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Dr Leong Siow Hoo. Dr Sandra Sim Phek Lin. Dr Dayang Maryani Awang Hashim. Dr Malvern Abdullah. Dr Bidin Chee@Bidin Chee Bin Kifli. Puan Nadrawina ...
UiTM SARAWAK CONFERENCE 2012 PROCEEDINGS Academic Transformation Through Strategic Collaboration

EDITORS Mohammad Isa Mohamadin Rudy Tawie Corina Joseph Esmie Obrin Nichol Rabuyah Ni

Penerbit UiTM (UiTM Press) Universiti Teknologi MARA • SHAH ALAM • 2012

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© Penerbit UiTM (UiTM Press) UiTM, 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from the Director of Penerbit UiTM (UiTM Press), Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. e-mail: [email protected]

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

Cataloguing-in Publication Data

UiTM Sarawak Conference (2012: Kuching, Sarawak) UiTM Sarawak Conference 2012: Academic Transformation Through Strategic Collaboration, 30-31 October 2012, Akademi Percukaian Malaysia, LHDN, Kuching, Sarawak / editors Mohammad Isa Mohamadin…[et al.]. ISBN 978-967-363-437-8 1. UniversitiTeknologi MARA. Sarawak--Congresses. 2. Education, Higher--Sarawak--Congresses. 3. Education, Higher--Research--Sarawak—Congresses. I Mohamadin, Mohammad Isa. II. Title. 378.59522 Cover design : Typesetting

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Typeface Type size

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Clement Anak Jimel, Vincent Wong Thian Fook and Adib bin Sarkawi, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak Gan Siew Ling, Norhazizah Julaihi, Rabuyah Ni, Voon Li Li, Hanita Tambi, Dayang Hasrina Abg Ali Bolhassan, Zahari Abu Bakar Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak Times New Roman 10/14

Disclaimer The views, opinions and technical recommendations expressed by the contributors and authors are entirely their own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors or the university. While every attempt has been made to ensure consistency of the format and the layout of the proceeding, the editors and organizing committee are not responsible for the content of the papers appearing in these proceedings.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS viii ix xi

Preface Panel of Reviewers Organising Committee 1.

Hazard Identification, Risk Analysis and Risk Control (HIRARC) Study on the Lifecycle of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Penang Island Amir Heberd Abdullah Kamaruddin Arshad Sundara Rajan Mahalingam Ahmad Razali Ishak

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2.

The Impact of Graduands Characteristics on their Academic Performance and Employability: A Case Study of UiTM Sarawak Nurhani Aba-Ibrahim Ibrahim Morshidi Hazami Mohammad Kamaruddin1 Noorsaidi Mahat

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3.

Design Led Innovation in Malaysian Product Manufacturing Industry Natrina Toyong Zakiyah Hassan Erwin Rezasyah Rezasyah

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4.

Public Institutions are Slow to Change in Teaching and Learning Norseha Unin

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5.

The Impact of Satisfaction on Performance Apraisal Towards Organizational Commitment and Employee Morale Among Adminsitrative Assistants in UiTM Melaka Nurbarirah Ahmad Siti Rosnita Sakarji Afrah Hayati Abdul Rahman

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6.

The Relationship between Big Five Personality Traits and Job Performance among Employees at Miri City Council, Sarawak Saloma Emang Baharom Abdul Rahman Zarina Begum Ebrahim Muna Kameelah Sauid Noor Haty Nor Azam

52

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7.

Kajian Tahap Kesedaran Pelajar di Negeri Perlis Terhadap Amalan Kitar Semula Masyitah Md Nujid Siti Fatimah Ismail Sayed Kushairi Sayed Nordin

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8.

Relationship Between Self Concept and Clothing Brand Preferences Ardiana Mazwa Raudah Amir Abdullah Vloreen Nity Mathew Siti Suzana Openg

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9.

The Convergence Of Knowledge, Socio-Economic and Technological Issues for Factors Used on Bridging the Digital Divide among Felda Settlers in Kelantan, Malaysia Gladys Sebi Entigar Wan Aisyah Amni Wan Mohamad Saferdin

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10. Personal Protective Equipment Practice among Thermal Fog Operators Sundara Rajan Mahalingam Amir Heberd Abdullah Kamaruddin Arshad

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11. Bahasa Arab sebagai Bahasa Ketiga untuk Tujuan Komersial: Kajian ke atas Pelajar Diploma UiTM Melaka Suzzana Othman Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid Zarina Mohd Zain Suzei Mat Nurudin

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12. Perkhidmatan Klinik 1Malaysia: Kajian Terhadap Kepuasan Pengguna di Melaka Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid Zarina Mohd Zain Muhammad Izmer Yusof Mohd Idham Mohd Yusof

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13. Konsep 1Malaysia dan Bangsa Malaysia di dalam Pembentukan Negara Bangsa ke Arah Mencapai Wawasan 2020 Muhammad Izmer Yusof Nor Suhaiza Md Khalid Zarina Mohd Zain

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14. Sarawak State Election 2011: A Survey of Chinese Voters’ Behaviour in N9 Padungan. Chai Shin Yi Ivy Anak Jugah

125

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15. Interpersonal Skills and Employment Opportunity: A Comparative Study of Expectation Between Employers and Undergraduate Students Nashrah Talib Milfadzhilah Mohd Jamil Yuhanis Abdul Jamal Wan Nor Syazana Wan Hashim

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16. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: Experience of Employees in Hospitality Industy of Malaysia Siti Rapidah Omar Ali Siti Hajar Wan Mohammad Sabiroh Md Sabri Fatanah Jislan

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17. Tekanan di Kalangan Pekerja Restoran Makanan Segera Dayang Nailul Munna Abang Abdullah Noraidah Mohamad

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18. Knowledge Sharing Practices in Higher Learning Institution: Implementation of SECI Model Sabiroh Md Sabri Siti Hajar Wan Mohammad Siti Rapidah Omar Ali Fatanah Jislan

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19. Creative Recycling of Waste Plastic Bags as a Potential Material for Crafting Jewellery Emilia Abdull Manan Mohd Masdi Abdul Manan

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20. Effect of Soaking, Steaming And Fermentation Time on Amino Acids Content of Soybean, Groundnut and Chickpea Nurul Akmal Taib Aishah Bujang

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21. Collaborative Initiatives in International Partnership in the Pursuit of Academic Excellence Margaret Kit Yok Chan

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22. Faktor-Faktor Kritikal Kejayaan (CSF) Penggabungan Koperasi Pertanian di Jepun: Kajian Kes Ja Hadano Yusman Yacob Jati Kasuma

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23. The Influence of Service Failure and Service Recovery on AirlinePassengers Relationship Fatanah Jislan Siti Hajar Wan Mohammad Sabiroh Md Sabri Siti Rapidah Omar Ali

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24. Pathways to Student Success in Exploring Creative Design Through Collaborative Design Workshop Hailane Salam Syed Sobri Zubir Fairuz Reza Razali Ar Embong Mohamad

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25. Factors Influencing the Marketability Failure of Local Fruit Produce: Farmers and Retailers Perspective Siti Maziah Ab Rahman, Wan Noor Hana Abd Aziz Mohd Shukri Omar

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26. IT Investment Evaluation Practice: Using A.N.T For Analysis in Malaysian Local Authorities Amelia Mukhlas Aishah Ahmad Raudzatul Fathiyah Mohd Said

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27. The Effect of Learning Entrepreneurship Course (ENT300) on the Student’s Perceptions and Interests in Entrepreneurship Noor Shima Antony Khalik Ibrahim Mohd. Ghazali Daud

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28. Movie Discourse: Code-Switching in Sepet Caesar Dealwis

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29. The Relationship Between Core Job Dimensions and Employees’ Job Performance: The Extroversion as a Moderating Effect Noor Haty Nor Azam Siti Hazwani Azmi, Saloma Anak Emang, Mohamad Idham Md Razak Abidin, Nur Elimtiaz Zainal Abidin, Gladys Sebi Anak Entigar

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30. Flood Risk in Urban Development: Application of an Integrated Digital Approach Awang Nasrizal Awang Ali

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31. Kesan Pendedahan Penggunaan Racun Serangga di Kalangan Kakitangan Unit Rancangan Kawalan Penyakit Bawaan Vektor Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Taiping Perak Kamaruddin Arshad Sundara Rajan Mahalingam Amir Heberd Abdullah Ahmad Razali Ishak

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32. Combustion Characteristics and Oil Content of Jatropha Curcas Seed with Different Maturity Juplin Kinti Lydia Dundun Francis Margaret Kit Yok Chan

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33. Level of Awareness on the Legal Implications of Plagiarism among Adult Learners: A Case Study of Public and Private Universities in Johor and Melaka Alizah Ali Rohani Jangga Nora Basir Thahira Bibi Tkm Thangal

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34. A Study on the Structural Properties of Codoped ZnO Thin Films Haslinda Abdul Hamid M.Z.Mohd Yusoff S.A.Zawawi

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35. Peranan Rekabentuk Ruang Terbuka Berkonsepkan ‘Taman Firdaus’ Sebagai Daya Tarikan Pengimarahan Masjid di Malaysia Norasikin Hj Hassan Wan Noor Anira Wan Ali Masthurhah Ismail

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PREFACE MARA University of Technology welcomes you to USC2012. The UiTM Sarawak Conference (USC) is an annual event which serves as a platform for the academics, both novices and veterans, to disseminate their research findings. The conference features researchers who will present current developments in their areas of expertise, discuss the latest innovative approaches and explore future trends. The conference is an effort to rise to a challenge by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), which has determined Research and Development (R & D) as one of the 21 Critical Agenda Projects (CAPS) aimed at making Malaysia a centre of advancement in knowledge and innovation. This year’s theme, “Academic Transformation through Strategic Collaboration”, is in line with the agenda of the Academic Transformation (AcT) Programme launched by UiTM’s Vice-Chancellor, Y.Bhg. Dato’ Prof. Ir. Dr. Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar on 31st January 2012. The idea is to encourage UiTM scholars to think globally and initiate strategic collaboration with top researchers in the country and beyond so as to pursue excellence in teaching and research and produce publications of high impact. We have received 42 full papers (out of 86 abstracts) on which 35 are included in the UiTM Sarawak Conference 2012 Proceedings. All 35 papers presented in the Conference have undergone stages of subject reviews, language reviews and evaluation by the Technical and Paper Evaluation Committee. Even though the authors were required to proofread and edit their own paper, the proceedings committee undertook to further edit the overall format and language. We would like to extend our profound gratitude to Penerbit UiTM (UiTM Press), Universiti Teknologi MARA and the Sarawak campus for giving us the assistance to publish the proceedings. Our heartfelt appreciation goes to the authors and paper presenters for their contributions. We are indebted to the paper reviewers (subject and language) whose views, suggestions and comments have been most invaluable in improving the quality of papers. We would also like to thank UiTM Sarawak Rector, Y. Bhg. Prof. Dato Dr. Jamil Haji Hamali, Deputy Rector (Academic Affairs) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Rosita Hj. Suhaimi, Deputy Rector (Student Affairs) Assoc. Prof. Wan Akil Tuanku Abdullah and Deputy Rector (Research & Industrial Linkage), Assoc Prof. Dr Hajjah Rasidah Mahdi, for their unfaltering support in making this conference a success.

Editorial Team October 2012

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PANEL OF REVIEWERS Subject Reviewers Prof Dr Wee Chong Hui Prof Madya Dr Firdaus Abdullah Prof Madya Dr Abang Ahmad Ridzuan Abang Awit Prof. Madya Dr. Simon Philip Botley @ Faisal Hakim Prof. Madya Dr. Mohd Rashidee Hj. Alwi Prof. Madya Dr.Voon Boo Ho Prof. Madya Dr. Bromeley Philip Prof Madya Jennifer Tunga Janang Prof. Madya Haji Mohd Nasir Ismail Prof. Madya Hajah Norizan Abdullah Sani Dr. Mohammad Isa Mohamadin Dr Abang Feizal bin Abang Ibrahim Dr Norseha Unin Dr Kuldip Singh Dr. Khong Heng Yen Dr Nurhani Aba Ibrahim Dr Abang Zainoren Abang Abdurahman Dr Abdul Rahman Saili Dr Gluma Saban Dr. Chong Fen Nee Dr. Rudy Tawie Dr. Corina Joseph Dr. Hazman Seli Dr. Leong Siow Hoo Pn Nadrawina Isnin Pn Elizabeth Caroline Augustine En Norsaidi Mahat Pn Patricia Melvin Jussem Lt. Kol. (B )Saiful Anwar b. Md Ali Pn Dayang Aisah Abang Chi Pn Oriah Haji Akir, Hajah En Senian Malie En Jati Kasuma Ali Cik Norazlin Abdullah Cik Noni Harianti bt Junaidi Cik Wan Samiati Andriana bt. W. Mohamad Daud Cik Safrina Muhammad Azmi

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Language Reviewers Dr. Caesar De Alwis Pn. Ng Kui Choo Pn. Aiza Johari Pn. Amelia Alfred Tom Pn. Dayang Faridah Abang Bohari Pn Dayang Zarinah Awang Bohari Pn Roselind Wee Pn Linda Sim Yian Hua Pn Lily Metom

Proceeding Layout and Typesetting Pn Rabuyah Ni Pn Nor Hazizah Julaihi Pn Hanita Tambi Cik Voon Li Li Cik Gan Siew Ling Cik Dayang Hasrina Abang Ali Bolhassan En Zahari Abu Bakar

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ORGANISING COMMITTEE Patron

: Y. Bhg. Dato’ Prof Ir Dr Sahol Hamid Abu Bakar

Advisors

: Prof. Dato Dr. Jamil Haji Hamali Prof Madya. Dr. Rosita Haji Suhaimi

Chairperson

: Dr Rudy Tawie

Vice Chairperson

: Dr. Mohammad Isa Mohamadin

Secretary

: Pn. Lenny Yusrina Bujang Khedif : Cik Adeline Engkamat

Treasurer

: En. Norhasnan Sahari : Pn. Carolin Ann Enchas

Secretariat

: Cik Suhaida Halamy Cik Ketty Chachil Pn. Dayang Sandrawati Abg Josmani Cik Silverina Kibat Pn. Aiza Johari En. Yaziz Kasim

Paper Evaluation and Publication : Dr Mohammad Isa Mohamadin Dr. Corina Joseph Pn. Esmie Obrin Nichol Pn Rabuyah Ni Pn. Hanita Tambi Cik Gan Siew Ling Cik Voon Li Li Cik Dayang Hasrina Abg Ali Bolhassan En Zahari Abu Bakar Food and Beverage & Logistics

: Pn. Bibi Sarpinah Sheikh Naimullah Cik Kumalasari Kipli En. Jati Kasuma Ali En. Zulkifli Elia

Web Site and Publicity

: En. Adib Sarkawi En. Vincent Wong Thian Fook En. Clement ak Jimel

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Protocol

: Pn. Fareiny Morni Cik Asmah Alia Mohd Bohari Pn. Ratnawate Panie Pn. Favilla Zaini Pn. Balkhiz Ismail En. Mohamad Abang En. Wan Fakhurrazi Wan Dahalan

Technical

: En. Abdul Khalid Karim En. Abdul Razak Bana En. Mohamad Hizan Mohamad Welman Cik Napsiah Putit En. Jeremy O'neil Matu

Conference Tour

: Pn. Patricia Melvin Jussem Pn. Johanna Adlin Ahmad

Sponsorship

: Pn. Affidah bt Morni Pn. Amelia Alfred Tom Pn. Saira Joe

Special Tasks

: Cik Angel Helen Puspam Pn. Ng Kui Choo

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Judges

:

Session Chairperson :

Prof Madya Dr Hajah Fatimah Bujang Prof Madya Dr Mohd Rashidee Hj Alwi Prof Madya Dr Abang Ahmad Ridzuan Abang Awit Dr Mohammd Isa Mohamadin Dr Corina Joseph Dr Abdul Rahman Saili Dr Hazman Seli Dr Kuldip Singh Pn Dayang Aisah Hj Abg Chi Cik Wan Samiati Andriana Wan Mohd Daud

Dr Khong Heng Yen Dr Hwa Tee Yong Dr Abang Feizal Abang Ibrahim Dr Abang Zainoren Abang Abdul Rahman Dr Leong Siow Hoo Dr Sandra Sim Phek Lin Dr Dayang Maryani Awang Hashim Dr Malvern Abdullah Dr Bidin Chee@Bidin Chee Bin Kifli Puan Nadrawina Isnin En Yussri Sawani En Abdul Jabbar Abdullah

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COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS AND OIL CONTENT OF JATROPHA CURCAS SEED WITH DIFFERENT MATURITY Juplin Kinti1, Lydia Dundun Francis2, Margaret Chan3

ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas plant a feedstock for the production of biodiesel is rapidly grown due to depletion of petroleum resources. In Sarawak, Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE) programme has been implemented to find other resources of renewal energy like jatropha curcas oil. Thus, data assessment of jatropha curcas such as physical and chemical properties is required to cater jatropha curcas as one of the renewal energy sources. Hence, the objective for this study is to provide data assessment for combustion characteristics namely proximate analysis. Besides that, oil content of Jatropha curcas seeds will be determined at different maturity as indicated by the colour of the fruits namely green, yellow and black by using soxhlet method (oil extraction). The results depicted that the highest percentage of oil content was obtained from the yellow fruit (seed) of Jatropha curcas with 36.05%. Meanwhile, for the black and green fruits, the oil content were 31.75% and 14.33%, respectively. In term of combustion properties (proximate analysis), the black and yellow fruits (seed) showed good combustion characteristics with high percentage of volatile matter and low percentage of ash. These criteria were good for the self combustion of fuel properties. The other output of this study is to develop a grading system for buyers to determine the market price of the seeds based on the crude oil content. Keywords: jatropha curcas seed, oil extraction, proximate analysis, maturity

INTRODUCTION The increasing industrialization, modernization and development have led to high demand of petroleum worldwide. In Malaysia, the final energy consumption has risen at an annual growth rate of 7.2% from 1990 to 2008 and reached 44.9 metric tonne in 2008 (Ong et al., 2011). The crucial challenge faced by power sector in Malaysia currently is the issue of sustainability. Thus, there is an urgent need to find an alternative renewable energy resource that is renewable, clean, reliable and yet economically feasible. Biodiesel, a cleaner renewable fuel has been considered as the best candidate for diesel fuel substitution as it can be used in any compression ignition engine without any modification on the engine. In Malaysia, the potential biodiesel are Palm Oil and Jatropha Curcas. Sarawak too is looking for the posibilities to produce biodiesel by using jatropha curcas under Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy or SCORE. The interest in the development of Jatropha curcas plantation has been aligned to its potential as an energy crop in biodiesel production in order to reduce the nation's dependence on imported petroleum and other fossil fuels. In addition, massive planting of Jatropha curcas will have a huge employment generation and job creation impact in the rural areas where poverty or unemployment is high, since crop establishment/care (first to second year) and harvesting of fruits of Jatropha curcas are labor-intensive. Chen et al., (2008) reported that in December, 2007, Wall Street Journal ran a story highlighting an internal report at Goldman Sachs citing Jatropha as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production. According to Openshaw (2000), numerous NGOs 1

Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Sarawak, [email protected] Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UiTM Sarawak , [email protected] 3 Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, UiTM Sarawak, [email protected] 2

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including the World Bank, the International Plant Genetic Research Institute, Austrian and German Technical Assistance Programs, the Rockefeller Foundation, Appropriate Technology International and Intermediate Technology Development Group are all promoting the planting and use of Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas is widely grown in Mexico, Nicaragua, Thailand and in parts of India and also being promoted in Southern Africa, Brazil, Mali and Nepal. In Sarawak, Jatropha cultivation by private sectors either individually or companies, is at its infancy stage established from scattered experiences and observations (Chan, 2008). Jatropha curcas is classified as one of the oil plants similar to palm oil and has potential as a renewable energy crop as its oil may be used directly with slow speed diesel engine or upgraded via transesterification to conventional biodiesel (Sricharoenchaikul et al, 1997). There are several advantages of biodiesel including safe to be used in all conventional diesel engines, renewable, having the same performance and engine durability as petroleum diesel fuel, reduces tailpipe emissions, non-flammable and nontoxic, visible smoke and noxious fumes and odors (Akbar et al.,2009). According to Pramanik (2003), the oil content of Jatropha seed ranges from 30 – 50% by weight and the kernel itself ranges from 45 to 60%. When harvested at maturity, it is indicated by the colour of the fruits which have changed from green to yellow-brown, 90 days after flowering. A study conducted by Rajneesh Mahajan et al. (2009), the average maximum oil content was 41.67 percent at yellow fruit stages while the average minimum oil content was 34.63 percent at green fruit stages and then 39.45 percent at black fruits stages. In term of chemical analysis, Sricharoenchaikul et al. (1997) studied the proximate analysis of physic nut (jatropha curcas Linn) in which the volatiles matter were about 79%, fixed carbon (18.9%), ash (1.50%) and moisture content (0.66%). Thus, high percentage of volatile matter and low percentage of ash are indicators of good production fuel. According to Shahidi (2005), there are four basic methods for extracting vegetable oils from seeds, nuts and fruits: the first method being the basic wet process in which the oilbearing material was boiled in water leading to a partial separation of oil, which was skimmed.; the second being the cage-type press in which pressure was put on a stationary mass by levers, screw jacks or hydraulic cylinders and the vegetable oil flowed from the compressed mass to collecting rings below; the third method, the mechanical screw press and the fourth is solvent extraction. Generally, there are two main methods identified for extraction of the jatropha curcas oil which are mechanical extraction and chemical extraction. However, chemical extraction by using n-hexane method (Soxhlet Apparatus) is the most common which results in the highest oil yields (Achten et al, 2008). Besides that, various methods for recovering the oil from jatropha curcas seeds, including with organic solvents and water have been investigated which are hexane extraction (98%) the oil extraction and using water only 38% (Gubitz et al, 1999)

METHODOLOGY Sampling Seed samples of Jatropha curcas have been collected from UiTM Sarawak’s farm with three sampling categories to relate to different maturity conditions as indicated by the colour of the fruits:mainly green, yellow and black. The trees were randomly selected and the fruits were manually picked using hands and placed into plastic bags. Approximately 1 kg of each sample was collected. Sample Preparation for Laboratory Analysis The selected fruits were cleaned. Then, the fruits were de-shelled or dehulled. Dehulling process was done before drying. Drying the kernel with the shell causes the drying process to slow down as well as requires high consumption of the energy. Then, the seeds were allowed for shade dried and the kernels from each sample of seeds were separated manually. The

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separated kernels were crushed using mortar into powder formed and sieved with the particles size about 2 mm and kept into containers for laboratory analysis. Oil Extraction of Jatropha Curcas Seed with Different Maturity Jatropha curcas samples of 10.0 g were weighed and placed in the thimble. The heating mantle was set up with temperature at 80oC. The oil extraction by using Soxhlet apparatus will undergo continuous distilling for 10 hours with n-hexane as a solvent and recovered by complete distilling of most of the solvent on a heating mantle. After 10 hours of extraction completion, the round-bottomed flask contents were placed into a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask and cooled in the heated water bath. Then, pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask was connected with the vacuum evaporator to remove all the solvent and to weigh the extracted oil. Combustion Characteristics (Proximate Analysis) The proximate analysis was performed in accordance to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard namely moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon. Moisture Content Test: ASTM D 3173 The moisture content of jatropha curcas seed was analyzed according to the Standard Test Method, ASTM D 3173. In this experiment, Drying Oven was used to determine the total moisture content in jatropha curcas seed. Approximately 1.0 g of samples were weighed and dried in an oven at 107 ± 3oC for a period of 4 hour. At the end of the specified period, the samples were covered and placed into desiccator. The samples were allowed to cool for 30 minutes and weighed. The process of drying, cooling and weighing were repeated for each hour until a constant weight was achieved. Ash Content Test: ASTM D 3174 The ash content of jatropha curcas seed was determined according to the Standard Test Method, ASTM D 3147. The ash content of jatropha curcas seed is defined as the residue remaining after ignition at 750oC for 1 hour. Furnace with maximum temperature 1100oC was used and furnace was set at a temperature of 750oC. Then, samples of approximately 1.0 g were weighed and placed into crucible. Uncovered crucibles which containing of samples were placed into furnace at temperature 750oC within 1 hour. Immediately after 1 hour, the crucibles were removed from the furnace, covering them quickly and then were let to be cooled about 30 minutes in the desiccator. Volatile Matter Test: ASTM D 3175 Determination of volatile matter was carried out according to the Standard Test Method, ASTM D 3175. For this experiment, the furnace temperature was set at 950 ± 20 oC. Samples were placed inside the oven within 1 hour for air drying at a temperature 25 oC. An empty crucible was heated in the furnace at 950oC for 20 minutes, cooled and weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. 1.0 g of jatropha curcas seed samples were placed inside the crucible and covered it with the lid of the crucible. When the temperature of furnace was achieved at 950oC, the crucible was placed quickly inside the furnace chamber in order to maintain the temperature within the range 950oC ± 20oC. After burning for 5 minutes, the furnace door was opened and immediately the lid of the crucible was removed in order to allow complete burning of volatile matter as observed by disappearance of the luminous flame. Then, it was covered again. The furnace door was then immediately closed and allowed to burn for another 7 minutes of combustion time. At the end of the combustion time, the crucibles were removed from the furnace chamber without disturbing the cover and were allowed to cool inside a desiccator for 30 minutes. The cooling time for each crucible must be consistent to maintain the accuracy of the result. The crucibles and covers were then reweighed to determine the volatile matter.

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Fixed Carbon Fixed carbon is defined as an ash free material that remains after volatile matter is driven off during the proximate analysis of a dry sample. The carbon content is usually estimated as a ‘difference’; all other constituents are deducted from 100 as percentages and the remainder is assumed to be the percentage of ‘pure’ or ‘fixed carbon’.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Oil Content of Jatropha Curcas Seed Figure 1 shows the percentage of oil content of Jatropha curcas seed with different maturity. The results depict that the highest percentage of oil content obtained from the yellow fruit (seed) of Jatropha curcas was about 36.05%. Meanwhile, for the black and green fruits, the oil content was about 31.75% and 14.33%, respectively. There was no significant difference compared to the Jatropha curcas seed from UiTM Perlis’s farm which also shows that the highest oil percentage came from the yellow fruit (36.15%), black (35.82%) and green (19.26%) (Abdul Rashid et al, 2011). However, oil content depends on the site characteristics that include rainfall, soil type and soil fertility, genetics, plant age and management based on propagation method, spacing, pruning, fertilizing and irrigation (Achten et al., 2008). Thus, under this site optimum conditions Jatropha seed can yield up to 40% oil content (Leight, 2007). 40 36.05 35

31.75

Oil Content %

30 25 20

Black 14.33

15

Yellow Green

10 5 0 Black

Yellow

Green

Maturity level

Figure 1: The percentage of oil content of Jatropha curcas seed with different maturity

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Combustion Characteristics (Proximate analysis) of Jatropha Curcas Seed Table 1 below represents the variation percentage of combustion characterictics (proximate analysis) of Jatropha curcas seed with different maturity level namely black, yellow and green. Table 1: The percentage of proximate analysis of Jatropha curcas seed with different maturity Percentage (%) Maturity level of seed

Moisture content

Volatile matter

Ash

Fixed carbon

Black

39.03

55.95

2.76

2.26

Yellow

41.82

53.67

2.63

1.88

Green

47.93

48.67

2.70

0.70

On average the percentange of moisture content of jatropha curcas seed with different maturity showed a high moisture content. Seed from the green fruit of jatropha curcas was contributed the higher percentage about 47.93%, followed by yellow (41.82%) and black (39.03%). Based on the observation, high moisture content due to raining season during collecting the sample. High moisture content will decrease the heating values and reduces conversion efficiency because large amount of energy was needed for vaporization and thus, would not be able to sustain the combustion. In term of volatile matter, the results depict that the highest percentage of volatile matter obtained for the black fruit (seed) was about 55.95%. Meanwhile, yellow and green fruits (seed), the volatile matter was about 53.67% and 48.67%, respectively. As reported by Saito et al. (2001), combustion of materials with high moisture content causes ignition delay and the retention time of volatile matter combustion increased with increasing water content. Hence, high moisture content will decrease the percentage of volatile matter. Table 1 also shows that ash percentage for all samples were considered very low:yellow fruit with 2.63%, followed by green seed (2.70%) and black seed (2.76%). Ash is the noncombustible matter. High ash content could result in severe pollution, needing ash removal system from the flue gas. In a thermo-chemical conversion process, the ash can present significant operational problems where it can react to form a ‘slag'. For fixed carbon, the highest percentage of fixed carbon were about 2.2%, obtained from the black seed. While, for yellow and green seeds, the percentages were about 1.88% and 0.70% respectively. The smaller the amount of fixed carbon, the better it is to become a bio diesel.

CONCLUSION The highest percentage of oil content obtained from the yellow fruit (seed) of Jatropha curcas was about 36.05%. Meanwhile, for the black and green fruits, the oil content were about 31.75% and 14.33%, respectively. Thus, the best time of jatropha curcas to be harvested is when the colour turns yellow. Hence, maturity level at yellow stages can be considered as a high grade compared to black and green colour fruits. In terms of combustion characteristics (proximate analysis), the black and yellow fruits (seeds) showed good combustion characteristics which have high content percentage of volatile matter and low percentage of ash. These criterias are good for self combustion for fuel properties.

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For further research, several factors need to be considered such as the rainfall, soil type and soil fertility, genetics, plant age and management based on propagation method, spacing, pruning, fertilizing and irrigation to get the optimum oil production of jatropha curcas. For combustion characteristics, further research like ultimate anaysis, calorific value and biodiesel characterictics are required to analyze the potential of jatropha curcas as a renewal energy.

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