Chap-01

12 downloads 327 Views 533KB Size Report
All rights reserved. The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/3). ▫. 1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communication. ▫. 1897: Marconi ...
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

1

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (1/3) „ „ „

„

„ „ „ „

„ „ „ „ „

1880: Hertz – Initial demonstration of practical radio communication 1897: Marconi – Radio transmission to a tugboat over an 18 mi path 1921: Detroit Police Department: -- Police car radio dispatch (2 MHz frequency band) 1933: FCC (Federal Communications Commission) – Authorized four channels in the 30 to 40 MHz range 1938: FCC – Ruled for regular service 1946: Bell Telephone Laboratories – 152 MHz (Simplex) 1956: FCC – 450 MHz (Simplex) 1959: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Suggested 32 MHz band for high capacity mobile radio communication 1964: FCC – 152 MHz (Full Duplex) 1964: Bell Telephone Laboratories – Active research at 800 MHz 1969: FCC – 450 MHz (Full Duplex) 1974: FCC – 40 MHz bandwidth allocation in the 800 to 900 MHz range 1981: FCC – Release of cellular land mobile phone service in the 40 MHz bandwidth in the 800 to 900 MHz range for commercial operation

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

2

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (2/3) „

„

„

„ „ „ „ „

„

1981: AT&T and RCC (Radio Common Carrier) reach an agreement to split 40 MHz spectrum into two 20 MHz bands. Band A belongs to nonwireline operators (RCC), and Band B belongs to wireline operators (telephone companies). Each market has two operators. 1982: AT&T is divested, and seven RBOCs (Regional Bell Operating Companies) are formed to manage the cellular operations 1982: MFJ (Modified Final Judgment) is issued by the government DOJ. All the operators were prohibited to (1) operate long-distance business, (2) provide information services, and (3) do manufacturing business 1983: Ameritech system in operation in Chicago 1984: Most RBOC markets in operation 1986: FCC allocates 5 MHz in extended band 1987: FCC makes lottery on the small MSA and all RSA licenses 1988: TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) voted as a digital cellular standard in North America 1992: GSM (Groupe Speciale Mobile) operable in Germany D2 system

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

3

The History of Mobile Radio Communication (3/3) „

„ „ „

„ „ „

„

„

1993: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) voted as another digital cellular standard in North America 1994: American TDMA operable in Seattle, Washington 1994: PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) operable in Tokyo, Japan 1994: Two of six broadband PCS (Personal Communication Service) license bands in auction 1995: CDMA operable in Hong Kong 1996: US Congress passes Telecommunication Reform Act Bill 1996: The auction money for six broadband PCS licensed bands (120 MHz) almost reaches 20 billion US dollars 1997: Broadband CDMA considered as one of the third generation mobile communication technologies for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems) during the UMTS workshop conference held in Korea 1999: ITU (International Telecommunication Union) decides the next generation mobile communication systems (e.g., W-CDMA, cdma2000, etc)

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

4

Applications Washington, DC

Cincinnati, OH

Maintaining the telephone number across geographical areas in a wireless and mobile system Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

5

First Generation Cellular Systems and Services

1970s

Developments of radio and computer technologies for 800/900 MHz mobile communications

1976

WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference) allocates spectrum for cellular radio

1979

NTT (Nippon Telephone & Telegraph) introduces the first cellular system in Japan

1981

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) 900 system introduced by Ericsson Radio System AB and deployed in Scandinavia

1984

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) introduced by AT&T in North America

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

6

Second Generation Cellular Systems and Services 1982

CEPT (Conference Europeenne des Post et Telecommunications) established GSM to define future Pan-European cellular Radio Standards

1990

Interim Standard IS-54 (USDC) adopted by TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)

1990

Interim Standard IS-19B (NAMPS) adopted by TIA

1991

Japanese PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system standardized by the MPT (Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications)

1992

Phase I GSM system is operational

1993

Interim Standard IS-95 (CDMA) adopted by TIA

1994

Interim Standard IS-136 adopted by TIA

1995

PCS Licenses issued in North America

1996

Phase II GSM operational

1997

North American PCS deploys GSM, IS-54, IS-95

1999

IS-54: North America IS-95: North America, Hong Kong, Israel, Japan, China, etc GSM: 110 countries

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

7

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (1/2)

„

„

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000): - Fulfill one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications a reality. Key Features of IMT-2000 include: - High degree of commonality of design worldwide; - Compatibility of services within IMT-2000 and with the fixed networks; - High quality; - Small terminal for worldwide use; - Worldwide roaming capability; - Capability for multimedia applications, and a wide range of services and terminals.

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

8

Third Generation Cellular Systems and Services (2/2) „

„

„

Important Component of IMT-2000 is ability to provide high bearer rate capabilities: - 2 Mbps for fixed environment; - 384 Kbps for indoor/outdoor and pedestrian environment; - 144 kbps for vehicular environment. Standardization Work: - In processing Scheduled Service: - Started in October 2001 in Japan (W-CDMA)

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

9

Subscriber Growth

Subscribers

3G Subscribers

2G Digital only Subscribers

1G Analogue only Subscribers

90 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Year Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

10

Coverage Aspect of Next Generation Mobile Communication Systems Satellite In-Building Urban Suburban Global

Picocell

Microcell

Macrocell Global

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

11

Global System for Mobile Communications

Transmission Capacity

Mobility

Vehicular

Pedestrian

Universal Mobile Broadband radio Telecommunications System Mobile Broadband System

Local Multipoint Distribution System Satellite Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Broadband Satellite Multimedia

Stationary 0.01

0.1

1

10

100

Data rate (Mb/s) Transmission capacity as a function of mobility in some radio access systems Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

12

Wireless Technology and Associated Characteristics Cellular „ Wireless LAN/PAN „ GPS „ Satellite Based GPS „ Home Networking „ Ad Hoc Networks „ Sensor Networks „ Bluetooth „

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

13

Medical Application

ATM ATMbackbone backbone network network

In hospital physician

Remote databases

ATM switch ATM switch Wireless remote consultation

Ambulance Possibility for remote consulting (including audio visual communication)

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

14

Fundamentals of Cellular Systems Ideal cell area (2-10 km radius)

Cell

Alternative shape of a cell

BS MS MS

Hexagonal cell area used in most models

Illustration of a cell with a mobile station and a base station

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

15

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Frequency User n … User 2 User 1

Time

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

16

FDMA Bandwidth Structure

1

2

3

4



n

Frequency

Total bandwidth

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

17

FDMA Channel Allocation

Frequency 1

User 1 User 2



User n

Frequency 2



Frequency n

Mobile Stations

Base Station

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

18

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)



User n

User 2

User 1

Frequency

Time

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

19

TDMA Frame Structure

1

2

3

4



n

Time

Frame

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

20

TDMA Frame Illustration for Multiple Users

Time 1



User 2 User n

Mobile Stations

Time 2



User 1



Time n

Base Station

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

21

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

User 1

...

User 2

User n

Frequency

Time

Code

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

22

Transmitted and Received Signals in a CDMA System Information bits Code at transmitting end Transmitted signal

Received signal Code at receiving end Decoded signal at the receiver Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

23

Frequency Hopping Frequency Frame

Slot

f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 Time Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

24

Cellular System Infrastructure

BS

Service area (Zone)

Early wireless system: Large zone

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

25

Cellular System: Small Zone

BS BS

BS BS

Service area

BS BS BS

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

26

MS, BS, BSC, MSC, and PSTN PSTN Home phone



MSC BSC

BS MS





MSC BSC

BSC

BS MS

MS BS

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved





BSC

MS BS

27

Control and Traffic Channels

F

a w r o

r

Re F

Mobile Station

do ( d

v

e ers

orw

ar

Re

w

n nli

(u

n pli

do ( d

v

e ers

k

k

li wn

(u

o )c

nt

o )c

n

nt

tr k)

n pli

k

c rol

ha

c l o r

a

c ffi

a ) tr

f

h

e nn

n an

ch

c fic

l

el

n an

h

el

n an

el

Base Station

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

28

Steps for a Call Setup from MS to BS

BS

MS 1. Need to establish path 2. Frequency/time slot/code assigned (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 3. Control Information Acknowledgement 4. Start communication

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

29

Steps for a Call Setup from BS to MS

BS

MS 1. Call for MS # pending 2. Ready to establish a path 3. Use frequency/time slot/code (FDMA/TDMA/CDMA) 4. Ready for communication 5. Start communication

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

30

A Simplified Wireless Communication System Representation Antenna Information to be transmitted (Voice/Data)

Coding

Modulator

Transmitter

Carrier

Information received (Voice/Data)

Decoding

Demodulator

Antenna

Receiver

Carrier

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

31

Satellite Systems „

Traditional Applications „ „ „

„

Weather satellite Radio and TV broadcasting Military satellites

Telecommunication Applications „ „ „

Global telephone connections Backbone for global network GPS

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

32

Network Architectures and Protocols

„

„ „ „

Systematic Signaling Steps for Information Exchange Open Systems Interconnections (OSI) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP) „ „ „

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) – Work in progress Mobile IP

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

33

Ad Hoc Network

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

34

Wireless Sensor Networks Base station

Antenna

Target

Sensor

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

35

Wireless LAN and PAN

„

„ „

Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) using the IEEE 802.11 HiperLAN is a European Standard Wireless Personal Area Network (PAN) „

„

Bluetooth

HomeRF

Copyright © 2002, Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal and Dr. Qing-An Zeng. All rights reserved

36