entomopathogenic fungus and one entomopathogenic bacterium have been tested. As in Italy parathion and pal~athion-methyl still represent more than 50%.
FO:CIP:l/bS/1
F.A.O. INTERNATIONAL POPLAR COMMISSION 18th Session Beijing - September 5-8, 1988
WORKING PARTY ON INSECTS ANO OTHER ANIMAL PESTS 12th Session
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES TESTED AGAINST POPLAR INSECT PESTS IN ITALY DURING 1970-1988 by Gianni Allegro Istituto di Sperimentazione per la Pioppicoltura-SAF/ENCC Casale Monferrato (ITALY)
SU~~ARY
A review of the control measure tests carried out in Italy against poplar insect pests in the period 1970-1988 is given. Test results are divided according to insect. For each active ingredient formulation, type of application, plant age, controlled insect stage, dose, control level and reference paper are reported. The economie importance of poplar insect pests described.
in
Italy is briefly
CHEMICAL ANO BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDES TESTED AGAINST POPLAR INSECT PESTS IN ITALY DURING 1970-1988 by Gianni Allegro
Since 1970, in Italy, numerous control measure tests against the most harmful
insect
ingredients
pests
of poplar
together with
have
been carried
out.
About
50 active
three species of entomoparasitic nematodes,
one
entomopathogenic fungus and one entomopathogenic bacterium have been tested. As in Italy parathion and
pal~athion-methyl
still represent more than 50%
of insecticides used for poplar pest control, mainly because of their low cost, the high activity demonstrated by several
products which are slightly or
moderately toxic to warm-blooded animals allowed a significant progress towards minimum environmental disruption and maximum safety to humans. Test results are reported and divided according to insect. The legenda explains the symbols used in the tables. The economie importance of each insect pest, the kind of damage it causes and the measures used in Italy to control it are briefly described. Saperda carcharias L. (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) This is a very dangerous pest as it prevents trunks from being used in the ply~mod
industry.
Its larvae tunnel
healthy wood and allow penetration of
secondary pests. The newly-hatched larvae can be controlled by spraying the trunk during the period end May-beginning June, before they penetrate into the wood. The localized control of larvae is also possible by injecting insecticides into the gallery or by brushing the entrance hole.
3.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) This is the most important pest of young plants as it bores the stems which can be easily broken by the wind. In Italy the young larvae can be killed by spraying the poplar stems in winter or in spring. The treatment at the end of March is the most effective one as the whole population of larvae is active and still feeding under the bark. Some trials have been carried out in arder to verify the possibility of using systemic insecticides applied to the base of the trunk. Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott. (Lepidoptera, Aegeriidae) It is a serious pest of poplar nurseries. The young plants, when damaged by the boring activity of larvae, cannot be used for plantation, so economie losses can be very high. This pest is controlled only in nurseries by 3-4 treatments at intervals of 15 days in the months of June and July. Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. (Lepidoptera, Olothreutidae) This Tortricoid
r~oth
is very dangerous in poplar nurseries, where its
attacks can stop the growing of apical shoots. Before going deep into the shoot or bud, the larva lives in the leaf for a few days and can easily be reached by the insecticides. In Italy the Moth develops two generations per year and can be controlled by
hm
treatments in nursery - one in June and one in September.
Stilpnotia salicis L. (Lepitoptera, Tortricidae) Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) These Moths occasionally cause serious defoliations in poplar stands. They can
be
killed
organophosphates.
by
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Berl.
or
by
moderately
toxic
4.
LEGENDA
Formulation
Type of application
Plant age
Insect stage
A
Aerosol
D
Dust
EC
Emulsifiable concentrate
G
Granules
s
Acqueous suspension
WP
Wettable powder
A
Aerial treatment
B
Brushing of the basal part of the stem
c
Cutting immersion
D
Distribution by drop irrigation system
G
Ground application
I
Injection in gallery
L
Shoots and leaves spraying
s
Stem spraying
sw
Stem spraying in winter period
c
Cutting
Nl
Fi rst year nursery
N2
Second year nursery
Pl
First year plantation
P2
Second year plantation
p ...
. ..... year plantation
A
Adult
L
Larva
YL
Young larva
5.
Dose/concentrati an
a
g/h1
(active ingredient)
b
g/p1ant
c
g/ga11ery
d
nematods/ga11ery
e
nematods/1
f
conids/1
h
kg/ha
i
Internationa1 Units
Contro1 1eve1 Data reported are referred to morta1ity or attack reduction percentage corrected for contro1 morta1ity. Resu1ts are grouped in four c1asses as follows: *
mortality
95%
6.
Saperda carcharias L.
Active ingredient
For•ula t i on
Application
Plant age
In se et stage
Dose or concentration
Contro} leve l
Ref. no.
Acephate
WP
s
P1
YL
a 250
Alpha•ethrin
EC
s
P1
YL
a
25
EC
s
P3
YL
a
4
***
EC
s
P5
YL
a
2 4 8
* *** ****
EC
s
P4
YL
a 300
*
19
EC
s
P4
YL
a 400
*
19
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 250
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
P3
YL
a 150 300
** ****
19
EC
s
P1
YL
a 250
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
P4
YL
a 400
****
18
EC
s
P4
YL
a 300 400
****
18
EC
s
P3
YL
a
150 300
**** ****
19
EC
s
P4
YL
a 300
****
19
EC
s
P3
YL
a 300
****
EC
s
P3
YL
a 300
****
Cyfluthrin
EC
s
P3
YL
a
4
***
Cyper•ethrin
EC
s
P1
YL
a
30
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
30
****
9
EC
s
P3
YL
a
4
**
EC
s
P1
YL
a
5
***
EC
s
P3
YL
a
4
****
EC
s
P3
YL
a
2 4 8
* *** **** ****
4
****
Bro•ophos
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos1ethyl
Delta.ethrin
EC
s
P5
YL
a
**
9
****
9
Notes
LC 95 (g/hl) • 4.95
9
LC 95 (g/hl) • 2.68
Sa~erda
7.
carcharias L.
Active ingredient
Dneton-S-1et hy l
For1u- Applilation cation A
I
A
Dichlorvos (+propoxur)
A
I
A
Plant age
Insect stage
P4
Yl
P8
L
Contro l leve l
Ref. no.
c 0.04 0.12
**** ****
17
c 0.04 0.12
*
17
Dose or concentration
****
P4
YL
c 0.06(+0.12) 0.12(+0.06)
**** ****
17
P8
L
c 0.06(+0.12) **** 0.12(+0.06) ****
17
Etri1fos
EC
s
P1
YL
a 250
***
9
Fenitrothion
EC
s
P1
YL
a 250
****
g
EC
s
P1
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
30
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
30
*
9
EC
s
P1
Yl
a 250
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 250
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 300
****
9
A
I
P4
YL
c 0.04 0.12
*
Fenvalerate
Iodofenphos
01ethoate
Notes
17
****
Parathion
EC
s
P3
YL
a 400
***
3
Toxic t o the egg Euderus caudatus
parasitoid
Par ath ion-1ethy l
EC
s
P2
YL
a 400
**
2
Toxic t o the egg Euderus caudatus
parasitoid
Per•ethrin
EC
s
P1
YL
a
25
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
25
**
9
Phenthoate
EC
s
P2
YL
a 400
*
2
Profenofos
EC
s
P3
YL
a 150 300
****
a 300
****
19
o. 06 ( +0 .12) ****
17
Propoxur (+dichlorvos)
EC
s
P4
YL
A
I
P4
YL
A
P8
L
c
19
****
0.12(+0.06)
****
c 0.06(+0.12) 0.12(+0.06)
**** ****
17
Toxic to the egg parasi toid Euderus caudatus
8.
Saperda carcharias L. Attive ingredient
Forau- Applilation cation
Plant age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
Control leve l
Re f. no.
EC
s
Pl
Yl
a 250
****
9
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 250
****
9
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
P4
Yl
a 300
****
19
EC
s
P3
YL
a 150 300
*** ****
19
Quinalphos
EC
s
P1
YL
a 250
***
9
Tetrachlorvinphos
WP
s
P1
YL
a 300
****
9
Triazophos
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 300
****
9
EC
s
Pl
Yl
a 250
*
9
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 300
*
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 300
***
9
EC
s
P4
YL
a 400
*
18
EC
s
P3
YL
a 400
*
3
Prothiofos
Trichlorphon
Notes
Slightly toxic to the parasitoid Euderus caudatus
9.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
Attive ingredient Acephate
Alphuethrin
Foraulation
Application
Plant age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
****
9
s
P1
Yl
a 100
WP
s
P2
Yl
a
25 50 100 200
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
10 15
**** ****
9
EC
s
P2
Yl
a
2 6
***
20
****
* * * **
18
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
2 6
** ****
20
EC
s
P2
Yl
a
2 6
****
20
sw
P2
YL
a 2.50
**
21
EC
sw
P2
Yl
a 2.50
****
21
EC
sw
P2
Yl
a 2.50 5.00
****
21
****
s
P2
Yl
a 2.00 6.00
****
* ****
EC
s
P1
A
a 100 200
Beauveria bassiana
s
s
P1
Yl
f 1.3x10
Bro11ophos
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
50 150
Notes
LC 50 (g/hl) • 63.8
****
EC
Azinphos-methyl
Chlorpyrifos
Re f. no.
WP
EC
Cartap
Contro! leve l
22
****
10
23
*
8
*
19
****
EC
sw
P2
Yl
a 200
***
WP
s
Pl
Yl
a 100
**
9
WP
s
P2
Yl
a
50 150
* *
19
WP
sw
P2
Yl
a 300
*
21
WP
sw
P2
Yl
a 200
*
21
EC
s
P1
Yl
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P1
Yl
a 150
****
9
EC
sw
P2
Yl
a 100 200
** ***
21
21
Mortality after 4 days contact on plants treated 6 days before Fungus
lO.
Cryptorhynchus l apath i L.
Active ingredient
For•ulation
Application
Plant age
Insect st age
Dose or concentration
Contro l leve l
**** **H****
Ref. no.
Notes
Chlorpyrifos (contd.)
EC
s
P2
YL
a
Chlorpyrifosme t hy l
EC
s
Pl
YL
a 100
***
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
S~J
P2
YL
a 200
****
21
Identica! trials
EC
s
P2
YL
a
25 50 100 200
* ** **** ****
18
LC 50 ( g/h l)
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 100 150
*** **** ****
18
EC
s
P2
L
a
50 100 150
* * **
18
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 150
** ****
19
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 150
****
19
Cyfluthrin
Cypermethrin
50 l 00 150
14
result
in
5
winter
16.9
Larvae already the wood
penetrated
in t o
****
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
****
20
EC
s
P2
YL
a
2 6
**** ****
20
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 2.50 5. 00
**** ****
21
EC
s
P2
YL
a
2 6
**** ****
22
EC
s
P1
YL
a
15
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
6 18
***
20
****
EC
s
P2
YL
a
6 18
**** ****
20
EC
s
P2
YL
a
6 18
*** ****
20
EC
S~l
P2
YL
a 2.50
*
21
Identica! trials
result
in
3
spring
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
Active ingredient
Cypermethrin (contd.)
Deltamethrin
De me ton
For1ulation
Appli-
cation
11.
Plant age
lnsect stage
Dose or concentration
Contro! leve l
Ref. no.
Notes
EC
s~:
P2
YL
a 5.00
**
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 2.50 5.00
** ***
21
:L
P1
YL
a 2.50
****
9
EC
s s
P2
YL
a 2.00 6.00
**** ****
20
EC
s
P2
YL
a 2.00 6.00
*** ****
20
EC
s
P2
YL
a 2.00 6.00
**** ****
20
EC
Slv
P2
YL
a 2.50
****
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 2.50
***
21
EC
SiJ
P2
YL
a 2.50
****
21
EC
Slv
P2
YL
a 2.50 5.00
**** ****
21
EC
s
P2
YL
a 2.00 6.00
**** ****
22
EC
B
P2
n
b
***
11
Test of systemic ac t i vi t y. Toxi c to the plant
Test of systemic activity. Toxic to the plant
10 14 20
*** **** ****
7
11
10 14 20
*** *** **** ****
Demeton-Smet hy l
EC
Diazinon
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 300
****
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 200
**
21
EC
B
P2
YL
b
7
****
11
Test of systemic activity. Toxic to the plant
11
Test of systemic activity. Toxic to the plant
Dicrotophos
EC
B
B
P2
7
P3
YL
YL
b
b
lO
****
14 20
**** ****
1.25 2.50 5.00 10.00 20.00
* * * ***
****
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
12.
Active ingredient
For1ulation
Application
Pian t age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
Contro l leve l
Di flubenzuron
WP
s
P1
YL
a
30
*
9
WP
s
P2
YL
a
25 50
* *
22
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
*
12
EC
B
P2
YL
b
* ** ** ***
11
Test of systemic activity. Toxic to the plant
Mortality after 4 days contact with plants treated 6 days before
Dimethoate
7
10 14 20
Ref. no.
Endosulfan
EC
s
P1
A
a 100 200
* *
23
Esfenvalerate
EC
s
P2
YL
a
** ****
22
21
2
6
Etrimfos
Fenitrothion
Fenthion
Fenvalerate
EC
S\·!
P2
YL
a 2.50 5.00
**** ****
EC
s
P1
YL
a 100
***
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
****
22
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
****
12
EC
s
P2
YL
a 200
****
12
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
6
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
***
5
EC
s
P1
YL
a
10 15
**** ****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
10
***
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
15
***
9
EC
s
P2
YL
a
6
EC
Flucythrinate
EC
s s
P1
P2
YL
YL
a
a
20
18
* **
5
*
20
18
*
2
* *
5
20
Notes
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
13.
For• ulation
Application
Plant age
In se c t stage
Dose or concentration
Contro} leve l
Ref. no.
EC
su
P2
YL
a 2.50
*
21
EC
Sl1
P2
YL
a 5.00
*
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 2.50 5.00
* *
21
EC
s
P1
YL
a 100
***
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
*
12
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150 200 250
* * *
14
WP
s
P1
A
a 100 200
* *
23
Mortality after 4 days contact with plants treated 6 days before
Heterorhabditis sp. S
s
P1
YL
e 1x10
*
10
Nematode
EC
s
P1
YL
a 100 150
*** **H·
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
Svl
P2
YL
a 300
***?:·
21
EC
SI-l
P2
YL
a 200
****
21
EC
Svi
P2
YL
a 200
***
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 200
***
21
Minacide
vi P
s
P2
YL
a 150
*
12
Monocrotophos
EC
SII
P2
YL
a 200
*
21
Parathion
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
****
12
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 300
*
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 200
**
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 100 200
*
21
Active ingredient
Flucythrinate (contd.)
Formothion
Gamma-HCH
Iodofenphos
~lethidathion
Parathionmethyl
6
Note~
9
**
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
**
6
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
***
6
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
14.
Attive ingredient
For•ulation
Application
Plant age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
Permethrin
EC
s
P1
YL
a
15
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
15
**
9
EC
s
P2
YL
a
6
18
EC
s
P1
YL
a
6
18 Phenthoate
Phorate
Contro! leve l
Ref. no.
* *
20
* *
20
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
***
6
EC
s
P2
YL
a 150
***
6
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 100 200
*
b
** ** ** **
11
EC
B
P2
YL
Notes
20
****
7
10 14 20
Tes t of systemic activity. Toxic to the plant
Phosalone
EC
s
P2
YL
a 200
****
14
Pirimiphosmethyl
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 150
** ****
19
Profenofos
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 150
* ****
19
EC
S~J
P2
YL
a 200
**
21
EC
SI~
P2
YL
a 200
*
21
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P2
YL
a
* ****
19
EC
SII
P2
YL
a 200
***
22
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
SI~
P2
YL
a
300
****
21
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 200
***
21
Steinernema bibionis
s
s
P1
YL
e 1x10
*
10
Nematode
Steinernema feltiae
s
P1
L
d 2x10 4
****
10
Nematode
Prothiofos
Quinalphos
50 150
6
15.
Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.
For•ulation
Application
Plant age
Insect stage
Steinernema feltiae (contd.)
s
s
P1
YL
Temephos
EC
s
Pl
EC
s
WP
Attive ingredient
Tetrachlorvinphos
Triazophos
Trichlorphon
Dose or concentration
Contro! leve l
Re f. no.
6 e 1x10 6 2xl0 6 5x10
* * *
10
Yl
a 150
***
6
P2
YL
a 150
***
6
s
P1
YL
a 100 150
** ***
9
EC
s
P2
Yl
a 150
***
14
EC
s
P2
YL
a
50 100 150
* * ***
14
EC
s
P1
YL
a
50 80
*** ****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a 150
****
9
EC
s
P1
Yl
a 100 150
*"*** ****
9
EC
s
P1
YL
a
150
****
9
EC
sw
P2
YL
a 100 200
* ***
WP
s
P2
YL
a 150
****
6
WP
s
P1
Yl
a 150
****
6
EC
s
P2
YL
a
150 200 250
**** **** ****
14
EC
s
P1
YL
a
25 50 100 200
* * * *
18
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
50 100 150
*** *** ****
18
EC
s
P1
Yl
a
50 100 150
* * **
18
EC
s
P2
Yl
a 100 150 200
*** **** ****
14
Notes
Identica! trials
in
result
2
fie l d
21
LC 50 (g/hl)
Larvae already the wood
58.6
penetrated
in t o
16.
Gypsonoma aceriana Dup.
Active ingredient
For• ulation
Application
Plant age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
Contro l leve l
Ref. no.
Notes Test of systemic activity
G
G
N1
L
b 0.25 0.50
**** ****
4
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
***
16
Il
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
**
16
11
WP
L
N1
YL
a 150
*
22
Bacterium
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50 o. 75
* **
16
Test of syste•ic activity
Deltuethrin
EC
L
N1
YL
a 1.25
****
22
Dicrotophos
EC
c
c
L
a 150 375 750
* * ****
13
Diflubenzuron
WP
L
N1
YL
a
25
****
22
Dimethoate
EC
c
c
L
a 150 375 750
* *** ****
13
Test of systuic ac t i vi t y • Toxi c t o the cutting at the 2 highest concentrations
Fenitrothion
EC
L
N1
y~
a 120
****
22
Identica! result in 4 trials
Oxydisulfoton
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50 o. 75
* *
16
Test of systuic activity
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
*
16
11
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
*
16
Il
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
****
16
Il
Per•ethrin
EC
L
N1
YL
a
***
22
Phorate
EC
c
c
L
a 150 375 750
* ** ****
13
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
**
16
11
G
G
N1
L
b 0.50
**
16
Il
G
G
N1
L
b 0.25 0.50
*** ***
4
Il
EC
l
N1
YL
a 120
**
22
Aldicarb
Bacillus thuringiensis Carbofuran
Profenofos
10
Test of systnic ac t i vi ty. Toxic to the cutting at the highest concentration
Test of syste•ic activity
17.
Paranthrene tabaniformis Rott. Attive ingredient
For•u- Applilation cation
Plant age
Insect st age
Dose or concentration
Contro! leve l
Ref. no.
***
16
Notes Test of systemic activity
Aldicarb
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50
Beauveria bassiana
s
s
Pl
L
f 5.2xl0
Carbofuran
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50 0.75
** ****
16
Dimethoate
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50
*
16
Il
Oxydisul foton
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50 0.75
* **
16
Il
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50
*
16
Il
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50
*
16
Il
G
G
Nl
L
b 0.50
*
16
Il
Pl
L
d 2x10
****
lO
Contro! leve l
Ref. no.
Phorate
Steinernema feltiae
s
lO
4
8
*
Fungus Test of systemic activity
Nematode
Operophtera brumata L. Active ingredient Bacillus thuringiensis
For•u- Applilation cation WP
A
Plant age P8
Insect stage L
Dose or concentration i 13.3xl0
9
**
7
(h 0.83)
Notes Mortality evaluated as reduction of pupae number
Stilpnotia salicis L.
Attive ingredient
For•u- Applilation cation
Plant age
Insect stage
Dose or concentration
Deltamethrin
EC
L
Nl
l
a 0.60 1.20
Di flubenzuron
WP
l
Nl
l
a
6 12
Contro! leve l
Ref. no.
* **
15
Mortali ty after 2 days contact with plants treated l day before
*** ****
22
Mortality after 8 days contact with plants treated l day before
Notes
18.
REFERENCES
l)
ALLEGRO G., 1988- Esperienze di lotta contro la Saperda maggiore del pioppo (Saperda carcharias L.) con alcuni piretroidi di sintesi. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, 2 : 73-80.
2)
ARRU G.M., 1970 - I trattamenti insetticidi contro le larve neonate di SaperdQ carcharias L. (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) e gli effetti sul parassita oofago Euderus caudatus Thom. (Chalcidoidea Eupelmidae). Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic., lO: 9-18.
3)
ARRU G.M., 1972 - Sopravvivenza di Euderus caudatus Thom. (Chalcidoidea Eulophidae), endoparassita oofago di Saperda carcharias L. (Coleoptera Cerambycidae), ai trattamenti contro le larve neonate della vittima. Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic., 11 : 1-10.
4)
ARRU G.M., LAPIETRA G., 1971 - Prove di lotta in vivai di pioppo con insetticidi sistemici granulari somministrati al terreno. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche : 505-512.
5)
ARRU G.M., LAPIETRA G., 1974 - Sull•uso degli insetticidi sistemici contro gli insetti dannosi al pioppo in Italia. Cellulosa e Carta, 5 : 50-60.
6)
ARRU G.M., LAPIETRA G., 1975 - L•uso del trichlorphon nella lotta contro le larve di Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche : 407-412.
7)
ARRU G.M., LAPIETRA G., 1978 - Risultati di una prova di lotta contro Operophtera brumata L. (Lepidoptera Geometridae) effettuata con trattamenti aerei a base di Dipel. Cellulosa e Carta, : '3-7.
8)
CAVALCASELLE B., 1975 - Possibilité d 1 emploi de produits à base de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. contre les larves de quelques insectes xylophages. Med. Fac. Landbonuru. Rijsk. Univ. Gent, 40 : 437-442.
9)
CAVALCASELLE B., DE BELLIS E., 1983 - Sperimentazione di nuovi insetticidi a bassa tossicità contro le larve subcorticali di Crittorrinco e Saperda. Cellulosa e Carta, 5 : 29-34.
19.
10) CAVALCASELLE B., DESEO K.V., 1984 - Prove di lotta contro le larve di due insetti xilofagi del pioppo con nematodi entomopatogeni. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, 2 : 393-402. 11) LAPIETRA G., 1970- Prove di lotta contro le larve di Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. mediante l •impiego di insetticidi sistemici. Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic., 10: 27-41. 12) LAPIETRA G., 1972 - Insetticidi a moderata tossicità verso gli animali a sangue caldo nella lotta contro le larve di Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. (Coleoptera Curculionidae). Boll. Zool. agr. Bachic., 11: 11-18. 13) LAPIETRA G., 1974 - Trattamenti con insetticidi sistemici delle talee di pioppo per prevenire gli attacchi di Gypsonoma aceriana Dup. in vivaio. Cellulosa e Carta, 5 : 61-71. 14) LAPIETRA G., 1975 - Lotta contro Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. con insetticidi fosforganici. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche : 413-416. 15) LAPIETRA G., 1978 - Attività di decamethrin verso le larve di Stilpnotia salicis L. Informatore Fitopatologico, 3 : 3-5. 16) LAPIETRA G., 1978 - Pratiche applicazioni di insetticidi sistemici nella difesa del vivaio di pioppo di l anno. Cellulosa e Carta, 6 : 25-32. 17) LAPIETRA G., 1980 - Esperienze di trattamenti localizzati contro larve di Saperda carcharias L. con insetticidi in formulazione Spray ... Cellulosa e Carta, 5 : 3-9. 11
18) LAPIETRA G., ALLEGRO G., 1982 - Nuove possibilità di lotta chimica contro principali insetti xilofagi del pioppo. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, 3 : 181-188. 19) LAPIETRA G., ALLEGRO G., 1984 - Efficacia contro le larve di Cryptorhynchus lapathi L. e Saperda carcharias L. di nuovi insetticidi a moderata tossicità. Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, 2 : 375-382. 20) LAPIETRA G., ALLEGRO G., 1986 - I piretroidi di sintesi nel l a lotta contro il Punteruolo del pioppo (Cryptorhynchus lapathi L.). Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, l : 103-110.
;
20.
21) LAPIETRA G., ALLEGRO G., 1987 - Nuove possibilità di lotta contro il Punteruolo del pioppo nel periodo autunno-invernale. Quaderni di ricerca S.A.F., n. 16: 9 pagg. 22) LAPIETRA G., ALLEGRO G., data unpublished.
