Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the ...

3 downloads 42 Views 3MB Size Report
Charles Brockden Brown: Quantitative Analysis and Literary. Interpretation. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 18(2), 129-138. Taiwan Sheng Xingzheng ...
To appear in The 6th Book of Series on Digital Humanities. Taipei: National Taiwan University Press. (This is a copy-editing version.)

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan Táňa Dluhošová1*, Alvin Cheng-hsien Chen2**

Abstract The present study aims to analyze the literary landscape in the early post-war period of Taiwan (1945-49) from a quantitative perspective of digital humanities in hope for a contribution at the methodological level to the study of Taiwan literature or Sinology in general. Previous studies on the reconstruction of literary history often relied on selective prominent figures or groups whose legacy was endorsed retrospectively by the scholarship of the same paradigm. However, the literary landscape, or in Pierre Bourdieu’s term “literary field,” should be understood as a structure created by multifaceted relationships among various agents, who aimed to attain the dominant position in the field by accumulating the largest amount of symbolic capital. Based on the manual collection of the catalogue information of the periodicals during this period, we reconstruct the literary field by identifying the clusters of the contributors according to the periodicals in which they published. 47 post-war periodicals (including journals and supplements) were collected and 563 contributors were included in our analysis, all of whom had published in more than one periodical among the 47. Principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to investigate the underlying construct that motivated the emergence of the groupings among the contributors. PCA not only showcased the prominent periodicals that had contributed greatly to the clustering of the contributors, but also yielded us the underlying clusters of the most prolific contributors, on which the interdependency between their position and disposition was drawn. The implication of the present study is two-fold. On the one hand, it is argued that our inclusion of the agents and periodicals for discussion and analysis was made on an objective basis, thus more likely to uncover inter-agent relationship that may otherwise be ignored in a traditional approach. On * Researcher, Oriental Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences. ** Assistant Professor, Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University.

036

數位人文研究叢書六

the other, it is suggested that our preliminary results would highlight the potentials of our current method and motivate a more rigorous corpus-based analysis in the future.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

037

用數位人文研究方法重建 臺灣戰後初期文學場域 路丹妮 1*、陳正賢 2**

摘 要 本文透過數位人文的量化角度分析臺灣戰後初期文學場域(1945-49),企盼於 臺灣文學及漢學研究方法上有所貢獻。過去文學史建構多半建築於特定幾位傑出作 者或團體,以及少數著名文學作品之討論。然而,正如 Pierre Bourdieu 所提出的文學 場域(literary field)概念,文史重建工作相當繁複,應視為一個由不同行動者間錯 綜複雜關係所建立的動態結構,此群行動者於整個文學場域中,透過多方關係,努 力蓄積象徵資本,甚至彼此競爭取得該領域之主導位置。以此理論架構為根基,本 文透過大量臺灣戰後時期之報刊目錄資料蒐集,探究當時行動者在不同報刊間的出 版情況,分析當時行動者之間的相似性以及可能的群集現象(cluster),進而以量化 方式重建臺灣戰後初期之文壇概況。本文資料庫囊括 47 本戰後初期之定期刊物(包 含報刊雜誌及副刊) ,共計有 563 位行動者納入分析,每位作者皆至少曾在這 47 本 刊物的其中一本發表過。本研究採用主成分分析法(PCA),透過直觀的圖像呈現 作者群集現象,同時提供客觀數據說明不同行動者群在特定報刊出版之共通性。本 文主要貢獻有二,第一,本研究以客觀方式篩選戰後初期行動者及報刊作為分析主 軸,得以挖掘更多傳統文獻所忽略的少數行動者之間的關聯和其他關鍵文學場域。 第二,本研究的初步分析結果,展現數位人文研究方法在臺灣戰後文學研究中的潛 力,並更加確立未來納入文本信息之語料庫語言學方法的可行性與前瞻性。

* 捷克科學院亞非研究所研究員。 ** 國立臺灣師範大學英語系助理教授。

038

數位人文研究叢書六

1. Introduction1 The definition for digital humanities has been somewhat implicit, or illusive due to its interdisciplinary nature. In Roberto A. Busa’s forwards to a companion book for digital humanities (Busa, 2004), he offered a broad definition for digital humanities on the outset, saying that “[h]umanities computing is precisely the automation of every possible analysis of human expression (therefore, it is exquisitely a ‘humanistic’ activity), in the widest sense of the word, from music to the theater, from design and painting to phonetics, but whose nucleus remains the discourse of written texts.” (xvi) The incorporation of information science, natural language processing, statistical procedures and data archiving has all greatly contributed to a better understanding of digital humanities. In particular, one of the major research lines in digital humanities can be broadly understood as a variant of textual informatics. According to Busa (2004), this digital trend has been observed to branch into three different currents: documentary, editorial and hermeneutic. Documentary currents focus on the construction of databanks while editorial currents promote the ideas of data “multiplication, distribution, and swift traceability of both information and of a text.” (Busa, 2004) Of particular relevance to the context of the present study is the third current — hermeneutic, which emphasizes the interpretive power of textual informatics through critical linguistic analyses. The application of digital methods to literary studies has been somewhat limited due to their central focus on aesthetic function of literary creation. The argumentation in traditional literary criticisms is sometimes being dispraised for being too anecdotal and serendipitous due to the subjectivity in the introspective method (Hoover, 2013). One corollary is that most literary criticisms tend to center on the propositions suggested by only a few prominent figures or groups (Hoover, 2013; Ramsay, 2013). Therefore, scholars who were sympathetic to this criticism embarked upon a quantitative approach in the 1980s, by developing huge database of literary works, namely, corpora construction. The rise of various corpora projects is in accordance with the development in humanistic computing, centralizing the idea that “everything is transformed from the continuous flow of our everyday reality into a grid of numbers that can be stored as a representation of reality which can then be manipulated using algorithms.” (Berry, 2011: 2) The corpora projects in the early 1980s to 1990s may be referred

1 This study is based on data collected and published in Táňa Dluhošová’s PhD dissertation (2013). Current study is using new statistical methods to give better insights into the tendencies on the literary scene in the early post-war period. An earlier version of our research has been published in Dluhošová and Chen (2015), where only an ad hoc selection of prominent agents in traditional studies were included in the discussion. This study, however, offers an updated analysis on the clustering of the agents in the post-war literary landscape.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

039

to as “the first wave of Digital Humanities scholarship,” which features large-scale digitization projects and the establishment of technological infrastructure (Presner, 2010). Previous literature has suggested a few niches where digital methods may contribute the most to more critical literary studies, including authorship attribution (Burrows, 1992; Holmes et al., 2001), stylometry (Holmes, 1998), network analysis of characters in literary works (Steward, 2003; McKenna & Antonia, 2001), and sociology of literature. Research along this line typically follows a two-step procedure in the hermeneutic textual analysis of the corpora database. On the one hand, given a digital database of the literary texts, the units to be extracted for quantitative analyses are important. Big data would only become meaningful when it is systematically organized. In quantitative studies, decisions about what to count in the quantitative textual analyses can be tricky, which sometimes even leads to wasted efforts and worthless results (Hoover, 2013). On the other hand, raw frequencies of the unit distribution do not render a quantitative study empirically robust. Instead, many different kinds of mathematical operations or statistical procedures need to be applied in order to evaluate the significance of the distributional pattern on an objective basis. In a brief review of the quantitative approach to literary studies, Hoover (2013) discussed a few common statistics in the field, including parametric analyses (e.g. t-test, chi-square test), distinctiveness ratio, and other more sophisticated multivariate methods (e.g. principal component analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, factor analysis). Such a two-step procedure of quantitative literary studies has been widely applied to mainly two main research topics: stylometry and author attribution (Burrows, 1992; Clement & Sharp, 2003; Spencer et al., 2003). The interdisciplinary nature of its strong methodological commitment to quantification and statistical processing may correspond to what Presner (2010) referred to as Digital Humanities 2.0. This current second wave of Digital Humanities 2.0 focuses on “new disciplinary paradigms, convergent fields, hybrid methodologies…” It is in this stage where we see lots of corpus-based studies with rigorous quantitative methodology, drawing insights from other hard science research (Dunn, et al., 2005; Gries, Hampe & Schönefeld, 2005; Johnson, 2008; Jurafsky & Martin, 2008). The present study makes a similar commitment to such a quantitative methodology by applying statistical analyses to a large-scale collection of materials. It is hoped that our results may invite further development in the field, including historical methods (prosopography), literary history (newspaper and supplement studies), and literary analyses (close reading and literary styles). Nonetheless, digital computing brings about not only innovations and possibilities but also limitations. With the increasing complexity of the digital humanities projects,

040

數位人文研究叢書六

computation has now become an intrinsic part of the research progress. Berry (2011) argued that “computational technology has become the very condition of possibility required in order to think about many of the questions raised in the humanities today.” He, therefore, puts forward an idea of a third-wave digital humanities, which “highlights the anomalies generated in a humanities research project and which leads to the questioning of the assumptions implicit in such research, e.g. close reading, canon formation, periodization, liberal humanism.” In other words, the generalization from the digital computing should always be critically compared with the insights based on close-reading methods. A typical working flowchart has been emerging from the concurrent development of textual analyses and digital humanities in literary criticism (Hoover, 2013; Jocker, 2014; Ramsay, 2013), as shown in Figure 1. A literary study may render its flavor of “digital humanities” in different steps of the procedure to varying degrees. Data Collection & Digitalization

Feature Annotation & Extraction

Pattern Recognition

Conclusion

Figure 1 A typical procedure for digital textual analyses in liteature

Firstly, the feasibility of a quantitative approach to literary analyses hinges upon a largescale database. The size of the database has long been a controversial issue in that small samples may undermine the validity of the results. Data collection and construction is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Different studies may need to compromise at some level on the coverage of their analysis and the degrees of the data digitization. The size of the digital databank may decide the flavor of digital humanities in a research project. For the present study, we are on our preliminary stage of digitalization for our dataset. To analyze the literary landscape of the post-war period in Taiwan, the present study uses manually collected catalogue information of the contributors and periodicals during that period to determine the contributors’ publication patterns (i.e. whether one contributor has published any article in one periodical2). Even though we have not started the digitalization of the literary full-texts, this catalogue information collected for the present study is a representative set of collection, reflecting a more comprehensive survey of the literary activities in that period. With respect to the second step, in a traditional literary study, the features to characterize the “construct” the analyst is interested in are often being criticized for being researcher2 The present study did not use the information of the number of articles that a contributor published in a particular journal. We are aware that this is crucial to the emergence of literary field analysis, to which our ongoing project is currently devoted.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

041

dependent and lacking a basis for cross-analyst comparison. Various toolkits and methods from natural language processing have been utilized to facilitate a quantitative textual analysis in that a range of textual features can be automatically extracted from the digital database. Take authorship attribution for example. Lexical features can be automatically computed from a corpus, serving as good indicators for detecting author uniqueness, such as n-grams, and collocation patterns (Hoover, 2013; Ramsay, 2013). We use the publication patterns of all the agents across a comprehensive list of periodicals published during the post-war period as our quantitative features to characterize the uniqueness of each agent, henceforth, shedding light on the inter-agent similarities. In other words, the network of the agents during that period will be operationally defined by their publication statistics across different periodicals. The third step is important for hypothesis evaluation and theoretical advancing. In a digital textual analysis, the analyst’s subjectivity is hoped to be reduced to a minimum. Of particular importance to this step is how to find the general patterns in the dataset. Multivariate analyses have also been widely applied to literary studies, such as principal component analysis in Burrows (1992) for authorship attribution. Such sophistication in the analytic process facilitates the communication between different disciplines. This is a critical move where the synergy of digital humanities may be of great help in confirming or denying the “serendipitous reading” of hypotheses in close-reading studies. As cited in Ramsay (2013), Hockey (2000: 66) reiterated the essence of digital humanities in the way that computerbased tools can “provide concrete evidence to support or refute hypotheses or interpretations which have in the past been based on human reading and the somewhat serendipitous noting of interesting features.” It is in this step the present study would like to contribute more digital humanities endeavors to the restoration of the post-war literary scene. Although we take the initiative of digital humanities in this small, yet critical, step, we believe that our results will provide a better incentive for researchers in this field to appreciate our future project of a larger scope. Given its daunting prospect, digital humanities, however, should take its own risks more seriously. As observed in Hoover (2013), quantitative literary analyses have not had much impact on traditional literary studies due to two possible reasons. On the one hand, they often “fail to address problems of real literary significance, ignore the subject-specific background, or concentrate too heavily on technology or software.” On the other hand, the theoretical climate in literary theory “has led critics to turn their attention away from the text and toward its social, cultural, economic, and political contexts, and to distrust any approach that suggests a scientific or ‘objective’ methodology.” While the present study may not be in a position to confront such criticism on digital humanities, it is hoped that our initiative for the innovation

042

數位人文研究叢書六

in the research methodology of post-war literary studies in Taiwan will pave the way for more interdisciplinary collaboration. Previous studies on the post-war Taiwan literature seem to have analyzed the period from a perspective given by the paradigm of binary oppositions (e.g. Taiwanese vs. Mainlander, leftist vs. KMT) and on this dichotomous basis they also select “prominent” figures and writings for close-reading analyses. We suggest, however, that the multifaceted nature of the literary field may be more likely to be uncovered with a more holistic empirical method, where existing propositions could be empirically challenged. The purpose of the present study is to take the initiative to challenge the current literary scholarship by adopting a multivariate method to analyze the relationships of the agents in the post-war period. We will argue that our methodological innovation will add more intersubjective criteria to the selection of agents for reconstruction. It will also uncover inter-agent relationship that may otherwise go unnoticed in the traditional approach. The preliminary results reported here will highlight the potentials of our current digital humanities method and motivate a more rigorous corpusbased analysis in the future.

2. Previous Scholarship in the Post-war Period of Taiwan The early post-war period was due to its political sensitiveness a taboo for at least two generations of Taiwanese. During the White Terror period (1949-87), scholars and public intellectuals could not openly discuss the events and historical figures connected to the 2.28 Incident, so the whole early post-war period fell into oblivion. The first retrospective and highly subjective notions were raised in the first half of the 1980s by the eyewitnesses like Ye Shitao (1984) and Lin Shuguang (1984, 1994). These accounts were embedded in the contemporaneous framework of searching for the Taiwanese cultural roots and a broader paradigm of rising Taiwanese national awareness even before the lift of the Martial Law. These early reminiscences were followed by a series of scholarly articles serialized in the journal Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 台 灣 史 料 研 究 in the 1990s, which introduced the long-forgotten sources for this period. 3 The growing interest in the 2.28 Incident also gave a way to the method of oral history and more subjective accounts by eye witnesses appeared later in the 1990s and early 2000.4 The first research articles going beyond the description of sources were 3 He Yilin (1996, 1997); Huang Yingzhe (1995); Li Xiaofeng (1996); Peng Ruijin (1997); Qin Xianci (1997a), b; and Zhang Yaxian (1997). We also have to mention Wu Sanlian Foundation for Historical Materials (Wu Sanlian Taiwan shiliao jijinhui), the publisher of the scholarly journal Taiwan shiliao yanjiu, also reprinted journals from the late 1940s period: Taiwan wenhua 台灣文化 , Xinxin 新新 , Chuangzuo 創作 , and Zhengjingbao 政經報 . Another similar example of a similar endevour can be a collection of 1948-1949 opinion articles about the character of Taiwanese literature edited by Chen Yingzhen and Zeng Jianmin (1999). 4 One of the publishers is Wu Sanlian Foundation for Historical Materials (see their website: http://www.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

043

published in the late 1990s, but they primarily introduced various actors and their agenda and main topics discussed in the historical periodicals.5 The study of early post-war period literature reached its peak around years 2007-09 and first research monographs appeared. They represent the current state of the field and therefore we will discuss them in more details later. More recently we may observe a tendency to introduce more actors who were not so famous as those introduced in the late 1990s and early nullities and researchers also focus on literary analyses of works written in this period.6 Re-discovering the early post-war period and its sources is recently concluded by the Museum of Taiwanese Literature, which has made available literary journal catalogues both for Japanese colonial and early-post war periods. If an “ellipsis” in knowledge about a certain period occurs, as it was the case of the early post-war period, how and by whom the literary historical narrative is constructed? These might be a bit iconoclastic questions which can be raised if one wishes to understand an emic perspective of a certain literary period. In the 1980s, which was the peak of bentu movement ( 本土運動 ) in Taiwan, the first narrative of Taiwan literature was formulated. Even though Ye Shitao 葉 石 濤 (1925-2008) in his Taiwan wenxue shigang 台 灣 文 學 史 綱 [An Outline of Taiwanese Literature] placed the origin of Taiwanese literature to the 17 th century, he understood the Japanese colonial era as the formative period, emphasized the significance of the 2.28 Incident, highlighted the modernist movement in the 1950s and the 1960s, and celebrated the nativist movement in the 1970s. (Ye Shitao 1987) This outline was later diversified. A few scholars paid attention to the Qing dynasty period, but the main focus of the contemporary narrative is preoccupied with the diversity of the post-Martial Law period and the efflorescence of minority literatures in the present (e.g. Hakka literature, aboriginal literatures, women literature, LGBT literature etc.). The norms that determine “the cannon” were, however, established during a turbulent period in the late 1980s, when a new paradigm for defining Taiwan was discussed. The first canon and criteria for inclusion in it were already articulated by Ye Shitao. As the main concern of this article is the early post-war period, we will discuss only chapters related to this period.

twcenter.org.tw/publications/a02_2_a_f/a02_02_228_01. Accessed on June 14, 2016). Institute of Modern History at Academia Sinica also launched an Oral History Series which focus more on actors coming from the state bureaucratic structure. For book details see their website: http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/Historicalsources. aspx (accessed on June 14, 2016). 5 Among many: Huang Yingzhe (1992, 2001, and also 2007) ; Chen Cuilian (1995, 2002) ; Yokochi (2002) . 6 For example: Huang Huizhen (2015) on Qian Gechuan 錢歌川 , the dean of the Liberal Arts at the Provincial Taiwan University and initiator of the debate on Taiwanese literature in 1948 (in our paper appearing in the Cluster 3); Chen Shurong (2015) on Lei Shiyu 雷石榆 , Mainland Chinese progressive intellectual and also a professor at the Provincial Taiwan University (in our paper appearing in the Cluster 2); Cai Mingyan (2015) on the poetic production of Yinlinghui group of young progressive intellectuals from Taizhong (in this paper appearing the Cluster 1); Li Zhihao (2015) on the imaginary of Zhang Daxiu 張 達 修 ; Xu Yaxiang (2013, 2014) on Taiwanese drama during the 1945-49 period.

044

數位人文研究叢書六

In his selection of writers and literary writings (which we can understand as his paradigm), Ye Shitao included mainly writings that reflect what he considered “specific characteristics of Taiwan” (Taiwan tese 台灣特色 ) and writings that engaged in social criticism. As for the selection of writers, as a witness who had been active since before the war, he primarily singled out only those Taiwanese participants in literary activities who were already established in the literary field in the prewar period and treated them as the main actors in the early post-war period. Such a perspective, however, does not yield a comprehensive picture. For instance, it excludes the entire group of waishengren 外省人 , who also participated in the discussions about the identity of Taiwan and its culture in the early post-war period. Ye Shitao’s narrative on Taiwanese literature certainly did not represent the current state of the field. It has been critically discussed in great detail, and many scholars have found it outdated. It is, however, a very clear example of a still influential paradigm that considers social criticism and Taiwan’s uniqueness to be the most distinctive characteristics of Taiwanese literature. This will be further discussed below. One can, of course, observe a greater diversity of approaches in more recent scholarship, but the struggle to break free from the established paradigm is still ongoing. The following overview will focus primarily on research monographs, because they best represent the current state of the field. In the 1990s, a new dominant approach emerged. Scholars began to look at Taiwanese literature from a perspective of postcolonial studies and theories. The post-war period was thus perceived through a novel, dichotomizing prism: colonizer/oppressor (Chinese) vs. colonized/ oppressed (Taiwanese). This approach itself, however, already presupposes an answer to the question of how to understand the turbulent post-war period. It also, following the above mentioned paradigm, emphasizes the uniqueness of Taiwanese specific characteristics and the critical potential of the Taiwanese literature in the time of its emergence. The situation, however, was more complex, and simplistic divisions according to retrospective attribution of ethnic affiliation will invariably fall short of explaining its diversity.7 Another viable theory, which attracted many literary scholars working on the early postwar period, is the theory of “literary field” by a French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1993 and 1996). The reason why Bourdieu’s theory is so appealing to scholars is that there were several groups and individuals on the scene competing for the authority to define Taiwanese culture, and they were seeking different kinds of support to propagate their views in the period under scrutiny. In addition to identifying and defining these agents, the theory also turns out to be fruitful, in the next step, to investigate the nature of symbolic capital and the factors that

7 Chen Fangming’s interpretation of the early post-war literature can be understood as one of the examples. (2011)

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

045

helped these agents to attract the respect of their peers. The answers to these questions tell us a lot about the literary scene of the post-war period and the mechanisms behind it. In his evaluation of previous scholarship, Chen Jianzhong (2007: 5-8) noticed the overwhelming influence of the dichotomy Chinese vs. Taiwanese on previous interpretations and therefore proposed to focus on “trends” (dongtai 動態 ) in the literary field instead, arguing that this should reveal a broader picture of Taiwanese literature. Chen Jianzhong drew some inspiration from the theory of the literary field formulated by Pierre Bourdieu, which will be discussed later. In her PhD thesis (2004) and later in her book, Xu Xiuhui (2007) also referred to the theory of the literary field. Like Chen Jianzhong’s work, Xu was also built on a conceptual dichotomy, albeit one that is constructed from different terms: “the structure of the field of power” (quanli changyu de jiegou 權 力 場 域 的 結 構 ) vs. the “autonomous cultural field” (zizhuxing wenhua changyu 自主性文化場域 ), which she identified with “popular (i.e. not official) periodicals” such as the newspapers Min bao 民報 and Renmin dao bao 人民導報 and with journals produced by so-called leftist cultural workers. Whether or not the early post-war literary field was autonomous is a matter of debate; it should not be taken for granted. At this point, it is important to note that Xu Xiuhui categorized the agents in the field not according to their ethnic affiliation but according to their political inclinations. But this still fitted Ye Shitao’s understanding of Taiwanese literature as characterized by “social criticism.” Huang Yingzhe engages with the most influential agents of the post-war period in a series of articles (1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2001) and one book (2007). Like some of the other scholars mentioned, he refers in his book to Bourdieu’s concept of the literary field as an approach, which may help to decode the relationships between the field of power and the literary field. He is mainly interested in government institutions and important figures that implemented cultural policies. Even though Huang does not explicitly say so, his study shows that the positions in the literary field were not necessarily dependent on ethnic or political affiliation. The membership of the Taiwanese Cultural Association (Taiwan wenhua xiejin hui 臺 灣 文 化 協 進 會 ), for example, comprised politically influential figures (mainly from the KMT) but also Taiwanese left-wing writers, demonstrating that this association offered a platform for influential cultural figures from a variety of backgrounds. This goes some way to demonstrate that the Taiwanese literary field, though not entirely autonomous, tended to free itself from the influence of the field of power. Had there been no “white terror” (baise kongbu 白色恐怖 ), very likely it would have eventually stabilized and proceeded towards a state of autonomy.

046

數位人文研究叢書六

To conclude this very brief overview of major monographs on the early post-war period Taiwanese literature, we would like to emphasize two tendencies in the secondary scholarship: nearly all scholars tend to interpret the period from a perspective given by the paradigm of binary oppositions (Taiwanese vs. Mainlanders, leftist vs. KMT) and on the basis of this dichotomy they also select “prominent” figures and writings. This interpretative paradigm, however, has roots in the 1980s political discourse and the rise of Taiwanese national consciousness. As an alternative, we would like to offer a new approach, which would root in the quantitative analysis of the literary production.

3. Theoretical Framework Our hypothesis for the current case study is that in order to understand the dynamics of literary (or any other) scene, one has to unveil the structures of relationships as they were coined in a particular time under scrutiny. In other words, when discussing any historical period and its cultural production, we should not apply our contemporary values and understanding to the historical realities. We believe that the concept of “literary field” as formulated by Pierre Bourdieu (1993, 1996), though not very recent, is still highly relevant and viable to reveal such dynamics. He conceptualizes the literary field as a dynamic structure created by relationships between different agents, i.e. members of the field. These agents compete over the dominant position that enables them to impose a binding definition of what literature is and what can be rightfully included in the canon. Only agents who gain recognition (symbolic capital) from the majority of other agents (e.g. well-known authors, literary critics etc.) can occupy the dominant position. 8 Bourdieu’s most stimulating observation is that the literary field, unlike all other fields, is not entirely dependent on political or economic power. On the other hand, the literary production needs to be funded somehow and may be affected by politics, so inroads for non-literary forces exist. Deriving from the Bourdieu’s theory, we may surmise that agents occupying similar positions in the field also share similar dispositions, because it is his or her disposition that enables an agent to occupy a certain position in a field. Such dispositions Bourdieu calls “habitus.” 9 In our case, the fact that an agent publishes in a certain journal means that 8 Symbolic capital, as opposed to economic capital, structures the literary field and creates hierarchies within it. While economic capital results from the measurable commercial success of an agent (e.g. sales numbers, print runs, number of exhibitions and size of audience etc.), symbolic capital is rather linked to abstract values derived from a consensus among other agents in the literary field (being regarded as an authority, popularity, publication by a prestigious publishing house). The autonomy of the literary field arises from this. (Bourdieu 1993: 37-39) 9 Agents act within a field according to a certain pattern, which is a conglomerate of attributes and dispositions. Dispositions, or cultural competencies, in Bourdieu’s understanding (1993, 63-64) determine an agent to aspire to obtain certain positions in a field. In other words, only agents with a similar habitus compete with

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

047

he or she is occupying a certain position. In order to do so, he or she has to fulfill certain requirements established by the editor and has to share the worldview of other agents connected to the journal. An examination of agents associated with a particular journal or with a cluster of journals allows one to describe not only the habitus of these agents, but also factors such as economic or political power or symbolic capital that gave the agents access to these positions. In cases where the same agents published in different journals, we may assume that these journals shared characteristics, which indicate that their positions in the literary field were very close to each other. The more journals we find that published articles by the same authors, the stronger, we can assume, will be the group identity that created a bond between them in the first place. When analyzing the clusters of journals with common contributors, one has to keep in mind that these agents created a network and may have been supporting each other for a variety of reasons, such as studying together, going through similar experiences, coming from the same region, or simply sharing the same literary taste. The current study does not have evenly distributed biographical data for each agent, but we will try to point out on these similarities under the discussion about habitus of each cluster.

4. Method 4.1. Data Source and Collection About 21 newspapers and 70 journals were published in the early post-war period (Taiwan sheng Xingzheng gongshu xuanchuan weiyuan hui 1946: 26-33; He 1996: 88-97; Zeng 2001: 192-194; Zhuang 1999: 51-81; Cai 2002). To our knowledge, there are 47 extant periodicals with culture-related content in which literary and political thought were articulated. Taiwanese libraries have recently started to digitize post-war newspapers. 10 At the time of writing, 20 periodicals have been digitized as pdf files including metadata, comprising 1,304,743 contributions and can be found on webpages of the National Library of Public Information. These newspapers are, however, thematically specialized or locally focused. Moreover, to our

each other for a given position. This is because only they can benefit from the economic or symbolic capital accruing to them from this position, and it is their habitus that allows them to retain their position. 10 The selected periodicals include both journals and newspapers’ supplements which dealt with cultural issues in a very broad sense. Therefore, we have included supplements focusing on teaching materials, women’s education, introducing Chinese history and geography etc. This study treats supplements as individual periodicals, because they, similar to journals, had separate editorial teams, given publication dates, and own goals. The sample does not include serialized columns, which would not be designed with a number of a given issue. As an example of not included column the Japanese language column Wenyi 文 藝 of the newspaper Zhonhua ribao 中華日報 .

048

數位人文研究叢書六

knowledge, except of Minbao, none of the digitized periodicals was a platform for cultural debate. The above-mentioned 47 periodicals will form the basis for our analysis. They represent a compact sample of post-war periodicals focused on literature and culture. Information on publication patterns was first collected in the course of Dluhošová’s doctoral research (2013) and refined in Dluhošová and Chen (2015). The collection was mainly copied at the Taiwan Branch of the National Library, while others were kindly provided by Taiwanese scholars.11 Another group of our data was the product of research at the Wenxun 文 訊 .12 This analysis is interesting not only because the methodology is, to our knowledge, novel in this field, but also because the data collected is unique in its scale. The current dataset consisted of 3,559 different author names in total. The main objective is to investigate the association between a cluster of periodicals and a group of agents and, hitherto, uncover the possible underlying factors that gave the agents access to the position in a field. As we have made clear a methodological commitment to digital humanities, we adopted a quantitative approach to analyzing the publishing patterns of the agents with respect to the periodicals, using an exploratory statistical method Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Multivariate statistical analyses are often very sensitive to the problem of data sparseness, that is, the low frequency of the occurrences. A moderate sampling of our dataset was implemented. The distribution of agents among journals was very uneven. Only 563 contributors were active in more than one periodical. The positions of these periodicals were thus very clearly demarcated, and only a small percentage of authors penetrated the boundaries between them. As we would like to map the literary field, we set our threshold at one in our sampling, meaning that only these 563 contributors who have published in more than one of the 47 periodicals were included in our later statistical analysis of literary field. It should be noted, however, that we have included a comprehensive list of periodicals and agents without any pragmatic pre-selection. Among these 563 contributors, our objective was to investigate the commonalities of their publication patterns across these 47 periodicals. Where the agents have published their works may serve as a classifying feature for an analyst to find out the relationships or connections among these 563 agents. Adopting a multivariate statistical analysis, we used these 11 We would like thank Prof. Chen Fang-ming and Prof. Huang Huizhen, who helped to obtain copies of rare journals and supplements. 12 Wenxun team prepared material for the National Museum of Taiwanese Literature to publish an online Catalogue of Taiwan Literature Journals, currently available at: http://dhtlj.nmtl.gov.tw/opencms/index.html (accessed on January 26, 2015).

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

049

contributors’ publication records in these 47 journals as a quantitative operational measure of characterizing their disposition for occupying a similar literary field. Furthermore, critical periodicals were statistically identified to provide a better understanding of the contributor clusters.

4.2. Statistical Procedures In order to find out the underlying clustering of these contributors, it was hypothesized that their publication patterns across these different periodicals may show us the underlying grouping. However, 47 different periodicals may not necessarily represent 47 unrelated classifying features for the grouping of the contributors. A set of periodicals may be highly correlated with each other in that they might have published similar groups of contributors’ works. Therefore, these periodicals may be transformed into a smaller set of constructs, which would help better capture the similarities of the contributors. PCA is a statistical technique that takes a set of correlated classifying variables and linearly transforms those variables into a set of uncorrelated factors. This is referred to as “dimensional reduction” techniques. These factors are called principal components (PC). Most importantly, these PCs often represent a set of underlying constructs that may facilitate the analyst to uncover the clustering of the data points across different dimensions. On the other hand, each PC is a dimension, representing one crucial factor behind the clustering of the data points. The interpretation of the construct for a particular PC relies on the associations of all the original variables with the particular PC, which are referred to as “loadings.” Take our current study as an example. PCA would help us transform a set of correlated periodicals (classifying variables) into a set of uncorrelated factors (principal components). The principal components would represent a set of underlying constructs that may facilitate us to uncover the clustering of the contributors across different dimensions. Each PC is a dimension, presenting one construct behind the clustering of the contributors. The interpretation of the construct for a particular PC relies on the associations of all the periodicals with the particular PC, namely, the loadings of the 47 periodicals for each PC. Via PCA, we could further see the interrelationships between the original features (i.e. journals in our case) and how they can help us identifying the clusters of the objects (i.e. agents in our case). The rationale behind PCA is that the number of the principal components needed is often much smaller than the number of the original classifying features. Usually the first two PCs would be able to account for the majority of the variation in the data. If a group of periodicals tend to have high loadings in the same PC, they may have similar contribution to identifying the clustering of the agents. In other words, this group of journals should have

050

數位人文研究叢書六

shared characteristics, and that PC may represent the construct of those shared characteristics in those high-loading periodicals. Therefore, our later discussion of the results will draw implications largely from the loadings of the first two PCs. Furthermore, what makes PCA even more attractive are the insights offered when we plot journals and agents together in a two dimensional space, commonly referred to as “biplot.” Such visualization is particularly helpful in identifying the grouping of the agents in relation to specific journals. Our discussion would culminate in a preliminary visual sketch of the clustering of the agents with respect to important journals. Furthermore, as an over-cluttered biplot would only dilute the general tendency of emerging clusters, we will plot onto the biplot the top 75 productive agents from the 563 contributors, and discuss how their clustering may emerge from their respective connection to different high-loading periodicals.

5. Results and Discussions Table 1 shows the loadings of the 47 periodicals on the first 2 PCs. The importance of each periodical in relation to each PC can be evaluated based on the absolute values of their loadings on each PC (i.e. the two columns in Table 1). Generally speaking, PCA enables the analyst to capture most of the variance in the dataset by using the first few principal components. The variance accounted for decreases with the number of the PCs. That is, PC1 would account for more variability (grouping patterns) of our dataset (the agent distribution) than PC2. Table 1 Periodical loadings for the first two principal components from the PCA Names of Periodicals Zhengqi.yuekan LongAn.wenyi Tailv.yuebao Taiwan.shibao Taiwan.shixue.congkan Taiwan.wenxue.congshu.kan Chuangzuo.yuekan Nanfang.zhoubao Chaoliu Jianguo.yuekan Taiwan.xuesheng Taiwan.yuekan Taiwan.zhi.sheng Ri.yue.tan Zhonghua Xiandai.zhoukan Xin.feng

Principal Component 1 0.235 −0.001 0.033 0.339 0.022 −0.037 −0.011 0.004 −0.007 0.588 0.016 0.012 0.005 −0.031 0.002 0.026 0.018

Principal Component 2 −0.160 0.096 0.031 −0.101 0.004 0.090 −0.032 −0.010 0.050 −0.229 0.041 0.021 −0.091 −0.038 0.023 −0.017 0.028

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

051

Table 1 Continued Taiwan.qingnian Da.tong Yi.yang.zhoubao Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Xindi Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Wenyi Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Qiao Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Dianying.xiju Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Wen.hai Taiwan.xingsheng.bao..Xizuo Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Shi.di Taiwan.xinsheng.bao..Taiwan.funu Zhonghua.ribao..Haifeng Zhonghua.ribao...Xin.wenyi Heping.ribao...Xin.wenxue Heping.ribao.Xin.shiji Heping.ribao.Baihua.zhou Heping.ribao.Wan.lin Xin.xin Qianfeng Xin.zhishi Xin.Taiwan Wenhua.jiaoliu Taiwan.pinglun Zheng.jing.bao Lixing.bao...Xin.wenyi Lixing.bao.Lixing Renmin.dao.bao...Hong.nan Da.ming.bao.Daming.fukan Gonglun.bao..Ri.yue.tan Taiwan.wenhua

0.006 0.010 −0.004 −0.133 −0.022 −0.234 −0.030 0.047 −0.003 0.006 −0.076 −0.603 −0.027 −0.007 −0.001 −0.018 −0.002 0.004 0.006 −0.014 0.003 0.002 0.086 0.029 −0.021 −0.037 −0.006 0.003 −0.141 0.036

−0.001 −0.003 0.006 −0.119 −0.002 0.672 −0.034 −0.016 0.016 0.003 −0.030 −0.600 −0.019 0.019 0.017 0.036 0.031 0.051 0.006 0.010 0.011 0.033 0.004 0.021 0.060 0.026 0.007 −0.016 0.134 0.131

5.1. Loadings of Principal Component 1 The loadings for the first principal component show two groups of high-loading journals, which are distinguished by positive and negative values: On the one end is the supplement Haifeng 海風 of the official newspaper Zhonghua ribao 中華日報 . To this group also belong two supplements, Qiao 橋 and Xindi 新地 , of another official newspaper Taiwan xinsheng bao 台灣新生報 . On the opposite end we see the other group of journals with Jianguo yuekan 建 國月刊 at its center, then Taiwan shibao 台灣詩報 and Zhengqi yuekan 正氣月刊 . Haifeng and Jianguo yuekan constitute an opposition, on the basis of which we can understand the meaning of the first principal component.

052

數位人文研究叢書六

There might be two interconnected ways on how to look at this opposition. One of them would be the perspective of literary style.13 Supplement Haifeng, so as supplemnts Qiao and Xindi, inherited the legacy of the tradition of modern Chinese literature as stipulated in the May Forth Movement, while Jianguo yuekan represented more conservative literary production. Therefore, one would find genres such as modern poetry in free verse, short stories, essays, opinion articles, and one-act drama in Haifeng and its group. On the other hand, Jianguo yuekan gave a considerable space to traditional genres of Chinese poetry. The second perspective, we could look at this opposition, is the perspective of literary function. The poetry published in the journal around Jianguo yuekan had a social function to establish or maintain social relationship between actors.14 Literature published in the other grouping of periodicals, however, like the literature of the May Forth Movement was socially engaged and aimed at improvement of the Taiwanese society. Therefore, we may conclude that the PC1 represents the following tendencies within the literary field: the closer the position is to Jianguo yuekan and its grouping, the more the style and the function of literature resembles the pre-modern tradition. On the other hand, if the position is closer to Haifeng and its grouping, then both genres and functions lean towards the tradition of “modern literature.”

5.2. Loadings of Principal Component 2 For the second principal component (i.e. the second column of Table 1), its variation is mostly dominated by an opposition of Qiao and Haifeng. As written above, while these two supplements represent the tradition of “modern Chinese literature,” they do differ on various levels. One of them is the place of publication, which resulted in a different impact on audiences in Taiwanese post-war conditions. 15 The second difference is the adherence to different political cliques.16 The third difference would be that the background of their 13 Here we refer to a broader understanding of the term as defined by Michel Hockx (2003), which is derived from the Bourdieu’s concept of “habitus.” Literary styles here include published genres, preference of language of literature, distribution of content, its visual design etc. 14 Published poetry was a result of social gathering of contemporary social and political elites, as we can see from dedications or introductory parts of particular poems. Publication of traditional genres may have other motivations. As Huang Mei-e (2004: 149) points out, Taiwanese intellectuals used the traditional poetry as a mean for reconfirmation and reconsolidation of Han cultural memory in an era of cultural and identity crises during the Japanese colonial period. After the war, it well may have been a convenient way to reconnect with coming elites. We also should not forget that literary gatherings brought certain social prestige. Traditional genres may have not been a sign of cultural nostalgia as in e.g. early Republican era (compare Wu Shengqing 2008), but rather a way up in the social ladder. 15 While Qiao was published in the political and economic center, Taipei, Haifeng was published in the south and had less chances to reach wider audience. 16 Taiwan xinsheng bao was established on October 25, 1945 as a heir of previous province-wide Japanese language newspaper Taiwan shinbó 台灣新報 . It was published by the Working committee for propaganda of the Taiwan Provincial Administrative Office (Taiwan sheng xingzhengzhangguan gongshu 台 灣 省 行 政 長

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

053

contributors differed. While contributors of Haifeng were mainly local and less known agents in first period (1946-1948),17 Qiao attracted more prominent figures of the literary field. We think that the main difference between these two supplements, however, laid on an ideological level. In order to understand this statement, we have to introduce another player in the field and its agency, which acted as non-present entity, against which nearly all agents in the field reacted, i.e., the official discourse of the ruling authorities. In other words, we have to understand how these two supplements conceptualized Taiwanese literature and what their attitude was towards the sinicization process (Zhongguo hua 中國化 ) propagated by the Taiwan Provincial Administrative Executive Office. The sinicization process was designed by a group of politicians before the end of the World War Two and was adopted by the Provincial Administrative Executive Office in the 1945.18 The departments of the Provincial Administrative Executive Office and responsible representatives are for the sake of this study calls “official line.” They, being the representatives of the field of power, however, occupied a dominating position in the literary field as well, as they imposed the cultural policies, against which other agents reacted. The “official line” does not show in our analysis, because they did not publish in the listed periodicals, as they used editorials of the official newspapers Taiwan Xinsheng bao, as their means of propaganda.19 The difference between supplements Qiao and Haifeng dwelt in the way how they faced the official cultural policy, which understood Taiwan as a part of Chinese culture and denied Japanese cultural legacy, which Taiwanese society after the war exhibited.20 In this respect Haifeng rather converged with the official line’s attitude toward Taiwanese culture. As we can see in the inaugural issue of the supplement, the editors saw their cultural mission as “ploughing the wasteland” (kaituo huangye 開拓荒野 ), where Taiwanese culture after 50 years of Japanese influence was conceptualized as a “wasteland” which has to be cultivated with Chinese seeds. (Anonym, 1946). This standpoint resonates also in the selection of the authors and themes published in the supplement till the year 1948. At the beginning we see mainly less known agents, who were recruited from the local intellectuals. Only after the well documented discussions about the essence of Taiwanese literature, which took place in the supplement Qiao of Taiwan Xinsheng bao (end of the year 1947 and beginning 1948) we observe that the 官 公 署 ), mainly directed by a group of politicians around governor Chen Yi. While Zhonghua ribao was influenced by the central government in Chongqing, especially the Publicity Department (Zhong xuan bu 中 宣部 ). 17 The situation changed after 1948, when there were well known debates about the character of Taiwanese literature in Qiao supplement. Some of the main contributors of the Qiao discussion also published in Haifeng and these two supplements converged. 18 For more information about the outline of the cultural policy see Zheng Zi 1994. 19 Dluhošová (2013a) discusses the concept of literature and the literary production promoted by the official line. 20 For more about the official cultural policy program see Chen Cuilian 2002; Huang Yingzhe 1997 and 2007.

054

數位人文研究叢書六

top agents in the field started to contribute here as well (e.g. Yang Kui 楊 逵 [1906-85], Lei Shiyu 雷石榆 [1911-96], or Ye Shitao). Even though the supplement Haifeng started to publish content dealing with Taiwanese realities, it still viewed Taiwanese literature as a part of Chinese literature. (Ouyang Mangang 1948) The situation in Qiao, however, was different. Qiao from the beginning served more like a platform for exchanging ideas, so we can find there more diversified opinions about the relationship between Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The most prominent agents of the literary field participated in the discussions and we may assume that Qiao represented the most dominant position in the autonomous part of the literary field of that time.21 It appears that the majority of agents having contributed to Qiao may be described as progressive intellectuals (or leftist as other literary historians may call them). When reading their contribution, we may see rather provocative opinions, which were not uncommon for younger agents, who wanted to establish themselves in the literary field. As evidence we may take an autobiographical essay by Lin Shuguang (1994), who confirmed that one of his most prolific article about the nature of Taiwanese literature was written in a rush with minimal knowledge about the topic. As Dluhošová argued in her PhD thesis, after the 100th issue of Qiao, there was a strong tendency to publish contributions by Taiwanese agents (sometimes even translated from Japanese) and on Taiwan-related topics. (Dluhošová 2013b: 212-227) In the same time we see a tendency to abandon poetry in free verse, which was popular in 1947 in Qiao, and rather to publish short stories or essays with simple plots. Literary discussions influenced not only the literary production in Qiao itself, but also the production of other periodicals. Similar tendencies in the same period could be also observed in the supplement Haifeng of the newspaper Zhonghua ribao and in the supplement Xindi of Taiwan Xinshengbao. Such a consistent tendency among these journals may somewhat explain why they all have lower loadings on the first principal component, thus being oriented toward the left side of the biplot diagram, as to be shown in the next section. Based on the fact that the literary discussions in Qiao set in motion a new dynamics of the literary field, it also suggests that the Taiwan’s literary field was approaching a position where the literary field is more autonomous and adheres to rules which were generated within the field itself without being influenced by the other fields. Therefore, we suggest interpreting

21 The question of autonomy of the literary field in early postwar Taiwan is discussable, because all the agents are somehow connected to the field of power and they are responding to the up-down cultural policy implemented by the Taiwan Provincial Executive Administrative Office.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

055

the PC2 as a tendency towards the autonomy of the literary field (positive values of loadings) and as a tendency to converge with the field of power (negative values of loadings).22

5.3. PCA Biplot Visualization Figure 2 gives a visualization of important contributors in relation to the crucial periodicals on a two-dimensional biplot, where the x-axis is PC1, the y-axis PC2. Based on the distribution of the contributors on the first and second principal components, there appear to be five clusters of contributors in terms of their publication patterns. For the ease of exposition, these five clusters are numbered in our later discussion. The importance of the periodicals is based on their loadings on the principal components. In other words, it would suggest that contributors close to each other may form a possible cluster because they share similar publication patterns, especially in the periodicals that are highlighted in the headings (i.e. the red arrows in the biplot).

5.3.1. Cluster 1: Position Approximating the Autonomy of Literary Field To understand the characteristics of this position, we have to look at the common dispositions of agents occupying this position. If we look at the group from the perspective of political affiliation, some of the writers represent more oppositional stands to the official line (e.g. Zhang Yu 張禹 [original name Wang Sixiang 王思翔 ], Huang Rongcan 黃榮燦 [191652], and Zhu Shi 朱實 [orig. name Zhu Shangyi 朱商 彞 ]). But this observation cannot be applied to all agents23 and therefore will not be the most crucial characteristics of this position. From the perspective of their regional affiliation, the majority was Taiwanese in origin, but again not all of them.24 From the perspective of affiliation to a generation, in this group we can also see two writers, who belonged to the older generation of Taiwanese authors, namely, Long Yingzong 龍 瑛 宗 (1911-99) and Wu Zhuoliu 吳 濁 流 (1900-76). They were both known as authors already in the Japanese period and they earned their symbolic capital, which enabled them to occupy a rather high position in the field. This cluster also belongs another significant group of agents, who were represented by a younger generation of Taiwanese authors. While being still secondary school students, authors like Lin Shuguang 林 曙 光 (1926-2000), Zhu Shi, Zhang Hongmeng 張紅夢 (1925-95, orig. name Zhang Yanxun 張彥勳 ), Lin Hengtai 林亨 泰 (1924-) etc. were members of Yinling hui 銀鈴會 and contributed to the association’s core

22 This interpretation is supported by other journals with negative loadings, like Jianguo yuekan, which also had very closed relations with the field of power. 23 As an exception would be Xie Qing 謝青 (1928-) or Wu Yintao 吳瀛濤 (1916-71, pen name Yingtao 瀛濤 ). 24 The exceptions are Huang Rongcong and Xie Qing.

056

數位人文研究叢書六

Figure 2 PCA biplot visualization

journal Chaoliu 潮流 . Later in 1948, when they moved to Taipei to seek further education, many of them contributed to the journal edited by Lin Shuguang, Long’an wenyi.25 What is even more important in terms of dispositions for this particular position in the field is that this group, in comparison to other clusters, was more engaged in actual literary writing (as in opposition to participation in literary or politically motivated discussions). If we look at their literary style as a part of these agents’ “habitus,” we may see a strong inclination towards the genres of modern poetry and short-stories. This group of young viable writers represents a potential force, which could enable the literary field to set its own rules

25 For more about this group of authors see Cai Mingyan 2015.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

057

based on aesthetic and artistic appreciation. Many of them, however, were silenced after the establishment of White Terror. In comparison to the following cluster, the majority of the agents had not been established in the literary field and they tended to publish in lesser number of periodicals. We may thus assume that their symbolic capital was not as high as is the case of the following cluster.

5.3.2. Cluster 2: Position with the Highest Symbolic Capital The position suggests that these agents were all adherents to the principles of modern Chinese literature and they were not directly influenced by the field of power, as they are situated high above the x-axis. A brief look at this cluster shows that these agents are the most important agents in the field and in many respects share similar “habitus” with the previous cluster. Similar to the previous group, in terms of regional affiliation, we can see both groups: Taiwanese (Yang Kui, Ye Shitao) and Mainlanders (Lei Shiyu, Zheng Zhong 鄭重 [orig. name Yang Yang 楊揚 , 1926-], Xiao Di 蕭荻 ). From the perspective of political affiliation, especially in higher positions within this cluster, we can see agents who were politically in opposition and did not agree with the official cultural policy of the official line. But we can’t apply these characteristics to all agents.26 Zheng Zhong, for example, had a military background, working as a political official, and later he acted as a director of a police station. Such a background should have situated him closer to the Cluster 5, which was closely affiliated with military cliques in Taiwan. Later in the 1950s he also became a member of Cultural Affairs Council, which was more common for the agents in the Cluster 4. This example shows that political affiliation, though very decisive for some individual agents, cannot be used as a single characteristic for this position. Unfortunately, our current method only allows us to look at where the agents have published. PCA cannot further distinguish those who have different political affiliations. In this respect, the input data represent our current research limitations. In this cluster, however, one can see several very important agents who were both writers and public intellectuals taking part in various discussions. Agents like Yang Kui, Ye Shitao, Lei Shiyu, unlike the agents in the previous cluster represent more senior players in the literary field. They gained their recognition already in the previous period and after 1945 became very active figures in the cultural scene.27 Zheng Zhong, Xiao Di and Lei Shiyu were also known 26 We do not know anything about Wang Ling’s 王陵 , Ling Feng’s 淩風 , and Taibi’s 太璧 background. 27 Yang Kui, for example, is not only a prolific author and well know left-wing intellectual, he also published his own periodical Yiyang zhoubao 一陽週報 and edited a supplement Lixing 力行 of Taizhong’s Lixing bao 力行 報.

058

數位人文研究叢書六

figures in the Mainland China before 1945 and gained certain fame within their circles. The common feature for these intellectuals (as in opposition to the previous cluster) is that they published in a wide variety of periodicals, which means that their work was valued and represented certain “literary taste” of their time.28 In terms of produced literature, we can see all genres of modern literature: poetry (Zheng Zhong), short-stories (Yang Kui, Ye Shitao), one act drama (Yang Kui), serialized stories (Lei Shiyu and Wang Ling), and polemic articles (Yang Kui, Ye Shitao, Zheng Zhong, Lei Shiyu). Therefore, we would suggest that the prestige these agents enjoyed is the common characteristics, which put them in this unique position in the field. Table 2 shows that the top agents who published in the highest number of different periodicals. As we explained above, we assume that those who published in many periodicals probably enjoyed the acknowledgement of their peers. We take this as a marker of high symbolic capital. Table 2 shows that the agents with high symbolic capital were distributed in all clusters, but the Cluster 2 gives us rather high frequency of these agents. In comparison to the others, they are rather critical to the official line. Most importantly, they are all writers in contrast to Jiang Zhongzheng 蔣 中 正 (1887-1975), Lin Zigui 林紫貴 (1908-70), Fan Shoukan 范壽康 (1896-1983), and Li Jigu 李 季谷 (1895-1968), who were politicians and the motivations to have their writings published were probably different.

5.3.3. Cluster 3: Interim Position between the Literary Field and Field of Power From the perspective of the first principal component, the literary genres, literary function and style of this cluster converge with the style of modern Chinese literature. From the perspective of content, however, it approaches the standpoints of the official cultural policy of that time, which makes this position very close to the position of the field of power that propagated this policy. It also explains the closer connection of this position with the supplement Haifeng, as compared to the Cluster 2. While agents in the first and second cluster are also representatives of modern Chinese literature genres and its literary function, they opposed to the field of power and were not directly influenced by it. However, the Cluster 3, as it will be shown below, has a tendency to overlap with the field of power. There is one common factor for the agents in this cluster, i.e. they are all Mainlanders.29 If we want to reconstruct the dispositions of this position, however, we face a bit difficult 28 As a good example we can take a famous Qiao discussion on Taiwanese literature, which was originally started by Yang Kui, but any agent who wanted to make an impact to the field, participated in it. Therefore, among others we can see also Ye Shitao and Lei Shiyu. 29 Chen Dingguo somehow does not fit to the dispositions of the other agents. He was a visual artist close to the group Yin ling hui 銀 鈴 會 , from which young students like Lin Shuguang, Zhu Shi, Qianzi emerged the literary field. This group was operating in Taizhong and the patronage of Yang Kui. There was, however, another Chen Dingguo in the cultural field, who was a local politician in greater Taibei. We tried to

059

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

Table 2 Prominent agents ordered according to the number of periodicals where they had publications Name Yang Kui 楊逵 Huang Rongcan 黃榮燦 Xu Shouchang 許壽裳 Lin Shuguang 林曙光 Xiao Jindui 蕭金堆 Lei Shiyu 雷石榆 Mao Wenchang 毛文昌 Yang Yunping 楊雲萍 Mao Yibo 毛一波 Zhu Shi 朱實

No. of periodicals 12 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 6

Name Lin Zigui 林紫貴 Jiang Zhongzheng 蔣中正 Chen Fengyuan 陳逢源 Chen Dingguo 陳定國 Fan Shoukang 范壽康 Lu Sushang 呂訴上 Huang Chunqing 黃純青 Li Yizhong 李翼中 Li Jigu 李季谷 Xie Zunwu 謝尊五

No. of periodicals 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5

Name Wang Sixiang 王思翔 Ye Shitao 葉石濤 Meng Chao 孟超 / 海燕 Yang Feng 揚風 Yang Naifan 楊乃藩 Long Yingzong 龍瑛宗 Zeng Jinke 曾今可 Ming 明 Ke Biao 柯標 Zeng Jikun 曾紀琨 / 焜

No. of periodicals 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

problem, as it seems to be a very heterogeneous cluster. One third of plotted agents are represented by unknown pen-names (Ying 英 , Feng 風 , Ping 平 , Haiyan 海 燕 , Yue Sui 月 遂 , Chen Cai 陳 蔡 , Yun 雲 ). Then we have the representatives of the “official line”: governor Chen Yi 陳儀 and Qian Gechuan 錢歌川 (1903-90), the dean at Provincial Taiwan University, who was directly invited by the governor Chen Yi. They both supported the sinicization process in Taiwan and removal of Japanese legacy from Taiwanese culture. Chen Yi’s case is even more specific, because he is a core figure in the field of power. These agents are accompanied by Xiao Qiu 蕭秋 (original name 朱嘯秋 , 1923-2014), who occupied positions both in the cultural field (woodcarver, painter and worked in the film industry) and within the military world (he served in military police units and was an editor of military periodicals and publications).30

distinguish between these two, but maybe we did not inscribe all articles to the right author. Thus there is an inconsistency in the results. 30 Information retrieved from (accessed on February 2, 2016): http://almanac.nmtl.gov.tw/opencms/almanac_ data/almanacContent/People/Volume_2014/C2015122014131131FO.pdf

060

數位人文研究叢書六

The most significant group in this cluster, however, consists of Mainland Chinese editors and journalists, who were employed in state-controlled newspaper. Among these belong: Jiang Sen 江 森 (original name He Xin 何 欣 , 1922-98, editor of the supplement Wenyi 文 藝 of Taiwan Xinsheng bao, later became a professor at Taiwan Pedagogical Institute), Jiang Moliu 江莫流 (editor of the supplement Xin wenyi 新文藝 of Zhonghua ribao), Meng Zhou 夢周 (original name 楊思鐸 , 1925-?), Lou Xian 樓憲 (original name 樓曦 , 1908-, editor of Xin zhishi and manager of the newspaper Heping ribao 和平日報 ). Their political affiliation is not so much homogeneous either. It is known that Lou Xian was involved in the leftist movement in China before 1945 and closely cooperated with leftist intellectuals in Taizhong, who were in opposition to the ruling elites in Taiwan. But the political affiliation of the others is unclear. In terms of production of these agents, we can see a strong tendency to publish opinion articles and nearly no literary writings. And as for the content, there is an aptness to propagate legacy of the May Fourth Movement (e.g. by Jiang Sen, Jiang Moliu), which would correspond to the cultural policies of the official line. 31 And this is the point where the seemingly heterogeneous agents of this cluster meet and reconcile their positions. In this respect it is not surprising to see them in the lower left position of the biplot visualization, as they are all adherents of modern literature (mainly as a tool for improving society) and they took modern Chinese literature as a model for Taiwanese literature, and thus approximate the official line of the field of power.

5.3.4. Cluster 4: Transitional Position Position of this cluster is rather in the middle of the biplot, which suggests a sort of compromise. As for the disposition of agents, it is obvious that the group is more heterogeneous, and the common characteristics which put these agents together may well go beyond the discussion about literary style and involvement with the field of power. The agents emerging from the biplot are those who share similar publication patterns in Taiwan wenhua 台 灣 文 化 . The journal was published (June 10, 1946-May 1950) by an association called Taiwan Wenhua Xiejinhui 台灣文化協進會 , whose inaugural meeting attended 400 guests from the cultural life. Within this association and in the journal itself, there were present agents from different backgrounds, as we can see from plotted agents in the biplot.

31 The proponents of the sinization process suggested to exchange Japanese cultural influences with democracy, science and Three Peoples principles. The first two correspond to the main concepts of the May Fourth Movement. (Shelun 1946)

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

061

Some of the agents of this clusters were in high political or administrative functions (e.g. You Mijian 游彌堅 [1897-1971],32 Li Liewen 黎烈文 [1904-72],33 Fan Shoukang 范壽 康 [1894-83],34 Xie E 謝娥 [1918-95]35 or Xu Shouchang 許壽裳 [1883-1948]36). In terms of local affiliation and political standpoints, these agents were mixed. As an example of the journal’s heterogeneous character, we can take, Su Xin 蘇新 (1907-81) who was Taiwanese and a progressive intellectual, but he served as an editor for Taiwan wenhua (i.e. as a subordinate of the Association’s committee represented by socially and politically highly positioned Mainlanders); another example can be Wang Baiyuan 王白淵 (1902-65), who was a freelance writer and a journalist for Taiwan Xinsheng bao. His appearance one would expect in the first cluster. The third example can be the second editor of Taiwan wenhua, Yang Yunping 楊 雲 萍 (1906-2000), who was ethnically Taiwanese, but worked for Taiwan Provincial Institute for Translation and Publication (official line) and later, after the 2.28 Incident as a professor at Provincial Taiwan University. (Huang Yingzhe, 2007: 136). Another group of agents consists of Mainland Chinese, who had never been to Taiwan, but their work was published here, such as Guo Moruo 郭沫若 (1892-1978), but also Bing Xin 冰心 (poetress, 1900-99), Xie Bingyin 謝冰瑩 (1906-2000), and Song Meiling 宋美齡 (1898-2003). Therefore, we have not only representatives of the official establishment, who moreover belonged to different political cliques, but also representatives of local intellectuals, who gained their reputation already during the Japanese colonial period. We can also find here a group of people who were committed to the ideas of Marxism and Socialism. This position nicely illustrates that other factors (e.g. studying in Japan, recognition in the cultural field etc.) were

32 Originally Taiwanese but spent time in China during the war. He cooperated with Chen Yi on plan for retrocession of Taiwan before the war, but did not belong to the same political clique. He belonged to the financial clique of families Kong and Song (Kong Song pai 孔 宋 派 ). After the war he became a mayor of Taipei. 33 Deputy director of the official newspaper Taiwan Xinsheng bao. At first he also served as an instructor for cadres in Taipei, later in 1947 he was appointed as a professor at Department of Foreign Languages at Taiwan Provincial University. He belonged to Chen Yi’s clique of Collaborators from Fujian. 34 Studied in Japan and he worked as a professor at various universities in China. In the same time, he occupied high administrative offices regarding education. After the war he was the director of the Department of Education of Taiwan Provincial Administrative Executive Office. After the 2.28 Incident he became professor of philosophy at Taiwan Provincial University. Politically he belonged to KMT’s clique Zhengxue (Zhengxue pai 政學派 ) and Chen Yi’s clique of Collaborators from Fujian. 35 Taiwanese female doctor. She studied in Japan and in Taipei. She participated in anti-Japanese movement, for which she was arrested in 1944. She was the president of Taiwan Provincial Women Association and member of parliament. After 2.28 Incident she participated. 36 On the personal request of Governor Chen Yi, Xu Shouchang, who was friend of Lu Xun and classmate of Chen Yi, was appointed as a director of the Provincial Institute of Compilation and Translation (Taiwan sheng bianyi guan 台灣省編譯館 ), which was administratively subordinated to Taiwan Provincial Administrative Executive Office. After the 2.28 Incident, he was appointed as a professor at Provincial Taiwan University. He was killed on February 18, 1948 at the university dormitory.

062

數位人文研究叢書六

more prominent than ethnic or political affiliation to gain recognition (i.e. symbolic capital) within this group. We may take the journal Taiwan wenhua and the association as the representatives of this position and analyze their standpoints towards the official cultural policies in Taiwan. The aims of the association were formulated by You Mijian (1945), the head of the association and the mayor of Taipei, in an editorial of Taiwan Xinsheng bao on the eve before the association was officially launched. He emphasized the thread of the Japanese cultural legacy in Taiwan society and culture and proposed to help the state with implementation of the new regulations, to introduce the state language and writing, all in accordance with the Three Peoples Principles. These aims were further elaborated in the journal itself (You Mijian 1946). Such an attitude reflected the official cultural policy, which Chen Yi’s government and the KMT in general implemented toward Taiwan. This brings him and the journal more towards the field of power. His definition of Taiwanese culture and literature ignoring Taiwanese realities before 1945, however, provoked reactions of Taiwanese intellectuals, which shows certain level autonomy and dissatisfaction with convergence with the field of power. The agents like Yang Yunping, Su Xin, Lin Maosheng, Xu Naichang or Wang Baiyuan expressed their dissent, which varied from light disenchantment (Yang Yunping), through open disagreement (Lin Maosheng), to political opposition (Xu Naichang). This reaction, of course, emerged later in 1946 and was rather silenced by the 2.28 Incident. We may thus conclude that this position is rather heterogeneous with respect to their attitudes toward the official policies and affiliation to the field of power. It is important to note, however, that the position around Taiwan wenhua attracted agents with rather high symbolic capital and it was rather inclusive, but these agents were not so active as agents from the second cluster. The variety of opinions and different character of contributions is one of the specificity of the journal. It is also important to note that many important figures in the cultural scene from the 1950s are present in this cluster.

5.3.5. Cluster 5: Position of conservatives The biplot suggests that this group of contributors share similar publication patterns across several periodicals, especially in Taiwan shibao, Zhengqi yuekan, and Jianguo yuekan. This observation is consistent with our previous discussion on PC1, suggesting a remarkable position, which is rather ignored in the secondary scholarship.37 In terms of literature published in these journals, we may see that traditional poetry is occupying a considerable space.

37 With the exception of research of Huang Mei-e (mainly 2008) and Xu Junya (2012).

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

063

The existence of traditional poetry in Taiwan’s literary field is not something new, which would appear only after the war with Mainlanders. It was a flourishing genre in the Japanese period as well and even supported by the ruling elites (Xu Shijia 2013, Lai Ziqing 1959, 1960). The discussions in the secondary scholarship also suggest that the creation of traditional poetic genres usually involved social interactions, either in form of social meetings or more regular gathering of poetic groups. By way of illustration, we can take a closer look at a banquet organized by Ge Lei’s cousin, Niu Xianming 鈕 先 銘 (1912-96). The guests at the banquet composed poems to express their gratitude, and these were published in the journal. The professional positions specified next to their names, which offered hints at their social prestige. This facilitated the reconstruction of the social profile of the participants as a group and allowed for a glimpse at the literary practices characteristic of this position in the literary field (Lin Xiantang et. al. 1948). Many of the agents appeared in other journals of this cluster as well, and one may assume that in their circle other than literary merits generated prestige. This journal offers us insights into an unexpected corner of the early post-war literary field, one that is very remote from the dominant positions. If we want to reconstruct the predispositions of this position in the literary field, we again look at several criteria. From the perspective of regional affiliation, one can find both Chinese and Taiwanese. The majority of the agents occupy rather high positions in the society and bureaucratic apparatus of Taiwan province. We may take agents publishing in Jianguo yuekan as an example to show the predisposition. The most active contributor to the periodical was its editor Zeng Jinke 曾今可 (1901-71).38 During the war, he was a member of the Central Cultural Movement Committee of the Central Propaganda Department. In the summer of 1948, he became a chief secretary of Provincial Office for Historical Records (Taiwan sheng Tongzhi guan 台灣省通志館 ). And its reorganization in 1949, he was again appointed as a chief secretary of the Provincial Committee for Historical Materials (Taiwan sheng Wenxian weiyuan hui 台灣省文獻委員會 ). In the same time, he was the editor of Jianguo yuekan and Taiwan shibao. The second most prolific author (22 contributions) in this cluster was general Niu Xianming, deputy commander of the garrison in Taiwan (Taiwan jingbei fu siling 台灣警 備副司令 ) and deputy chamber of the second rank at the Ministry of Defense (Guofang bu di er ting fu ting 國防部第二廳副廳 ). The third most active contributor (10 contributions) was Huang Chunqing 黃純青 (1875-1965), who worked in private sector, but also occupied political functions.39 38 He published 51 contributions. 39 In October 1945, he became a chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Farmers Association, then a supervisor of Land Bank and Cooperative Bank. He also served in this period as a chairman for Datong middle school. In

064

數位人文研究叢書六

A selective discussion of the contributors in this journal readily shows, in comparison to other clusters, its higher involvement in political life. These agents, however, do not share the same political standpoints as the “official line.” This is also confirmed by close reading of the journals, where we can hardly see any articles devoted to the official cultural policy of sinization of Taiwan. Xu Xiuhui (2013, 62-63) also remarks that people around Zhengqi Group (Zhengqi xueshe 正氣學社 ), the journal Zhengqi yuekan and Jianguo yuekan mostly belonged to the military clique (Juntong 軍 統 ) and Central Club clique (CC pai CC 派 ), which were involved in a power struggle with Chen Yi’s clique in post-war Taiwan. We call this group of agents as “conservatives,” which refers more to sociological classification and habitus of this group of agents. In comparison to conservatives in Mainland China during the Republican period gathering around the journal Xuehengi 學 衡 , which aimed at “preserving China’s traditional cultural heritage and to introduce knowledge of the West” (Feuerwerker 2008, 166), the agents in Taiwan were conservative in their ways of producing and consuming literary writings. The motivation for such literary activities in the past and liking of classical-style poetry probably varied in different periods.40 But all agents through times (late imperial time, Republican era, Japanese colonial period and post-war period in Taiwan) have in common is the liking of fengya 風 雅 , or as Wu Shengqing (2008: 17) understands it, “exquisite taste, the leisurely literati lifestyle, and an unrestrained, artistic spirit.” Poets in the early post-war Taiwan, probably did not experience the same feeling of loss and cultural nostalgia as literati in early Republican period,41 but participating in literary gatherings probably brought them a feeling of being wenren, an exquisite group within the Taiwanese cultural landscape.

6. Concluding Remarks This study analyzed the literature and the literary field of early post-war Taiwan (1945-49) from a quantitative perspective in hope for a contribution to the study of digital humanities. Our framework was based on the theory of the literary field formulated Pierre Bourdieu. Different from the current secondary scholarship centralizing on prominent figures or groups, the Association of Taiwanese Culture, he was one of the supervisors. He acted as a chairman for Guoyu ribao 國語日報 , which was established in 1947 and as a member of planning committee for Taiwan xinsheng bao. As for his political involvement, he was one of the first senators elected in Taiwan Province and the provincial government adviser, chairman of the Taiwan Provincial Museum Annals, etc. 40 As Wu Shengqing (2008, 39) remarks, the motivations for different agents varied during the Japanese rule. While Japanese literati considered classical-style poetry part of Japanese cultural resources and were hoping it would help with fostering cultural identification with Japan, Taiwanese literati, on the other hand, used poetry to consolidate their connection with Han Chinese culture. The motivations of different agents in the early post-war period will be studied later. 41 Compare Wu Shengqing 2008.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

065

we reconstructed the contemporaneous literary using a comprehensive collection of catalogue information of the periodicals during this period. We presented a critical analysis on the emerging clusters of the contributors according to their commonalities of the periodicals in which they had published. The distributions of the contributors uncover possible literary fields in the post-war period, which are represented by PC1 and PC2 respectively. From the perspective of the x-axis of the biplot, i.e. PC1, on left hand side we have the preference for modern Chinese literature genres, while on the right we have preference for traditional genres. From the perspective of the y-axis, i.e. PC2, the higher the position is, it seems that the agents were less dependent on the field of power. The factors contributing to the emergence of the clusters and literary fields are summarized in a schematic plot as shown in Figure 3.

Autonomy 1 4

Literary Autonomy 2

5

3

The emergence of the literary fields and the clustering of the agents

Field of power Modern

Traditional Literary Style

Figure 3 A schematic representation of the emergence of clusters and literary fields

If we connect the distributions of the contributors in the biplot back to the high-loading periodicals on PC1 and PC2, we can see a triangle of Haifeng, Jianguo yuekan, and Qiao. Our results may suggest the following general tendencies: (1) the most autonomous part of the field is the top-left corner; (2) the most dependent position to the field of power is the bottom-right corner;

066

數位人文研究叢書六

(3) the bottom-left corner may suggest a gradient field where contributors, who voiced themselves, being neither autonomous nor connected to the political regime. Therefore, at the top-left corner, we find more social activists who tended to publish in Qiao or some other similar periodicals. At the bottom-right corner, we find more contributors who were politically bonded (e.g. holding official positions) and published more often in Jianguo yuekan or other similar journals. At the bottom-left corner, we find authors who were less socially active and possibly did not have much official bonding with the central power. They might publish more often in Haifeng, the scope of which was regional in nature. The employed method, in comparison to more traditional scholarship, helps researchers in two ways. Firstly, one can step back and discuss major processes in the literary scene, which explains its dynamics in a given time, as in opposition to author studies. Secondly, statistical methods cast a light on agents who were influential among their contemporaries (and who were not singled out for attention according to our contemporary criteria). On the basis of their backgrounds and literary style, we can draw a more complete picture of the literary scene. Principal component analysis has allowed the analyst to visualize the tendency of groups of agents to publish in particular periodicals. As a result, we can observe that certain groups of authors predominantly published in different periodicals, which have not been critically compared in the previous scholarship. For instance, the existing literature has paid great attention to Qiao, but not to Haifeng, even though our results point to the great influence of the latter. Likewise, our results suggest the existence of differentiating factors between agents who have been unquestioningly regarded as similar in the previous literature (e.g. the agents from cluster 1 and 2), indicating a need for further investigation. Our research hence calls attention to hitherto neglected aspects of the literary scene and also enables the identification of differences which have so far gone unnoticed. It invites researchers to find more deeply embedded principles underlying the dynamics of the literary scene and thus to devise fresh interpretations. If one revisits the existing scholarship on the early post-war Taiwan and compare it to our interpretations, one might argue that no revolutionary revelations emerge from the application of this approach. We believe, however, that the combination of close and distant reading on the one side and of literary analyses enriched by a sociological perspective on the other is apt to shed light on “forgotten corners” of the literary field and to call for an effort to rewrite the literary history of that period in subtly novel ways. This leads us to our future research on the reconstruction of literary field by adopting a quantitative corpusbased approach and including linguistic patterns of the contributors as well as rigorous prosopographical analysis of agents’ bibliographical data. It is hoped that the inclusion of textual analyses and sociological uncovering of the agents during the post-war period will yield a more unified picture of the literary scenes.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

067

References Anonym. (1946, February 20). Ying ming 嚶鳴 . Zhonghua ribao, Haifeng 中華日報.海風 . Berry, D. M. (2011). The Computational Turn: Thinking About the Digital Humanities. Culture Machine, 12.2. Retrieved from http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/ cm/article/view/440 Bourdieu, P. (1993). The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. Edited by R. Johnson. New York: Columbia University Press. Bourdieu, P. (1996). The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field. Translated by S. Emanuel. Cambridge: Polity Press. Burrows, J. F. (1992). Not Unless You Ask Nicely: The Interpretative Nexus Between Analysis and Information. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 7, 91-109. Busa, R. A. (2004). Foreword: Perspectives on the Digital Humanities. In S. Schreibman, R. Siemens, & J. Unsworth (Eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities (pp. xvi-xxi). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Cai 蔡 , M. 明諺 . (2015). Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan Xinshi De Chonggou - Yi Yinlinghui He Chaoliu Wei Kaocha 戰後初期台灣新詩的重構—以銀鈴會和《潮流》為考 察 . Taiwan Wenxue Yanjiu Xuebao 臺灣文學研究學報 , 20, 41-71. Cai 蔡 , Sh. 淑滿 . (2002). Zhanhou Chuqi Taipei De Wenxue Huodong Yanjiu 戰後初期 台 北 的 文 學 活 動 研 究 . Unpublished M.A. thesis. Taoyuan: Guoli Zhongyang Daxue, Zhongguo Wenxue Yanjiusuo 國立中央大學中國文學研究所 . Caituan Faren Taiwan Wenxue Fazhan Jijin Hui 財團法人台灣文學發展基金會 . (2011). Taiwan Wenxueqikan Shi Bianzuan Ji Cangpin Quanshi Jihua (Di Er Jieduan): Xiuding Hou Zong Chengguo Baogao 台灣文學期刊史編纂暨藏品詮釋計劃 (第二階段) :修訂後總成果報告 . Chen 陳 , C. 翠蓮 . (2002). Qu Zhimin Yu Zai Zhimin De Duikang: Yi 1946 Nian Taiwan Nuhua Lunzhan Wei Jiaodian 去殖民與再殖民的對抗 : 以一九四六年「臺人 奴化」論戰為焦點 . Taiwan Shi Yanjiu 臺灣史研究 , 9(2), 145-201. Chen 陳 , C. 翠蓮 . Paixi Douzheng Yu Quanmou Zhengzhi: 2.28 Beiju De Ling Yi Mian 派系 鬥爭與權謀政治 : 二二八悲劇的另一面 . Taipei: Shibao Chubanshe 臺北:時 報出版社 , 1995.

068

數位人文研究叢書六

Chen 陳 , F. 芳明 . (2011). Taiwan Xin Wenxue Shi: Di Jiu Zhang: Zhan Hou Chuqi Wenx Ue De Chongjian Yu Duncuo 臺灣新文學史 (9):戰後初期文學的重建與頓挫 . Lianhe Wenxue 聯合文學 , 17(5), 150-163. Chen 陳 , J. 建 忠 . (2007). Bei Zuzhou De Wenxue: Zhan Hou Chuqi (1945-1949) Taiwan Wenxue Lunji 被詛咒的文學:戰後初期(1945-1949)台灣文學論集 . Taipei: Wunan Tushu Gongsi 臺北:五南圖書公司 . Chen 陳 , Sh. 淑 容 . (2015). Lei Shiyu Tainan Xingsan Ji Fenxi: Hou 2.28 De Fengjing Yu Xinjing 雷 石 榆「 臺 南 行 散 記 」 分 析: 後 二 二 八 的 風 景 與 心 境 . Taiwan Wenxue Yanjiu Xuebao 臺灣文學研究學報 , 20, 73-94. Chen 陳 , Y. 映真 & Zeng 曾 J. 健民 (Eds.) (1999). Taiwan Wenxue Wenti Lunyi Ji: 19471949 臺灣文學問題論議集:1947-1949. Taipei: Renjian 臺北:人間 . Clement, R. & D. Sharp. (2003). Ngram and Bayesian Classification of Documents. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 18(4), 423-47. Dluhošová, T. & A. C.-H. Chen. (2015). A Reconstruction of the Literary Landscape in the Early Post-War Period of Taiwan: A Perspective of Digital Humanities. Bulletin of Taiwanese Literature 27, 113-152. Dluhošová, T. (2013a). Does “Dominating” Mean “Mainstream”?

— Official Taiwan

Literature in 1945-47. Studia Orientalia Slovaca, 11(1), 5-26. Dluhošová, T. (2013b). Literárne pole a literatúra v ranom povojnovom období na Taiwane (1945-1949). Unpublished PhD thesis. Prague: Charles Univeristy. Dunn, M., Terrill A., Reesink G., Foley R. A. & Levinson S. C. (2005). Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History. Science, 309(5743), 2072-2075. Feuerwerker, Y. M. (2008). Reconsidering Xuehen: Neo-Conservetism in Early Republican China. In Denton, K. A. & Hockx, M. (Eds.), Literary Societies of Republican China. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 137-170. In S. Schreibman, R. Siemens, & J. Unsworth (Eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities (pp. xvi-xxi). Malden, MA: Blackwell. Ge 歌 , L. 雷 . (1947, August 1). Kan Qian Xu Yu 刊前序語 . Taiwan Xinsheng Bao 台灣新 生報 , Qiao 橋 , (1).

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

069

Gries, S. T., Hampe, B. & Schönefeld, D. (2005). Convering Evidence: Bringing Together Experimental and Corpus Data on the Association of Verbs and Constructions. Cognitive Linguistics, 16(4), 635-676. He 何 , X. 欣 . (1947, May 4). Ying Wenyi Jie 迎文藝節 . Taiwan Xinsheng Bao 台灣新生報 , Wenyi 文藝 , (1). He 何 , Y. 義麟 . (1996). Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan Baozhi Zhi Baocun Xianzhuang Yu Shiliao Jiazhi 戰後初期臺灣報紙之保存現況與史料價值 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台灣 史料研究 , 8, 88-97. He 何 , Y. 義麟 . (1997). Zhan Hou Chuqi Taiwan Chuban Shiye Fazhan Zhi Chuancheng Yu Yizhi (1945-1950): Zazhi Mulu Chubian Hou Zhi Kaocha 戰後初期台灣出 版事業發展之傳承與移植(1945-1950):雜誌目錄初編後之考察 . Taiwan shiliao yanjiu 台灣史料研究 , 10, 3-24. He 何 , Y. 義麟 . (1998). Zheng Jing Bao Yu Taiwan Pinglun Jieti《政經報》與《台灣評論》 解題 . In Zhengjingbao 政經報 (Vol. 4). Taipei: Chuanwen Wenhua Shiye Youxian Gongsi 臺北:傳文文化事業有限公司 . Hockey, S. M. (2000). Electronic Texts in the Humanities: Principles and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Hockx, M. (2003). Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911-1937. Leiden; Boston: Brill. Holmes, D. I. (1998). The Evolution of Stylometry in Humanities Scholarship. Literary and Linguistic Computing 13, 111-117. Holmes, D. I., Robertson, M. & Paez, R. (2001). Stephen Crane and the New-York Tribune: A Case Study in Traditional and Non-Traditional Authorship Attribution. Computers and the Humanities, 35(3), 315-331. Hoover, D. L. (2013). Quantitative Analysis and Literary Studies. In R. Siemens & S. Schreibman (Eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 517-533. Huang 黃 , H. 惠禎 . (2009). Zuoyi Pian Jingshen De Duanjie: Siling Niandai Yang Kui Wenxue Yu Sixiang De Lishi Yanjiu 左翼批判精神的鍛接:四○年代楊逵文學與思想的 歷史研究 (1st ed.). Taipei: Xiuwei Zixun Keji 臺北:秀威資訊科技 .

070

數位人文研究叢書六

Huang 黃 , H. 惠禎 . (2015). Qian Gechuan De Taiwan Jingyan Yu Yuanxiang Yishi 錢歌川 的台灣經驗與原鄉意識 . Taiwan Wenxue Yanjiu Xuebao 台灣文學研究學報 , 20, 95-129. Huang

黃 , Meie

美 娥 . (2004) Chongceng Xiandaixing Jingxiang: Rizhi Shidai Taiwan

Chuantong Wenren De Wenhua Shi Yu Wenxue Xiangxiang 重層現代性鏡像:日治 時代臺灣傳統文人的文化視域與文學想像 . Taipei: Maitian 臺北:麥田 . Huang 黃 , Meie 美娥 . (2008) Zhanhou Chuqi De Taiwan Gudian Shitan 戰後初期的臺 灣古典詩壇 . In Xu Xueji 許雪姬 (Ed.), Ererba Shijian 60 Zhounianji Lun Wen Ji 二二八事件 60 週年紀念論文集 . Tapei: Taipei Shi Zhengfu Wenhuaju 臺北: 臺北市政府文化局 , 283-302. Huang 黃 , Y. 英哲 . (1992). Xu Shouchang Yu Taiwan (1946-48): Jian Lun Ererba Qianxi Taiwan Sheng Xingzheng Zhangguan Gongshu De Wenhua Zhengce 許壽裳與臺 灣(1946-48) :兼論二二八前夕臺灣省行政長官公署的文化政策 . In Ererba minjian yanjiuxiaozu 二二八民間研究小組 (Ed.), Ererba Xueshu Yanjiu Lunwen Ji (1991) 二二八學術研究論文集(1991). Taipei: Zili Wanbao Wenhua Chuban Bu 臺北:自立晚報文化出版部 . Huang 黃 , Y. 英 哲 . (1994). Lu Xun Sixiang Zai Taiwan De Chuanbo, 1945-49): Shilun Zhan Hou Chuqi Taiwan De Wenhua Chongjian Yu Guojia Rentong 魯 迅 思 想 在台灣的傳播,1945-49:試論戰後初期台灣的文化重建與國家認同 . In Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo 中 央 研 究 院 近 代 史 研 究 所 (Eds.), Rentong Yu Guojia: Jindai Zhong-Xi Lishi De Bijiao 認同與國家:近代中西歷史 的比較 . Taipei: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiu Suo 臺北:中央研究院 近代史研究所 . Huang 黃 , Y. 英哲 . (1995). Xin Xin Zong Mu—Zi Chuangkan Hao (1945/11/20) Zhi Di Er Juan Di Yi Qi (1947/1/ 5)《新新》總目 —自創刊號(1945 年 11 月 20 日)至第二卷第一期(1947 年 1 月 5 日). Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台灣史料研 究 , 5, 133-143. Huang 黃 , Y. 英哲 . (1997). Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan De Wenhua Chongbian (1945-1947): Taiwanren ‘Nuhua‘ Le Ma? 戰後初期臺灣的文化重編(1945-1947):臺灣人 「 奴 化 」 了 嗎? . In Xingzheng Yuan Wenhua Jianshe Weiyuanhui 行 政 院 文 化 建 設 委 員 會 (Ed.), Hewei Taiwan?: Jindai Taiwan Meishu Yu Wenhua Rentong Lunwen Ji 何謂台灣?:近代台灣美術與文化認同論文集 . Taipei: Xingzheng Yuan Wenhua Jianshe Weiyuanhui 臺北:行政院文化建設委員會 , 330-342.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

071

Huang 黃 , Y. 英哲 . (1999). Zhanhou Lu Xun Sixiang Zai Taiwan De Chuanbo (1945-1949) 戰後魯迅思想在台灣的傳播,1945-1949. In T. 利郎 Nakajima 中島 (Ed.), Taiwan Xin Wenxue Yu Lu Xun 台灣新文學與魯迅 . Taipei: Qianwei 臺北:前衛 , 147-177. Huang 黃 , Y. 英 哲 . (2001). Huang Rongcan Yu Zhan Hou Taiwan De Lu Xun Chuanbo (1945-1952) 黃榮燦與戰後臺灣的魯迅傳播(1945-1952). Taiwan Wenxue Xuebao 臺灣文學學報 , 5, 91-111. Huang 黃 , Y. 英哲 . (2007). “Qu Ribenhua” “Zai Zhongguo Hua”: Zhan Hou Taiwan Wenhua Chongjian, 1945-1947「去日本化」「再中國化」:戰後台灣文化重建,19451947. Taipei: Maitian 臺北:麥田 . Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica. Historical Sources. Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://www.mh.sinica.edu.tw/Historicalsources.aspx Jockers, Matthew L. (2014). Text Analysis with R for Students of Literature. Switzerland: Springer. Johnson, K. (2008). Quantitative Methods in Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2008). Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lai 賴 , Z. 子清 . (1959). Gujin Taiwan Shiwen She 古今台灣詩文社 . Taiwan Wenxian 臺 灣文獻 , 10(3), 79-110. Lai 賴 , Z. 子清 . (1960). Gujin Taiwan Shiwen She 古今台灣詩文社 . Taiwan Wenxian 臺 灣文獻 , 11(1), 74-100. Li 李 , R. 瑞 騰 . (1997). Guangfu Chuqi Taiwan Xinsheng Bao “Wenyi” Fukan Yanjiu 光 復初期台灣新生報《文藝》副刊研究 . In Ya Xian 瘂弦 & Chen Yizhi 陳義 芝 (Eds.), Shijie Zhongwen Baozhi Fukanxue Zonglun 世界中文報紙副刊學綜論 (First). Taipei: Xingzheng Yuan Wenhua Jianshe Weiyuanhui 臺北:行政院文化 建設委員會 . Li 李 , X. 筱峰 . (1996) Cong Minbao Kan Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan De Zheng-Jing Yu Shehui 從《民報》看戰後初期臺灣的政經與社會 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台彎史料研 究 , 8, 98-122.

072

數位人文研究叢書六

Li 李 , Zh. 知灝 . (2015). Yimin Huangmeng: Zhanhou Chuqi Zhang Daxiu Yimin Xiangxiang De Huangmie Yu Chonggou 遺民幻夢:戰後初期張達修遺民想像的幻滅與重 構 . Taiwan Wenxue Yanjiu Xuebao 台灣文學研究學報 , 20, 9-39. Lin 林 , Sh. 曙光 . (1984). Taiwan Guangfu Chuqi Riwen Xiezuo De Huigu 臺灣光復初期 日文寫作的回顧 . Wenxue Jie 文學界 , 10, 147-223. Lin 林 , Sh. 曙光 . (1994). Gannian Qi Yuan Diao Ge Lei 感念奇緣弔歌雷 . Wenxue Jie 文 學界 , 11, 20-23. Lin 林 , X. 獻堂 et al. (1948). Niu Xianming Jiangjun Yhaodai Quandao Ming Shiren Yu Qi Quandi Juxing Duanjie Lianyin Hui Fu Ci Chengzheng 鈕先銘將軍招待全島名 詩人於其官邸擧行端節聯吟會賦此呈正 . Jianguo Yuekan 建國月刊 , 2(4), 2836. Lü 呂 , Z. 正惠 . (1995). Wenxue Jingdian Yu Wenhua Rentong 文學經典與文化認同 . Taipei: Jiuge 臺北:九歌 . McKenna, C. W. F. & A. Antonia. (2001). The Statistical Analysis of Style: Reflections on Form, Meaning, and Ideology in the ‘Nausicaa’ Episode of Ulysses. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 16, 353-373. McMahon, A. & McMahon, R. (2003). Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification. Transactions of the Philological Society, 101(1), 7-55. doi: 10.1111/1467-968X.00108 National Library of Public Information 公共資訊圖書館數位典藏服務網 . Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://das.ntl.gov.tw/ Ouyang 歐陽 , M. 漫岡 . (1948, July 1). Guanyu “Taiwan Xiangtu Wenxue Xuanji” 關於「台 灣鄉土文學選輯」. Zhonghua Ribao 中華日報 , Haifeng 海風 , (316). Peng 彭 , R. 瑞金 . (1984). Ji Yi Jiu Si Ba Nian Qianhou De Yichang Taiwan Wenxue Lunzhan 記一九四八年前後的一場臺灣文學論戰 . Wenxue Jie 文學界 , 10, 2-15. Peng 彭 , R. 瑞金 . (1991). Zhan Hou Chuqi De Chongjian Yundong (1945-1945) 戰後初 期的重建運動(1945-1945). In Taiwan Xin Wenxue Yundong Sishi Nian 台灣新 文學運動四十年 . Taipei: Zili Wanbao She 臺北:自立晚報社 , 33-64. Peng 彭 , R. 瑞金 . (1997). “Qiao” Fukan Shimo「橋」副刊始末 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台 灣史料研究 , 9, 34-47.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

073

Presner, T. (2010, June 8). Digital Humanities 2.0: A Report on Knowledge. Retrieved from http://cnx.org/contents/2742bb37-7c47-4bee-bb34-0f35bda760f3@6/DigitalHumanities-20-A-Report Qin 秦 , X. 賢次 . (1997a). “Wenhua Jiaoliu” Di Yi Ji Daoyan「文化交流」第一輯導言 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台灣史料研究 , 10, 53-55. Qin 秦 , X. 賢 次 . (1997b). Xin Zhishi Yuekan Daoyan《 新 知 識 》 月 刊 導 言 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台灣史料研究 , 10, 49-52. Qin 秦 , X. 賢次 . (n.d.-a). Kaipi Xin Shijie De Yuandi - Taiwan Wenhua Jianjie 開闢新世 界的園地—《台灣文化》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 106-107. Qin 秦 , X. 賢 次 . (n.d.-b). Zhong Tai Zuoyi Zhishi Fenzi Hezuo Chengguo—Xin Zhishi Jianjie 中台左翼知識分子合作成果—《新知識》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 104-105. Qin 秦 , X. 賢次 . (n.d.-c). Xin Zhishi De Zaixian - Wenhua Jiaoliu Jianjie《新知識》的再 現—《文化交流》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 109-110. Ramsay, S. (2013). Algorithmic Criticism. In R. Siemens & S. Schreibman (Eds.), A Companion to Digital Humanities. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub, 477-491. Shelun 社論 . (1946, June 19). Lun Bensheng Wenhua Jianshe 論本省文化建設 . Taiwan Xinshengbao 台灣新生報 . Shi 石 , J. 家駒 . (1999). Yi Chang Bei Zhe Duan De Wenxue Lunzheng: Guanyu Taiwan Xin Wenxue Zhu Wenti Di Lunzheng (1947-1949) 一場被遮斷的文學論爭:關於台 灣新文學諸問題的論爭(1947-1949). In Y. Chen 陳 & J. 健民 Zeng 曾 (Eds.), Taiwan Wenxue Wenti Lunyi Ji: 1947-1949 臺灣文學問題論議集:1947-1949. Taipei: Renjian 臺北:人間 , 15-16. Spencer, M., B. Bordalejo, P. Robinson & Howe C. J. (2003). “How Reliable Is a Stemma? An Analysis of Chaucer’s Miller’s Tale.” Literary and Linguistic Computing, 18, 407-22. Stewart, L. (2003). Charles Brockden Brown: Quantitative Analysis and Literary Interpretation. Literary and Linguistic Computing, 18(2), 129-138. Taiwan Sheng Xingzheng Gongshu Xuanchuan Weiyuanhui (Ed.) 臺灣省行政公署宣傳委 員會編 . (1946) Taiwan Yi Nian Lai Zhi Xuanchuan 臺灣一年來之宣傳 . Not known: Taipei Yinshu Zhiye Gongsi Di San Yinshu Chang 臺灣印刷紙業公司第 三印刷厰 , 26-33.

074

數位人文研究叢書六

Wu Sanlian Foundation for Historical Materials 吳三連臺灣史料基金會 . Retrieved June 14, 2016, from http://www.twcenter.org.tw/publications/a02_2_a_f/a02_02_228_01 Wu, Shengqing. (2008) Contested Fengya: Classical-Style Poetry Clubs in Early Republican China. In Kirk A. Denton & Michel Hockx (Eds.), Literary Societies of Republican China. Lanham-Boulder-New York-Toronto-Plymouth: Lexington Books, 15-46. Xiang 向 , Y. 陽 . (2012 a). Yongyuan Zhaoyao Quan Tai—Ri Yue Tan Jianjie 永遠照耀全 台—《日月譚》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 102-103. Xiang 向 , Y. 陽 . (2012 b). Zhan Hou Taiwan Wenxue Chuanbo De Xin Jiu Jiaoti—Xinfeng Jianjie 戰後台灣文學傳播的新舊交替—《新風》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 96-97. Xu 許 , Sh. 時嘉 . (2013). Mingzhi Riben De Hanshi Wenyi Yishi Yu Zhimindi Tongzhi: Yi Ge Shehui Sixiang Mian De Kaocha 明治日本的漢詩文意識與殖民地統治— 一個社會思想面的考察 . Hanxue yanjiu 漢學研究 , 31(3), 261-292. Xu 徐 , X. 秀 慧 . (2004). Zhan Hou Chuqi Taiwan De Wenhua Changyu Yu Wenxue Sichao De Kaocha (1945-1949) 戰後初期臺灣的文化場域與文學思潮的考察(19451949). Xinzhu: Guoli Qinghua Daxue 新竹:國立清華大學 , Zhongguo Wenxue Xi 中國文學系 . Xu 徐 , X. 秀 慧 . (2007). Zhan Hou Chuqi (1945-1949) Taiwan De Wenhua Changyu Yu Wenxue Sichao 戰後初期(1945-1949)臺灣的文化場域與文學思潮 . Taipei: Daoxiang 臺北:稻鄉 . Xu 徐 , X. 秀 慧 . (2013). Guanfu Bianzou - Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan Wenxue Sixiang De Zhuanzhe Qi (1945-1949) 光復變奏 —戰後初期台灣文學思想的轉折期 (1945-1949). Tainan: Taiwan Wenxueguan 臺南:台灣文學館 . Xu 徐 , Y. 亞湘 . (2014). Yi Ge Xiju De Gonggong Yulun Kongjian: Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan Baozhide Xiju Tekan Fenxi 一個戲劇的公共輿論空間—戰後初期臺灣報紙 的戲劇特刊分析 . Xiju Yanjiu 戲劇研究 , 14, 51-72. Xu 徐 , Y. 亞湘 . (2015). Zhanhou Chuqi Zhongguo Juzuo Zai Tai Yanchu Shijian Tanxi 戰 後初期中國劇作在臺演出實踐探析 . Xiju Yanjiu 戲劇研究 , 12, 121-164. Xu 許 , J. 俊雅 . (2012). Zhong Tai Gudian Wenren Jiaoliu Zhi Dacheng - Taiwan Shi Bao Jianjie 中台古典文人交流之大成—《臺灣詩報》簡介 . Wenxun 文訊 , 318, 120-121.

Digital Humanities Methods for Reconstruction of the Literary Fields in the Early Post-war Period of Taiwan

075

Ye 葉 , S. 石 濤 . (1984). Liulei Sa Zhong De, Bi Huanhu Shouge—Guangfu Chuqi De Taiwan Riwen Wenxue 流淚撒種的,必歡呼收割—光復初期的台灣日文文 學 . Wenxue Jie 文學界 , 9, 2-9. Ye 葉 , S. 石濤 . (1987). Taiwan Wenxue Shi Gang 台灣文學史綱 (1st ed.). Gaoxiong: Wenxue Jie Zazhi Chubanshe, Chunhui 高雄:文學界雜誌社出版、春暉 . Yokochi 橫 , T. 地剛 . (2002). Nantian Zhi Hong: Ba Ererba Shijian Ke Zai Banhua Shang De Ren 南天之虹:把二二八事件刻在版畫上的人 . Taipei: Renjian 臺北:人間 . You 游 , M. 彌 堅 . (1945, November 20). “Taiwan Wenhua Xie Jin Hui” Chuangli De Zongzhi「台灣文化協進會」創立的宗旨 . Taiwan Xinsheng Bao 台灣新生報 . You 游 , M. 彌 堅 . (1946, September 15). Wen Xie De Shiming 文 協 的 使 命 . Taiwan Wenhua 台灣文化 , 1(1), 1. Zeng 曾 , J. 健民 (Ed.). (2001). Naxie Nian, Women Zai Taiwan... 那些年,我們在台灣……. Taipei: Renjian 臺北:人間 , 192-193. Zhang 張 , Y. 炎憲 . (1997). Qianfeng Zazhi Chuangkan Hao《前鋒》雜誌創刊號 . Taiwan Shiliao Yanjiu 台灣史料研究 , 10, 56-61. Zhang 張 , W. 望 (1946, July 17). Guangai, Gengyun—Women Jian Ge Taiwan Xin Wenhua De Miaopu 灌溉.耕耘 —我們建個台灣新文化的苗圃 . Taiwan Xinsheng Bao 台灣新生報 , Xindi 新地 , (13). Zheng 鄭 , Z. 梓 . (1994). Zhanhou Taiwan De Jieshou Yi Chongjian: Taiwan Xiandai Shi Yanjiu Lunji 戰後臺灣的接收與重建:臺灣現代史研究論集 . Taipei: Xinhua Tushu Gongsi 臺北:新華圖書公司 . Zhuang 莊 , H. 惠惇 . (1999). Zhanhou Chuqi Taiwan De Zazhi Wenhua 戰後初期台灣的 雜誌文化 . Taiwan Wenwu 台灣風物 , 48(4), 51-81.