M.S. (eds.): Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems. Academic Press, New York, USA, pp. 91-124.

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AN UPDATED KEY TO THE GENERA OF ALYSIINAE (BRACONIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND THE ADJACENT AREAS. BY SABAHATULLAH, M., INAYATULLAH, M., AHMAD, S., TAHIRA, Q., AND MASHWANI, M.A. TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF DUNG BEETLES FAUNA IN DISTRICT NAROWAL OF PUNJAB. BY HUSSAIN, S., SHEHZAD, A., INAYATULLAH, M., HAQ, A., RAFI, M.A., ZIA, A. AND BHATTI, A.R. TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF POLO 500 EC AGAINST COTTON JASSID AMRASCA BIGUTTULLA BIGUTTULLA (ISHIDA) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. BY SHAH, S.A.H., RAJPUT, L.B., RAJPUT, S. AND CHANDIO, M.A. PATHOGENICITY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA TO PULSE BEETLE CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS L. (BRUCHIDAE: COLEOPTERA) IN CHICKPEA GRAINS. BY SHAHEEN, F.A., NASEEM, I., ZIA, A., RAFI, M.A., ASLAM, S. AND BHATTI, A.R. TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT INSECTICIDES AGAINST MEALYBUG, PHENACOCCUS SOLENOPSIS (TINSLEY) UNDER COTTON FIELD CONDITIONS. BY SHAH, Z.H., SAHITO, H.A., SHAR, G.A., KOUSAR, T., MANGRIO, W.M. AND KANHAR, K.A. PAKISTANIAN FRESH PAPAYA LEAVES EXTRACT INCREASES THE PLATELET COUNT IN NORMAL, & DENGUE PATIENTS. BY TARIQ, R.M., RIZWANA, A.G. AND NAQVI, S.N.H. EFFICACY OF CONFIDOR DOSES AT DIFFERENT SPRAY INTERVALS AGAINST WHITE FLIES, BEMISAI TABACI (GENN) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. BY SHAH, S.A.H., RAJPUT, L.B., RAJPUT, S., BHUTTO, N.N., WAHOCHO, N.A. AND SAHITO, J.G.M. BIOLOGY OF BRINJAL FRUIT BORER, LUCINODES ORBONALIS GUENEE IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS. BY ABRO, G.H., RAJPUT, L.B., SYED, T.S., MAZARI, S.N. AND BUKERO, A. OCCURRENCE OF BUFFALO TICKS AT DISTRICT, KHAIRPUR – SINDH. BY ABBASI, F., SAHITO, H.A., ABBASI, I.H.R., KOUSAR, T., ABBASI, T.F. AND SHAH, Z.H. EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ACARICIDES AGAINST THE DATE SPIDER MITE (OLIGONYCHUS AFRASIATICUS MEG) UNDER FIELD CONDITION. BY RAJPUT, L.B., SHAH, S.A.H., RAJPUT, S., WAHOCHO, N.A. AND KHAN, M.M. MANAGEMENT OF SPOTTED BOLLWORM INFSTATION ON OKRA CROP BY USING DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PESTICIDES BY EIJAZ, S. DOSE OPTIMIZATION AND EFFICACY OF NEEM OIL TO OMMATISSUS LYBICUS (HOMOPTERA: TROPIDUCHIDAE) BY KAKAR, A.S., MOHSIN, A., RAFI, M.A., ZIA, A. AND GHILZAI M.Y. WILD BEES FAUNA ASSOCIATED WITH ALMOND PLANTATION IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN BY IQBAL, Z., RAFI, M.A., SHEHZAD, A., HAQ, A., ZIA, A., BHATTI, A.R., AND SHAH, S. W.

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The Journal is Recognized and Approved by HEC, Quality Assurance Division, Islamabad-Pk.

Pak. J. Entomol. 31 (1): 1-12, 2016

CODEN: PJENEL, ISSN: 1018-1180



AN UPDATED KEY TO THE GENERA OF ALYSIINAE (BRACONIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND THE ADJACENT AREAS *MIAN SABAHATULLAH, *MIAN INAYATULLAH, *SAJJAD AHMAD, *QURRATUL AIN TAHIRA AND **MANZOOR AHMAD MASHWANI *Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan Cell No. of corresponding author : 03009026899 **Department of Entomology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda Received for Publication: 09-05-2015 Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Plagiarism / Similar Index Report: 8% Accepted for Publication: May 2016

ABSTRACT A Study was conducted during 2013 to record the genera of braconid subfamily Alysiinae in different areas of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa and the surrounding areas and to construct a key for their identification. For this purpose different insect collections were visited for Alysiinae specimens. Specimens were also collected from the fields in the province. The present study is based on the examination of 322 specimens. Identification of the specimens showed that the subfamily contains 13 genera belonging to the two tribes in the area. These genera include: Ducnusini: Dacnusa Haliday Choribus Haliday and Coelinius Nees. Ten genera were recorded under tribe Alysiini: Alysiasta Wharton Alysia Latreille, Phaenocarpa Foerster Dinotrema Foerster Aphaereta Foerster Asobara Foerster, Aspilota Foerster, Gnathopleura Fischer Orthostigma Ratzeburg and Microcrasis Fischer. Genera Alysia, Microcrasis and Gnathopleura are first time reported from Pakistan. In the present work illustrations of diagnostic characters and a taxonomic key for the separation of the recorded genera have been provided.

Key words: Alysiinae, Braconidae, Hymenoptera, Taxonomy, Key, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

INTRODUCTION Alysiinae is a very diverse braconid subfamily with more than 1000 named species placed under 80 genera in the world. The exodont mandibles are diagnostic for their identification (Wharton, 1997). As members of the family Braconidae, Alysiinae species have no costal cell on the forewing and the forewing is without second recurrent vein. The second and third metasomal tergites are immovably jointed (Wharton et al, 1997). These wasps have been grouped into two tribes: Alysiini and Dacnusini (Yu et al., 2005). Tribe Alysiini has 3 submarginal

cells on the forewing and the body is less hairy, while dacnusines have 2 submarginal cells and the body is covered with comparatively thick pubescence (Tobias, 1995). All species of the subfamily are koinobiont internal parasitoids of cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae (Wharton, 1984). They commonly attack species belonging to families Phoridae, Anthomyiidae, Agromyzidae, Calliphoridae Chloropidae and Ephydridae. The alysiines attack a wider range of dipterous species, while the dacnusines are restricted to leafminers in families Agromyzidae Chloropidae and Ephydridae (Wharton et al., 1997).

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Sabahatullah et al. (2016)

These wasps have been used for the management of pests in families Muscidae and Calliphoridae but with no significant control (Wharton, 1984; Lenger, 1978). A few dacnusine species however, have been utilized for the control of agromyzid leafminers with good results. (Guppy et al., 1988; Drea and Handrikson, 1986; Handrickse et al., 1980). Very few studies have been conducted on the taxonomy of these wasps in Pakistan. From Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province Inayatullah and Karimullah (1996) reported genus Aspilota. Inayatullah (2002) recorded Symphanes Foerster, Chorebus Haliday, Coelinius Nees, Aspilota Foerster, Aphaerata Foerster and Dacnusa Haliday from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. He stated Alysiinae as one of the diverse braconid group in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Irshad (2003) was the first to report Dacnusa sp. as parasitoid of leaf mining agromyzid Phytomyza atricornis Mg. from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. While working on braconids of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Inayatullah and Naeem (2004) presented new distributional records for Alysiinae from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Naz (2009) reported 10 genera during her studies on the Alysiinae of Skardu and Kohistan areas. From Pakistan a new species of Chaenusa was described by Kula (2009). Aphaereta pallipes (Say), a very widely distributed species was first time reported from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by Inayatullah et al., (2013). The authors also presented ecological, morphological information and new distributional records of the species. The aim of the present article is to report the alysiine genera, their distributional records and to provide a key to their identification

MATERIALS AND METHODS Alysiine specimens used in this work were loaned from Insect Collections. The specimens present in the collection were collected by different workers from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and neighboring areas including Azad Jammu Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. Additionally, different areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province were surveyed for fresh collection in 2013. The areas surveyed included both hilly and plain areas. Collection was done with the help of aspirator, sweep net, malaise traps and on the potential hosts reared in the laboratory. Alysiines were separated and preserved in 75% alcohol and were later mounted on triangular card points. In total 322 specimens were studied during the present research. Identification was done using keys of Tobias (1995), Wharton (1997) and Berry (2007). Wharton et al., (1997) is followed for the terminology employed in the present article. Specimens were examined under a Nikon Stereoscope model SMZ 745T with up to 350x magnification. Important morphological characters have been drawn with Coral Draw 9 software. Coloured photographs of important diagnostic characters were taken using a 5.01 MP digital camera fitted on to the microscope. The identified research material is deposited back in the collection as permanent record.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The study revealed that 13 genera of the alysiines are occurring in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan and Kashmir. It was further found that representatives of both tribes of Alysiinae occurs in the area. Tribe Alysiini is more diverse with 10

An Updated Key to the Genera of Alysiinae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) of KPK and the Adjacent Areas

genera including Alysiasta Wharton, Alysia Latreille, Aphaereta, Foerster, Asobara Foerster, Dinotrema Foerster, Aspilota Foerster, Phaenocarpa Foerster, Microcrasis Fischer, Gnathopleura Fischer and Orthostigma Ratzeburg. Only 3 genera, viz. Coelinius Nees, Dacnusa Haliday and Chorebus Haliday were recorded in tribe Dacnusini. KEY TO THE GENERA OF ALYSIINAE 1. Forewing with 2 sub-marginal cells (Figs. 4, 5, 6) (Dacnusini) …………….… 2 _ Forewing with 3 sub-marginal cells (Figs. 7-16) (Alysiini) ……..…………….. 4 2(1). Metapleural setae dense, present around raised swelling in the form of a rosette (Fig. 17). Mesopleuron with sternaulus always present, sternaulus usually sculptured (Fig. 19). Vein r arising basal to midpoint of stigma on forewing (Fig. 4) …..… Chorebus Haliday _ Metapleural setae not dense, evenly distributed, not on a raised swelling, setae directing downward (Fig. 18). Mesopleuron with sternaulus may be present or absent. Vein r origin vary, usually originating from center of stigma (Fig. 5) ………………… 3 3(2). Vein r on forewing arising from middle of stigma, marginal cell uniformly curved and short; first metasomal segment twice longer as wide (Fig. 20) …………. Coelinius Nees _ Vein r on forewing originating from base of stigma (Fig. 6), forewing marginal cell not uniformaly curved and reaching or almost reaching wing tip; first metasomal segment short …………..Dacnusa Haliday 4(1). Stigma almost linear, 8 times as long as broad (Figs. 7, 8, 9).….………………...5 _ Stigma fairly broad, discrete ……..7

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5(4). Forewing lack 2RS vein (Fig. 7)…………………….Dinotrema Foerster _ Forewing with a distinct 2RS vein …………………………..………………6 6(5). Anterior tentorial pits of normal size, not reaching eyes; mandibular tooth 3 broad (Fig. 23) …...…Orthostigma Ratzeburg _ Anterior tentorial pits larger than normal, reaching compound eyes, mandible with tooth 3 not broad ………. ……………………Aspilota Foerster 7(4). Forewing Vein (RS+M)a absent resulting in confluence of first submarginal and discal cells; (Fig. 10) .……… ….…………...…….Aphaereta Foerster _ Forewing (RS+M)a present thus first submarginal and discal cells separate ……….……8 8(7). Vein 2cu-a and most of vein 2-1A absent. First subdiscal cell open, (Fig. 11) ……………………….Asobara Foerster _ Vein 2cu-a present and reaching 21A. First subdiscal cell closed ……………..……….9 9(8). Ventral border of mandible with 4 th tooth basal to 3rd tooth (Fig. 21) ……..…………………Microcrasis Fischer _ Mandible lacking the 4th tooth along ventral border ………………………..…10 10(9). A swollen area present on mandibles between tooth 1 and tooth 2 forming tooth 4 (Fig. 24) ….….…...Gnathopleura Wharton _ No swollen area making tooth 4, but instead a deep cleft between tooth 1 and 2 …… 11 11(10). Vein m-cu on hind wing heavily pigmented and reaching more than half way to the posterior wing margin (Fig. 14)…..….....………….. Alysiasta Wharton _ Vein m-cu on hind wing weakly developed …………….…..……………..12 12(11). Forewing with distinct (RS+M)b; mcu originating basal to2RS; 2CUb vein issuing far above middle of 1 st subdiscal

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cell (Fig. 15).... ………….………. Phaenocarpa Foerster _ Vein m-cu on forewing with no (RS+M)b vein. m-cu issuing distad vein 2RS; 2CUb vein issuing below middle of first subdiscal cell (Fig. 16)…… ………. Alysia Latreille

Distribution of the recorded genera Genus Alysia Latreille, 1804 Genus Alysia is very rare. Only one specimen, collected from Gilgit Baltistan area, was available for study. Genus Alysiasta Wharton, 1980 Alysiasta was recorded from 4 different locations including D.I.Khan, Tal, Kumrat and Juki areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The distribution shows that species of the genus are adapted to a wide range of temperature. Genus Asobara Foerster, 1862 Very rare group in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the surroundings. A single specimen was collected from Baragali (Hazara Division). Genus Aspilota Foerster, 1862 Species of Aspilota inhabit cooler areas. It is restricted to high elevation mountainous areas of Baragali (Hazara Division), Skardu, Kalkot and Balouch and Azad Jammu Kashmir. Genus Aphaereta Foerster Only one species of this genus was found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Aphaereta is the most abundant and frequently collected group in warmer areas of Peshawar, Nowshera, Charsadda, Swabi and Mingora (Swat). Genus Gnathopleura Fischer, 1975 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, species of Gnathopleura are distributed in D.I.Khan, Chitral, and Upper Dir. Genus Orthostigma Ratzeburg, 1844 Orthostigma species are widely distributed in Kalkot, Baragali, Peshawar, Skardu and Chitral. Species of this genus occur both in plain and hilly areas.

Genus Phaenocarpa Foerster, 1862 Reported from Swabi, Peshawar, Hangu, Tank, D.I.Khan, Baragali, and Chitral. In Gilgit Baltistan province, it was recorded from Skardu and Kohistan. Genus Microcrasis Fischer, 1975 In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Microcrasis was found in D.I.Khan and Swabi areas. Genus Dinotrema Foerster, 1862 Dinotrema species are widely distributed in the world, but in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa it was found only in Chitral and Baragali. Species of this genus were also collected from Skardu and Kohistan. Genus Dacnusa Haliday Species of Dacnusa are adapted to a variety of environment and are very frequently collected. In the present work Dacnusa species were found in Dir, Malamjabba Peshawar, Charsadda Swabi and Baragali. In Gilgit Baltistan province Dacnusa was recorded from Kalkot, Chumik, Skardu and Teri. Dacnusa species were also found in Azad Jammu Kashmir. Genus Chorebus Haliday, 1833 Chorebus is a widely distributed group. It is the most common and frequently collected genus in the area. Species of Chorebus were found in Swabi, Peshawar, D.I.Khan, Skardu, Tal, Tank areas. The group is also abundantly found in hilly and cooler areas including Malamjaba, Chitral, Kohistan and Hazara division. Chorebus species can also be collected in Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Genus Coelinius Nees Coelinidea (Synonymized by Kula (2009) Coelinius species are found in high elevation cool, hilly areas. In Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa it was recorded from Kalam, Baragali, Mang, Junki, Kumrat Kohistan and Kalkot. Species of the genus were also found in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.


CONTRIBUTION OF CO-AUTHORS Dr.Mian Sabahatullah: Collection of specimens, Field data, Identification, writingof manuscript, & Photography Dr. Mian Inayatullah: Help in Identification, Provision of Facilities for research, Specimen Segregationin to groups, Advise for Key construction. Dr. Manzoor Ahmed Mashwani: Adviser on research, donation of research material, document setting, confirmation of identification. Dr. Sajjad Ahmed: Collection of specimens, Literature search, line drawing, scale setting and document setting/format. Quratul Ain Tahira: Photography, , contributed in material collection used in current research, line drawings

REFERENCES BERRY, J. A. (2007). Alysiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Alysiinae). Fauna of New Zealand. Landc. Res. Pvt. Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. 58: 95 pp. DREA, J. J. AND R. M. HANDRICKSON. (1986). Analysis of a successful biological control project: The alfalfa blotch leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in the northeastern United States. Environ. Entomol. 15: 448-445. GUPPY, J. C., F. MELOCHE AND D. G. HARCOURT. (1988). Seasonal development, behavior, and host synchrony of Dacnusa dryas (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitizing the alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). The Canad. Entomol. 120: 145-152. HENDRIKSE, A., R. ZUCCHI, J. C. VAN LENTEREN AND J. WOETS. (1980). Dacnusa sibirica Telenga and Opius pallipes Wesmael (Hym., Braconidae) in the control of the tomato leafminner Liriomyza

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bryoninae Kalt. Bullet. IOBC/ WPRS 3: 83-98. INAYATULLAH, M. AND KARIMULLAH, (1996). A preliminary key to the subfamilies of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of N.W.F.P., Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 12 (6): 667-677. INAYATULLAH, M. (2002). Identification and field evaluation of biological control agents of the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera) against important crop pests in the N.W.F.P. Final technical report covering June 1999 to September 2002. N.W.F.P. Agric. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 109 pp. INAYATULLAH, M. AND M. NAEEM. (2004). Some new records and a key to the identification of Sub-families Braconidae (Hymenoptera) collected in N.W.F.P., Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool. 36(3): 193-200. INAYATULLAH, M., Q. A. TAHIRA AND M. SABAHATULLAH. (2013). First record of genus Aphaereta Foerster (Alysiinae: Braconidae: Hymenoptera) from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan with taxonomic and biological notes on Aphaereta pallipes (Say). Sarhad J. Agric. 29(3): 401-405. IRSHAD, M. (ED.). (2003). Parasitoids predators and Pathogens of Agriculture and Forest Insect pests of Pakistan. Tech. Publ. National IPM Programme. NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan. 78 pp. KULA, R. R. (2009). A new species of Chaenusa (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) reared from Hydrellia pakistanae and Hydrellia sarahae Laticapsula (Diptera: Ephydridae) infesting Hydrilla verticillata

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(Alismatales: Hydrocharitaceae) in India and Pakistan. Florid. Entomol. 92(1): 139-146. LATREILLE, P. A. (1804). Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle appliqué aux Arts par une societe de Naturalistes et d’ Agric. Deterville (ed.) 24: 173-174. LENGER, E. F. (1978). Calliphoridae, Muscidae. In: Clausen, C. P. (ed.). Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. Handbook, U. S. Deptt. of Agric. 480: 335-338. NAZ, S. (2009). Identification and Distribution of Genera of the subfamily Alysiinae (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) of Districts Skardu and Kohistan, NWFP, Pakistan. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, 77 pp. TOBIAS, V. I. (1995). Subfamily Alysiinae, Pp. 156-386. In: Medvedev, G. S. (ed.). Keys to the INSECTS of the European Part of the USSR Vol. III, part V. Amerind. Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (English translation). 507

WHARTON, R. A. (1984). Biology of the Alysiinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) Parasitoids of Cyclorrhaphous Diptera. Technical Monograph, Texas Agric. Exp. Station. 11: 1-39. WHARTON, R. A. (1997). Subfamily Alysiinae, Pp 86-116. In: Wharton et al., (Eds.). Manual of the New World Genera of Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, D. C. The Int. Soc. of Hymnopterist., No. 1, 439 pp. WHARTON, R. A., P. M. MARSH AND M. J. SHARKEY. (1997). Manual of the New World Genera of Family Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Washington, D.C. The Int. Soc. of Hymenopterists, No. 1, 439 pp. YU, D. S., C. VAN ACHTERBERGE, AND K. HORSTMANN. (2005). Biological and Taxonomic information of world Ichneumonoidea, 2004. Electronic Compact Disk. Taxapad, Vancouver, (http:www.taxapad.com).


APPENDICES Generalized Alysiinae Specimen

` Fig. 1-A. Generalized Alysiinae Mandibles

Fig 1-B Fig. 1-B: Showing the basic character of non-overlapping, exodont mandibles of subfamily Alysiinae.

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Generalized Alysiinae Wing Cells

Fig. 2 Generalized Wing Venation

Fig. 3 Fig. 2-3: Showing different cells and veins of the wing of subfamily Alysiinae.


Fig5 Fig 4 Fig. 4-5: Wing of Alysiinae. 4, Chorebus sp.; 5, Coelinius sp.

Fig 7 Fig 6 Fig. 6-7: Wing of Alysiinae. 6, Dacnusa sp.; 7, Dinotrema sp.

Fig 9 Fig 8 Fig. 8-9: Wing of Alysiinae. 8, Orthostigma sp.; 9, Aspilota sp.

Fig 11 Fig 10 Fig. 10-11: Wing of Alysiinae. 10, Aphaereta sp.; 11, Asobara sp.

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10


Fig 12

Fig 13

Fig. 12-13: Wing of Alysiinae. 11, Microcrasis sp.; 13, Gnathopleura sp.

Fig 14

Fig 15

Fig. 14-15: Wings of Alysiinae. 14, Alysiasta sp. Arrow = extended vein m-cu of hind wing; 15, Phaenocarpa sp.

Fig 16

Fig 17

Fig. 16-17: Alysiinae. 16, Fore wing of Alysia sp.; 17, Chorebus sp., Arrow = dense rosette of metapleural pubescence around a raised swelling.


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Fig. 18

Fig. 19

Fig. 20

Fig. 18-20: Alysiinae. 18, Dacnusa sp., lateral view, Arrow = dense metapleural pubescence directed towards hind coxa; 19, Microcrasis sp., lateral view, Arrow = sculptured sternaulus on mesopleuron. 20, Coelinius sp., dorsal view, Arrow = long tergum 1.

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Fig 21

Fig 22

Fig 23

Fig 24

Fig 25

Fig 26

Fig. 21-26: Alysiinae mandibles. 21, Microcrasis sp., Arrow = 4th tooth along ventral border basad tooth 3; 22, Chorebus sp., Arrow = 4th tooth between tooth 2 and tooth 3; 23, Orthostigma sp., Upper Arrow = transverse keel, Lower Arrow = scoop like 3rd tooth; 24, Gnathopleura sp., Arrow = swollen 4th tooth between tooth 1 and tooth 2; Alysiinae. 25, Brackets = Longer first flagellomere and shorter second flagellomere; 26, Brackets = Shorter first flagellomere and longer second flagellomere. C

Pak. J. Entomol. 31 (1): 13-16, 2016




TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF DUNG BEETLES FAUNA IN DISTRICT NAROWAL OF PUNJAB SHABBIR HUSSAIN1, ANJUM SHEHZAD2, 3MIAN INAYATULLAH , 4ABDUL HAQ, 5

MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI, 6AHMED ZIA AND 7ABDUL RAUF BHATTI

1,3&4

Faculty of Plant sciences, Department of Entomology, The Agricultural University Peshawar 2, 5, 6 & 7 National Insect Museum, NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan Received for Publication: 10- 07- 2015 Plagiarism / Similar Index: 16% Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted for Publication: May 2016 ABSTRACT Dung beetles were collected from 10 localities of Narowal region comprising Shakargarh, Zafarwal, Bastan, Rupo chak, Chattar, Sukho chak, Qila kalar, Bra bhi, Sathyala and Naiana kot. Four hundred specimens of dung beetles were collected in total and identified under 14 species and 6 genera of subfamily Scarabaeinae of family Scarabaeidae.

Key Words: Dung beetles, Scarabaeidae, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION The Scarabaeidae is the biggest family of Coleoptera, consisting more than 30,000 species in the world (Fincher, 1981) are popularly known as dung beetles. They feed on feces of mammals and play an important role in nature sanitation, nutrient recycling and improve soil structure by consuming dung. They reduce susceptibility of pest attack to plant by decomposing dung. Due to these changes, the nutrients availability and water holding capacity of the plants are improved. They reduce the susceptibility of pest attack by decomposing dung and destroying their habitat. Many countries use these phenomena for the benefit of animal husbandry. The successful introduction of 23 species of Onthophagus gazella and Euoniticellus intermedius resulted in the development of quality and fertility of cattle pastures. Dung beetles also reduce the pest population like bush flies up to 90 percent (Bornemissza, 1970). Dung beetles are taxonomically as well functionally very important component of terrestrial ecosystem (Kakkar, and Gupta 2009). Since dung beetles are major force for relocation of dung in terrestrial ecology, they are important in nutrient recycling and improving

water holding capacity of soils (Mittal, 1993). Dung beetles are necessary to range health and it is of the utmost importance that ranchers and range managers are informed of the value of dung beetles as well as of the repercussions of pesticide application.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Field visits were carried to collect dung beetles from ten (10) different localities of Narowal region i.e. Shakargarh, Zafarwal,Bastan, Rupo chak, Chattar, Sukho chak, Qila kalar, Bra bi, Sathyala, Naiana kot (Fig.1) during 2012-2013. Dung beetles were collected by hand picking and spade were used for diggings of dung burrows for collection. After collection beetles were washed in detergent solution before pinning. Then collected specimen were pinned, labeled and preserved in collection boxes. Specimens were identified up to lowest possible texa using taxonomic keys “Fauna of British India (vol.iii), CZM6 stereoscope and other available literature.

Hussain et al. (2016)

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RESULTS The present work related to Dung beetle fauna of Narowal reveled in all 400 specimens who were classified to 14 species and 6 genera of sub Family Scarabaeinae. Their checklist is given below: Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 Sub-family Scarabaeinae Latreille, 1802 1. Genus: Gymnopleurus Illiger, 1803 1) Gymnopleurus parvus Macleay 1821 Synonyms: Scarabeous parvus (Macleay, 1821) Material examined: Narowal. Chattar: 1♂ 4♀, 15.iii.2013. Sathyala: 1♂ 4♀, 16.ix.2013. Bra bi: 4♂ 5♀, 20.v.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931) and Syed et al., (2015). 2) Gymnopleurus flagellates (Fabricius, 1787) Synonyms: Scarabeous flagellates (Fabricus, 1787) Scarabeous coriarius (Herbest, 1789) Gymnopleurus hornei (Wat, 1890) Material examined: Narowal, zafarwal; 4♂ 7♀, 10.vii.2013, Bara Bai; 4♂ 5♀, 13.iii,2013.Bastan: 12♂ 14♀, 18.vi.2013, Shbbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow(1931) and Siddiqui et.al (2014). 3) Gymnopleurus aethiopes Sharp, 1875 Synonyms: Gymnopleurus aethiopes (Sharp, 1875) Material examined: Narowal. Bastan: 4♂ 5♀, 3.viii.2013, Qila Kalar : 9♂ 7♀, 3.ix.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow(1931) and Siddiqui et.al (2014). 4) Gymnopleurus miliaris (Fabricius, 1775) Synonyms: Scarabeous miliaris (Fabricus, 1775) Material examined: Pindi Bohri: 6♂ 8♀, 28.iv.2013. Narowal. Dhudochak: 15♂ 12♀, 26.iii.2013. Manzoorpur plot: 11♂ 15♀, 23.v.2013, Phalwari: 8♂ 12♀, 19.v.2013. Jasar: 4♂ 7♀, 17.vii, 2013. Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow,1931; Siddiqui et.al. 2014. 2. Genus: Copris Geoffrey, 1762 5) Copris doriae Harold, 1877 Synonyms:

Copris doriae (Har, 1877) Copris consobrinus (Lansb, 1886) Copris vitalisi (Gill, 1921) Material examined: Narowal, zafarwal; 5♂ 3♀, 10.vii.2013, Bara Bai; 7♂ 6♀, 13.iii,2013.Bastan: 15♂ 13♀, 18.vi.2013, Shbbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Hashmi and Tashfeen (1992) 3. Genus Onthophagus Latreille 1802 6) Onthophagus gazelle (Fabricius, 1787) Synonyms: Onthophagus gazella (Fabricus, 1787) Material examined: Narowal, zafarwal; 4♂ 7♀, 10.vii.2013, Bara Bai; 4♂ 5♀, 13.iii,2013.Bastan: 12♂ 14♀, 18.vi.2013, Shbbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow(1931) and Siddiqui et.al 2014. 7) Onthophagus bonasus (Fabricus 1775) Synonyms: Scarabeous bonasus (Fabricus 1775) Material examined: : Shakargarh: Sukho chak; 10♂ 14♀, 1.V.2013. Rupo chak: 17♀, 1.ii.2013, Shbbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: (Arrow1931); Siddiqui et.al (2014) and Syed et al.(2015). 4. Genus Oniticellus Serville, 1825 8) Oniticellus pallipes (Fabricius 1798) Synonyms: Scarabeous pallipes (Fabricus,1781) Oniticellus pallipes (Arrow, 1908) Material examined: Narowal, Bra bi: 17♂, 11.vii.2013. Rupo chak: 10♀, 12.ix.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931) and Hashmi & Tashfeen,(1992). 9) Oniticellus pallens Castelnau, 1840 Synonyms: Scarabeous bonasus ( Fabricus 1775) Material examined: Narowal, Chattar: 14♂ 13♀, 2.vii.2013. Bra bi: 4♂ 16♀, 12.viii.2013, Shbbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931) and Syed et al., (2015). 10) Oniticellus spinipies Roth, 1851 Synonyms: Oniticellus spinipies (Roth, 1851) Tiniocellus spinipies (Per, 1900) Oniticellus imbellis (Bates, 1891) Oniticellus modestus (Arrow, 1908)

Taxonomic Studies of Dung Beetles Fauna in District Narowal of Punjab

Material examined: Rupo chak: 17♂ 19♀, 2.ix.2013, Chattar: 17♂ 6♀, 12.vii.2013, Gumtalah: 14♂ 13♀, Khan pur: 11♂ 12♀, 13.vii.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931). 5. Genus: Onitis Fabricius 1798 11) Onitis lama Lansberge, 1875 Synonyms: Onitis Lama (Lansb, 1875) Material examined: Sathiyala: 4♂ 6♀, 3.viii.2013, Qila Kalar : 9♂ 7♀, 3.ix.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931) and Syed et al., (2015). 12) Onitis philemon Fabricius, 1801 Synonyms: Onitis philemon (Fabricus, 1801) Onitis distinctus (Lansb, 1875) Material examined: Jamwaal: 3♂ 4♀, 7.ix.2013. Narowal. Din Pur: 4♂ 2♀, 16.xii.2013. Maryaal: 1♂ 3♀, 6.ix.2013. Bagwanpur: 4♂ 6♀, 7.viii.2013. Antowali: 2♂ 5♀, 17.viii.2013. Maingri: 2♂ 4♀, 18.ii.2013. Khanpur: 7♂ 4♀, 3.iv.2013. Mirpur: 1♂ 1♀, 5.iii.2013. Dhamthal: 3♂ 5♀, 4.iv.2013. Maingrah: 5♂ 5♀, 5.ix.2013. Pindi Bohdi: 2♂ 6♀, 7.ii.2013. Dudhu chak: 3♂ 2♀, 15.x.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Siddiqui et al., (2014). 13) Onitis subopacus ARROW, 1931 Synonyms: Onitis subopacus (ARROW, 1931) Onitis philemon (Lansberge, 1875) Material examined: Narowal. Qila kalar: 7♂ 5♀ 7.vi.2013, Rupo chak: 6♂ 9♀, 7.iii.2013. Sukho chaki: 7♂ 8♀, 19.iv.2013. kila kalar: 7♂ 6♀, 15.iv.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Arrow (1931) and Syed et al., (2015). 6. Genus: Chironitis Reitter 1894 14) Chironitis indicus LANSBERGE, 1875 Synonyms: Cheironitis lansb (Lansb, 1875) Chironitis Reitt (Reitt, 1894) Material examined: Narowal. Chattar: 1♂ 4♀, 15.iii.2013. Sathyala: 1♂ 4♀, 16.ix.2013. Bra bi: 4♂ 5♀, 20.v.2013, Shabbir. ECUAP. Distribution: Pakistan: Siddiqui et al., (1981).

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2. Co-Supervised and identified the collection 3. Over all supervisor of the study 4,5, 6 and 7. Reviewed and helped in preparation of Manuscript REFERENCES ARROW G. J. (1931). The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma (Coleoptera: Lamellicorina: Coprinae). Taylor and Francis, London; 3:428. BORNEMISSZA, G. F. (1970). Insectary studies on the control of dung beetle flies by the activity of dung beetle Onthophagus gazelle, J. Aus. Entomol. Soc., 9: 31-41. FINCHER, G. T. (1981). The potential value of dung beetles in pasture ecosystem. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16. 1st supplement. 316-333 pp. HASHMI A, TASHFEEN A. (1992). Coleoptera of Pakistan. Pro. of Pak. Cong. of Zoology. 12:133170 KAKKAR, N. AND S.K. GUPTA, (2009). Temporal variations in dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) assemblages in Kurukshetra, Haryana, India. J. Threatened Taxa, 1(9): 481-483. MITTAL I.C. (1993). Natural manuring and soil conditioning by dung beetles. Tropical Ecology 34(2) 150-159. SIDDIQUI. H, AHMED. Z AND KHATRI. I. (2014). Distributional Notes and New Records for the Dung Beetles(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 46(2), pp. 295-307. SYED M. S. A ; NAEEM M; BAIG F; SHAHZAD A; ZIA A. (2015). New records, distributional notes and species diversity of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from Pothohar Plateau of Punjab, Pakistan. JEZS; 3 (3): 01-06

CONTRIBUTION OF CO- AUTHORS 1. Did the collection part of the study

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Hussain et al. (2016)

(Fig. 1) MAP OF DISTRICT NAROWAL.

Pak. J. Entomol. 31 (1): 17-24, 2016




TOXICITY OF DIFFERENT DOSES OF POLO 500 EC AGAINST COTTON JASSID AMRASCA BIGUTTULLA BIGUTTULLA (ISHIDA) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS SYED ALI HAIDER SHAH*, LUBNA BASHIR RAJPUT, SHAHJAHAN RAJPUT AND MAQSOOD AHMED CHANDIO Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh. *Correspondence Author Cell No. : Received for Publication: 13- 02- 2016 Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Plagiarism / Similar Index: 2% Accepted for Publication: August 2016

ABSTRACT The trial on the toxicity of different doses of polo 500 EC with different spray intervals against cotton jassid Amrasca biguttulabiguttulla under field was laid out at Chachk farm, Distt: Tandoallahyar, during kharif season 2015. The trial was designed in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five applications and four replications. Cotton variety “Lala1000’’ was grown for this trial. The insecticide polo 500EC at different doses viz., T1= 200ml/acre (standard), T2= 250ml/per plot size, T3= 150ml/per plot size, T4= 100ml/per plot size and T5= control was applied four times at different intervals against cotton jassid (Amrasca biguttullabiguttulla). The results indicate that the average per leaf count of Amrasca biguttullabiguttulla after first spray for different doses (Treatments) were 2.69, 2.37, 2.8 and 3.45. Whereas for second spray the average population were 2.63, 2.33, 2.76 and 3.44, for third spray 2.67, 2.45, 2.82 and 3.43 and for fourth treatment, the average populations were 2.63, 2.42, 2.81 and 3.43 respectively, as compared to the control of different spray schedule as 4.24, 4.37, 4.41 and 5.00. As far as the crop yield is concerned, the maximum yield was achieved with polo dose of 250ml (8.64 kg) followed by 200ml (8.36 kg), 150ml (8.2 kg).100ml (7.8 kg) and control (5.4 kg). The ANOVA results after each spray showed that, pest population of cotton jassid on cotton varies significantly at P=>0.0000 with different doses of polo after 24hrs, 72hrs, 168hrs and 336hrs. The standard dose of polo 500EC for cotton jassid is 200 ml per acre while our studies signifies that the 250ml per plot size was found to be the most effective to decrease the cotton jassid population under field condition.

INTRODUCTION In Pakistan the cotton contribute 6.7 percent in the agriculture and regarding GDP, its contribution is 1.4 percent. It provides unavoidable source of income to the concern industries, during the year 2013 to 2014. Textile industry brought huge external income in the same period of year. Area under cultivation was 2806 thousand hectares, (Statistics of Pakistan, 2013-2014).

The cash crop of Pakistan as has the trend to earn more than 60% foreign exchange and encourage biggest textile industry of the country by supplying the cotton lint to the numbers of textile mills, ginning factories and oil expellers of Pakistan, so the millions of people are hired in cotton based industries (Ahmad, 1999). The cotton sucking pests reported very serious to the cotton crop and one of them is

Shah et al. (2016)

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jassid which are recorded to make 19 percent reduction in cotton yield (Ali, 1992). It injects the toxic saliva inside veins, due to which the attacked leaves turned yellowish and cause reddish margin on the leaves followed by dryness. The infestation at initial stage reduce the crop growth, due to which the fruiting branch got weak, causing the young bolls falls on the ground which hampers the process of photosynthesis (Patel and Patel, 1998). Umpteen numbers of insecticides has showed as impressive tool in checking the pest population. However, unwary survey in the crop protection, injudicious and careless use of synthetic pesticides steered to problems like insecticidal resistance, pest resurgence and destruction of natural enemies. Therefore, keeping the above literature, the present field study was to evaluate different doses of the synthetic insecticide polo 500EC.

adjusted at par with the plot size, calibrated with the formula dose/43560(sq ft in acre)* plot size and applied when pest appeared. For this purpose 20 plants per application were randomly selected from each treatment to observe the effectiveness of different doses of insecticide against cotton jassid. For the pest counting pre application observations was recorded 24 hrs prior to the application of the insecticide and post application observations was recorded subsequently 24hrs, 72hrs, 168hrs and 336hrs of the application at different sprays schedule. Data was collected and analyzed statically.

RESULTS The study was conducted during kharif season, 2015. To evaluate the potency of different doses of polo at variable spray schedule on cotton jassid under field conditions. The trial was conducted at the Chachk farm,Distt: Tandoallahyar. The applications included four different doses of polo viz., T1=200ml/per plot size (standard), T2=250ml/plot size, T3=150ml/plot size, T4=100ml/plot size, T5=Control. The post-treatment observations were recorded on total number of pest population after 24hrs, 72hrs, 168hrs and 336hrs. The pre-treatment observation was also recorded before the spray.

MATERIALS AND METHODS The trial was placed at Chachk farm Tandoallahyar to equate the effectiveness of different doses of Polo 500EC (difenthiuron) against cotton jassid, Amrasca biguttulabiguttula on cotton variety Lala-1000 during kharif season, 2015. The insecticide was brought from the local market. The trail was fashion in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). There was five applications including the control viz., T1= 200ml/acre (standard), T2= 250ml/per plot size, T3= 150ml/per plot size, T4= 100ml/per plot size, T5= Control and repeated four times. The net plot size is 1,518sqft respectively.

Average population of cotton jassid after first spray Table-1 displayed the pre-treatment observations of cotton jassid on sub plots were, (4.22, 4.07, 4.36, 4.5 and 4.13) leaf-1 respectively. The observation after 72hrs of schedule of the treatment showed that the mean pest count in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 (treatments) were (1.97, 1.5, 2.03, 2.85 and

Calibration of insecticide All agronomic practices were maintained constantly when needed, the treatment was

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Toxicity of different doses of Polo 500 EC against Cotton Jassid (Ishida) under Field Conditions

4.38) leaf-1 respectively, which signifies that the impact of different doses of polo against Amrasca biguttullabiguttulla from maximum level was T1 (200ml), T2 (250ml), T3 (150ml), T4 (100ml) and T5 (untreated). The data shows that after 72hrs the applied different doses of polo T2 (250ml) was proven to be more effectual on Amrasca biguttullabiguttulla than the others. The after spray effect of different doses variable with the different durations and showed the reoccurrence of the pest (4.12) after 336hrs of intervals. The overall performance of the all doses of polo revealed that 250ml dose performed well, followed by 200ml, 150ml and 100ml. The average populations of Amrasca biguttullabiguttulla were (2.69, 2.37, 2.8 and 3.45) per leaf respectively. The ANOVA result in the appendix that after the first spray pest population of jassid on cotton differ significantly, (P