Nov 4, 2015 - from renewable energy ... Biomass gasification for fuels and chemicals ... Biomass feedstock. However, by adding hydrogen from external ...
Doubling of synthetic biofuel production with hydrogen from renewable energy Dr. Ilkka Hannula & Esa Kurkela VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd
Carbon Capture and Storage Program (CCSP) • •
Target: technological readiness for pilots and demonstrations by the end of the program 17 industrial partners, 9 research partners, 1.1.2011 – 31.10.2016 –
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Key focus areas: – – – – – –
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Volume: 15 M€ Carbon capture and storage (CCS) in CHP systems CCS related to multi-fuel and Bio-CCS Solid looping technologies (e.g. CLC) Overcoming non-technical barriers for CCS Monitoring technologies Mineral carbonation
Close collaboration with IEA GHG, NORDICCS, Swedish CCS Project (Bastor2), Bastor, BASREC Participation in IEA GHG, IEA CCS, ZEP, EERA CCS, ENeRG, CGS Europe, International Gas Union
World GHG emissions in 2010
Source: Ecofys
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Biomass gasification for fuels and chemicals BIO-FUELS AND CHEMICALS
BIO-DME PLANT PITEÅ, SWEDEN
o o o o
GTI PILOT, USA
o o PEAT AMMONIA PLANT OULU, FINLAND
SKIVE CHP, DENMARK
NSE BIOFUELS, FINLAND
1985
1995
2000
2005
DIESEL, MeOH, DME, SNG, H2, GASOLINE OLEFINS, OTHER CHEMICALS FOREST & AGRO-INDUSTRY INTEGRATION INTEGRATION TO HEAT AND POWER INTEGRATION TO SOLAR & WIND ENERGY NEW WASTE-TO-FUEL CONCEPTS
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
CEGABTL 2015 - 2017 GASIFICATION R&D AND PILOTING USA, GERMANY, SWEDEN, FINLAND
SYNGAS R&D FOR BIOFUELS o o o o
GASIFICATION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT CATALYTIC REFROMING FINAL GAS CLEANING TESTING OF SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
o IMPROVED LARGE-SCALE GASIFICATION PROCESS o NEW PROCESSES FOR SMALLER SCALE o SIMPLER, CHEAPER GAS CLEANING o NEW CONCEPTS FOR INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF FUELS, POWER AND HEAT 4
Sustainably available residues and waste in the EU in 2030* “If all the sustainably available residues and wastes would be converted only to biofuels, it could supply 16 % of the transportation fuel need in the EU in 2030 (technical potential).”
*Source: Wasted - Europe’s untapped resource, 04/11/2015 http://europeanclimate.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/WASTED-final.pdf
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Solar insolation greatly exceeds our needs! More energy from sunlight strikes the Earth in one hour (4.3 × 1020 J) than all the energy consumed on the planet in a year (4.1 × 1020 J). This theoretical potential could be used to generate 15 TW of low-carbon power from 10 %-efficient solar-conversion systems covering 0.17% of the earth’s surface area This is roughly 2.5 times the land area of Finland
Biomass residues
GASIFICATION
GAS CLEAN-UP
CO2
Base case layout for synthetic biofuels production allows: • 50 – 60 % fuel efficiency and • up to 80 % overall efficiency. These numbers are among the best in the industry.
SYNTHESIS
UPGRADING
Synthetic fuel
Despite the high energy efficiency, more than half of feedstock carbon is rejected from the process, as there is not enough hydrogen to convert it into fuels. The traditional conversion route is therefore hydrogen constrained.
However, by adding hydrogen from external source, the surplus carbon could be hydrogenated to fuel as well.
Feed carbon Biomass feedstock
Feed hydrogen Surplus carbon
Fuel
However, by adding hydrogen from external source, the surplus carbon could be hydrogenated to fuel as well.
Feed carbon Biomass feedstock
Feed hydrogen Surplus carbon
External hydrogen
Fuel
However, by adding hydrogen from external source, the surplus carbon could be hydrogenated to fuel as well.
Feed carbon Biomass feedstock
Feed hydrogen
Fuel
Surplus carbon
External hydrogen
Fuel
But the surplus carbon is in the form of CO2 instead of CO!
CO Biomass feedstock
H2
Fuel
CO2
H2
Fuel
Implications: - Only methane and methanol have reaction route via CO2 - More H2 is required to produce one mole of fuel from CO2 than from CO - CO2 has higher activation energy than CO - Byproduct water from CO2 hydrogenation inhibits methanol catalysts
CO Biomass feedstock
H2
Fuel
CO2
H2
Fuel
Despite challenges related to CO2 hydrogenation, the potential increase in fuel output is significant.
CO Biomass feedstock
H2 CO2
H2
Fuel
Despite challenges related to CO2 hydrogenation, the potential increase in fuel output is significant.
Conversion
H2 CO2
O2
Conversion
Biomass feedstock
CO
Low-C electricity
Electrolysis
H2
Fuel
Gasoline via oxygen gasification (carbon flows)
Gasoline via steam gasification
Gasoline via enhanced steam gasification
Gasoline via enhanced oxygen gasification
Gasoline via oxygen gasification (energy)
Gasoline via enhanced oxygen gasification (energy)
SUMMARY: Hydrocarbon output from 100 MW biomass input ”Biomass only” pathway:
• 52 MW of gasoline • 31 % carbon utilisation Bioenergy with hydrogen supplement:
• 134 MW of gasoline • 79 % carbon utilisation
-------> 134 / 52 = 2.6 fold increase in output!
Take-home messages • With proper integration, biomass residues can be converted to biofuels and heat at ~80 % overall thermal efficiency
• Still, more than half of biomass carbon not utilised at all in fuel production
• Renewable and sustainable carbon a scarce resource globally • Combining the vast resources of wind and solar with bioenergy can effectively more than double biomass ”availability”
• Significant impact to sustainability issues as well? • Cost will remain as an issue. However, hydrogen enhanced biofuels likely to be the least cost method for large scale decarbonisation of the hydrocarbon supply system?
Thank you for your attention!
http://www.cleen.fi/en/ccsp
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