The Keratomorphic Diagram aids in classifying and comparing corneal shape by plotting indices along ... important early indicators of keratoconus in the pe- riphery.16 .... standard deviation value for mean power in any semim- .... in Figure 6âthe right cornea dropped 1.4 units in ... This vector direction is highly indicative of.
Keratoconus and Contact Lens-Induced Corneal Warpage Analysis Using the Keratomorphic Diagram Michael K. Smolek, Stephen D. Klyce, and Naoyuki Maeda
Purpose. Videokeratography of early keratoconus may be difficult to distinguish from contact lens-induced corneal warpage, even by experienced examiners. Furthermore, topographic irregularity may be judged inconsistendy if quantitative standards are not applied. Quantitative measures based on videokeratographic data were developed and evaluated to determine if improved corneal topographic classification can be achieved. Methods. The Corneal Irregularity Coefficient (CIC) and Corneal Power Coefficient (CPC) were derived from multiple measures of mean corneal power and its variance for 207 videokeratographs of normal, warped, keratoconus, and keratoconus-suspect corneas. CIC was plotted against CPC, creating a distribution of points representing all maps that tended to be grouped according to surface conditions (the Keratomorphic Diagram). Normal, steep, abnormal, and warped zones were defined by CIC and CPC cutoff values chosen to distinguish normal from keratoconus corneas graphically. Results. Seventy of 76 normal corneas were grouped in the normal zone and 6 in the steep zone; 84 of 84 keratoconus corneas were grouped in the abnormal zone; 35 of 35 contact lens-induced warpage cases were grouped in the warped zone; and 10 of 12 keratoconussuspect corneas were grouped in the warped zone, widi 2 in the abnormal zone. Serially plotted data of keratoconus progression and warpage regression demonstrated that the vector displacement of CIC and CPC values may provide a potentially useful means of distinguishing contact lens-induced warpage from keratoconus-suspect corneas. Conclusion. The Keratomorphic Diagram aids in classifying and comparing corneal shape by plotting indices along axes with easily recalled scales. The diagram may become a useful tool to assess presurgical corneal surface instability and postoperative progression of corneal shape change due to healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994; 35:4192-4204.
l^orneal surface remodeling can be observed with the use of videokeratography color-coded maps after keratorefractive, cataract, keratoplasty, or strabismus surgery, after the cessation of aberrant contact lens wear, and during the development of corneal ectasias.1"10 Because of the abundance of topography-related information contained within these maps, it has been difficult to produce a method of reducing this data to easily recorded quantities that accurately reFrom the Lions Eye Research lMboratories, IJSU Eye Center, Louisiana Slate University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Presented in part at the annual meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Sarasota, Florida, May 1993. Supported by National Eye Institute grants EY03311 and EY02377 and by Computed Anatomy, Inc, New York, New York. Submitted for publication September 15, 1993; revised March 17, 1994; accepted June 28, 1994. Proprietary interest categories: Cl, C5-8. Reprint requests: Michael K. Smolek, PhD, 1SU Eye Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite B, New Orleans, IJi. 70112.
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fleet the qualitative character of the map. 11 M A method to classify corneal topography numerically would be helpful in several respects. A numerical guide would complement a clinician's qualitative impressions of the surface shape, and the values would be useful for screening, documenting, and perhaps predicting the potential shape of the cornea. The values could be recorded with each examination of a given patient to assess the dynamic instability of a cornea during a period of weeks or months. These measures might also be useful in studies of the genetics of keratoconus by providing numerical quantities that reflect the variable expression of the disease in family members. 15 Previous attempts have been made to reduce map information with numerical indices sensitive to surface power, such as the Surface Regularity Index (SRI),12 and the Surface Asymmetry Index. 13 However, SRI
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, December 1994, Vol. 35, No. 13 Copyright © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Keratomorphic Diagram
TABLE l.
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Summary Statistics of Corneal Groups
Group
Normal Contact lens warpage Keratoconus Keratoconus suspect
n
76 35 84 12
CIC Mean ± SD
0.46 1.31 2.22 1.44
± ± ± ±
0.30 0.24* 0.53* 0.20*
CPC Mean ± SD
45.18 44.64 58.38 46.40
± ± ± ±
1.63 1.38 7.25* 1.92
CIC and CPC values in all categories were normally distributed (P > 0.05), Kolomogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors' correction. CIC = corneal irregularity coefficient; CPC = corneal power coefficient; SD = standard deviation. * Statistically different from the normal group (P < 0.05); Student-Newman-Keuls test.
only includes analysis of the inner 10 rings of the videokeratograph image, thereby missing potentially important early indicators of keratoconus in the periphery.16 Furthermore, SRI was developed to predict the optical performance of the cornea, and it was never intended to describe surface shape directly. Rabinowitz and McDonnell" developed a keratoconus detection process using corneal topographic data from superior and inferior locations on the cornea (I-S values), but this method was not designed as a general classification scheme to distinguish a variety of corneal topographies. In this study, two new corneal topography indices were developed using dioptric power data from virtually the entire extent of the videokeratograph image. Although either index may be used alone, the usefulness of these measures is enhanced by plotting the functional relationship between the indices as a single point in a population distribution. This diagrammatic technique retains a precise, quantitative analysis, yet it provides an easily visualized, qualitative comparison of maps from corneas with various topographic conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Group Selection TMS-1 and CMS (Computed Anatomy, New York, NY) videokeratograph dioptric power data files were collected from 207 corneal topography maps obtained from patient records at the Louisiana State University Eye Center Clinic. Table 1 lists the categorical distribution of these corneas. Data selection was limited to maps that could be strictly classified as normal, contact lens-induced corneal warpage, keratoconus, or keratoconus-suspect corneas by an ophthalmologist. Selection was based on medical records or, in a few cases in the normal group, from information obtained directly from the subject. Categorization was not made exclusively from assessment of the videokeratographs, except for keratoconus-suspect corneas. Videokeratograph images that were poorly aligned, improperly digitized, or unfocused, were not used. The procedures in this study conformed with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The normal category was comprised of subjects with emmetropia and correctable forms of regular ametropia, including myopia, hyperopia, and regular forms of astigmatism ( 0.05 level. For the normal group, the 5th and 95th percentiles for the CIC measure were —0.06 and 0.88, respectively, and the 5th and 95th percentiles of the CPC distribu-
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, December 1994, Vol. 35, No. 13
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4—
O
Keratomorphic Diagram
JO
D
O Normal Cornea Contact Lens Warpage Clinical Keratoconus Keratoconus Suspect Sphere (43D) Spherocylinder (45D / 43D) Oblate Spheroid (43D @apex) Prolate Spheroid (43D @apex)
E 0 O
CJ
-1 40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Corneal Power Coefficient (CPC) FIGURE 3. The Keratomorphic Diagram. Normal corneas (°), corneas with clinically diagnosed keratoconus (Q), corneas with contact lens-induced corneal warpage (V), and keratoconus-suspect corneas ( 0 ) are plotted for cross-sectional data. The distribution of data from the normal, keratoconus-suspect, and keratoconus corneas was used to fit the function: CIC = (4.18 log (CPC - 35.85)) - 3.45 {solid curved line). Dotted lines at CIC = 1.00 and CPC = 48.00 separate the diagram into four quadrants: normal, steep, abnormal, and warped zones. Reference surfaces have been plotted, including a 43-D calibration sphere (•), a spherocylinder with orthogonally oriented axes of 45 D and 43 D (D), an oblate spheroid with 43-D apical power (A), and a prolate spheroid with 43-D apical power (T). Note that oblate and prolate surfaces, whose power varies from the center to the periphery, have higher CIC values than the sphere and the spherocylinder, whose power remains constant along any given semimeridian. CIC = corneal irregularity coefficient; CPC = corneal power coefficient.
tion were 43.10 and 48.54, respectively. A CIC cutoff of 1.00 corresponded well to the normal group mean CIC value ± 2 SD and to the 95th percentile value, and it completely separated the normal and keratoconus groups. Similarly, a CPC cutoff value of 48.00 was chosen to aid in separating the normal from the keratoconus groups. These cutoff values also divided the Keratomorphic Diagram into four zones. Normal corneas tend to occupy the Normal Zone in the lower left-hand quadrant of the diagram (70 out of 76 maps), whereas keratoconic corneas with irregular surfaces and high power occupy the Abnormal Zone in the upper right hand quadrant of the diagram (84 out of 84 maps). Although some subjects in the normal group with high-cylinder astigmatism do possess a CIC value approaching 1.00, there was no obvious correlation between CIC and cylinder power (Fig. 4). Six steep normal corneas with high CPCs occupied the upper left portion of the Steep Zone. Note that
>- 0.4 &
0.2 •
•
c CD
'o
*•— H—
CD O
U
O Normal Cornea Clinical Keratoconus O Keratoconus Suspect' • Right Cornea A Left Cornea
CD
CD CD
C i_
A) B) C) D)
0
o U Normal Zone
-1 40
45
i
0 Months 10 Months 22 Months 28 Months
Steep Zone
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Corneal Power Coefficient (CPC) FIGURE 10. Relatively stable keratoconus in fellow corneas during a 28-month period. Both corneas exhibited central keratoconus that was relatively mild in the right cornea and moderate in the left cornea. Data point A is missing for the right cornea.
will be attained or to project when a corneal transplant may be necessary. The Keratomorphic Diagram was designed to separate power maps of the normal cornea from corneas with keratoconus in our sample set. All keratoconus maps in the current sample were contained in the abnormal zone denned by a corneal irregularity coefficient >1.00 and a corneal power coefficient >48.00. Additional validation testing with larger data samples would further refine the CIC and CPC cutoff values. Normal corneas occupied either the normal zone or a small region of the steep zone, but they were not found in the warped or abnormal zones. The keratoconus-suspect group effectively filled in the region between the normal and keratoconic corneas, and, because the keratoconus-suspect group has no artificially induced warpage, these subjects probably reflect the natural distribution of CIC and CPC along a continuum. The warped zone contained the maps of contact lens-warped corneas and keratoconus-suspect corneas. The mean CPC values of these two groups, however, were significantly different. Further refinements to the Keratomorphic Diagram may lead to better discrimination between these groups. Using serial analysis, the regression of corneal warpage and the progression of keratoconus can be observed in the diagram and quantified by the change in CIC and CPC values.
Key Words keratoconus, contact lens, corneal warpage, corneal topography, keratorefractive surgery References 1. Klyce SD, Smolek MK. Corneal topography of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1993)19:122-130. 2. Wilson SE, Klyce SD, McDonald MB, Liu JC, Kaufman HE. Changes in corneal topography after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1338-1347. 3. Kwito S, Sawucsch MR, McDonnell PJ, Gritz DC, Moreira H, Evenson D. Effect of extraocular muscle surgery on corneal topography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991; 109: 873-878. 4. Preslan MW, Cioffi G, Min YI. Refractive error changes following strabismus surgery. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992; 29:300-304. 5. Astin CL. Keratoreformation by contact lenses after radial keratotomy. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1991; 11: 156-162. 6. Ruiz-Montenegro J, Marfa CH, Wilson SE, Jumper JM, Klyce SD, Mendelson EN. Corneal topographic alterations in normal contact lens wearers. Ophthalmology. 1993; 100:128-134. 7. Wilson SE, Friedman RS, Klyce SD. Contact lens manipulation of corneal topography after penetrating keratoplasty: A preliminary study. CI.AO J. 1992; 18:177-182.
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8. McDonnell PJ. Current applications of the corneal modeling system. Refract Corneal Surg. 1991; 7:87-91. 9. Wilson SE, Lin DTC, Klyce SD, Reidy JJ, Insler MS. Topographic changes in contact lens-induced corneal warpage. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:734-744. 10. Maguire LJ, LowryJC. Identifying progression of subclinical keratoconus by serial topographic analysis. Am f Ophthalmol. 1991; 112:41-45. 11. Rabinowitz YS, McDonnell PJ. Computer-assisted corneal topography in keratoconus. Refract Corneal Surg. 1989; 5:400-408. 12. Dingeldein SA, Klyce SD, Wilson SE. Quantitative descriptors of corneal shape derived from computer assisted analysis of photokeratoscopes. Refract Corneal Surg. 1989; 5:372-378. 13. Wilson SE, Klyce SD. Quantitative descriptors of corneal topography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991; 109:349-353. 14. Bogan SJ, Waring GO, Ibrahim O, Drews C, Curtis L. Classification of normal corneal topography based on computer-assisted videokeratography. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:945-949.
15. Rabinowitz YS, Garbus J, McDonnell PJ. Computerassisted corneal topography in family members of patients with keratoconus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990; 108: 365-371. 16. Maguire LJ, Bourne WM. Corneal topography of early keratoconus. Am f Ophthalmol. 1989; 108:107-112. 17. Maguire LJ, Meyer RF. Ectactic Corneal Degeneration. In: Kaufman HE, Barron BA, McDonald MB, Waltman SR, eds. The Cornea. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1988:485-510. 18. Wilson SE, Lin DTC, Klyce SD. Corneal topography of keratoconus. Cornea. 1991; 10:2-8. 19. Maloney RK, Bogan SJ, Waring GO. Determination of corneal image-forming properties from corneal topography. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993; 115:31-41. 20. Smolek MK, Klyce SD, Maeda N, McDonald MB. Serial event analysis using statistical reduction of corneal topography. ARVO Abstracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:1251.
