Drought Management in China

Drought Management in China

Yang Siquan [email protected] National Disaster Reduction Center, MCA International Center for Drought Risk Reduction

OUTLINE

1.

Introduction of NDRCC

2.

Drought Situation in China

3.

Drought Management Mechanism in China

4.

Drought Reduction Practice in China

5.

Successful Case in China 2 2

Introduction of NDRCC

1.1 Basic Function of NDRCC Function: Responsibility of disaster reduction such as information management, disaster risk assessment and product service, space technology application, research on scientific technology and policies, research and development of technical equipment and disaster relief materials, publicity and education, training, and international cooperation..

Objective:  Information exchange Center  Technology service Center  Decision-making support Center  Exchange and Cooperation Windows  Propagate and education Windows 4 4

1.2 Organization Structure of NDRCC

Director General

Deputy Director General

Logistics

International Center for Drought Risk Reduction

Publicity and Education Center

Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management

Finance Department

International Cooperation

Key Lab of Integrated Disaster Evaluation and Risk Prevention

Secretariat of National Committee on Technical Standardization of Disaster Reduction and Relief

Key Lab of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Response Engineering

China Disaster Reduction Magazine Company

Policy Study and Research

Technology and Equipment

Science and standard

Airborne Remote Sensing

Satellite Remote Sensing

Assessment and Emergency Response

Data Center

Satellite Operating Management Center

Administrative Department

Secretariat of Expert Committee NCDR

Chief Engineer

International Center for Drought Risk Reduction

Application and Research Center of National Space Technology for DR

UN-SPIDER Beijing Office

5 5

Drought Disaster Situation

2.1 Climate Change and Drought

Drying

Wetting

Drought is one of the world's major disasters. In last 30 years, there have obvious drying trends in the semi-arid region of the global. In the global natural disasters, drought is the disaster that affects the most extensive scope and the largest population. 7 7

2.2 Drought Situation in China

8 8

2.3 Drought Impact on Society and Economy Agriculture: more than 50% crop yield losses has been caused by drought disaster, and drought is the main disaster to threaten food security in China. 100

90

旱灾占比例(%) 90

80

旱灾占比例(%)

80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40

40

30

30

20

20

旱灾受灾面积占总受灾面积%

旱灾受灾面积占总受灾面积% 10

10

旱灾成灾面积占总成灾面积%

0

1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

年

旱灾成灾面积占总成灾面积%

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

年

9 9

10 10

11 11

Drought Management in China

Ministry of Civil Affairs

3.1 Drought Management Mechanism

Ministry of Foreign Affairs National Development and Reform Commission

Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Commerce

China National Committee for Disaster Reduction (CNCDR) to formulate and implement of the national plan on disaster reduction  to form the guidelines and policies as well as activities  to propel international exchange and cooperation in disaster reduction  to supervise the relevant works in the provincial levels Organizing and coordinating the disaster relief work

Ministry of Education Commission of Science Technology and Industry for National Defence

Ministry of Public Security Ministry of Finance

State council of PRC



Ministry of Land Resource Ministry of Construction Ministry of Railway Ministry of Communication

China National Committee for International Disaster Reduction (CNCIDR)

Ministry of Information Industry Ministry of Water Resource Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Health State of Environmental Protection Administration

Office of CNCIDR The National Coordination Office on Disaster Fighting and Relief

State Administration of Radio Film and Television

National Bureau of Statistics of China State Forestry Administration State Administration of Work Safety Chinese Academy of Sciences Bureau of Earthquake China Meteorological Administration China Insurance Regulatory Commission National Natural Science Foundation of China China Association for science and Technology

13

China Red Cross Federation

13

Disaster Management organization structure

State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters (SFCDRH )

14 14

3.2 Prediction Scheme for Drought Management

Emergent Response Scheme for Drought 15 15


3.3 Drought Monitoring and Assessment

16 16


3.4 Drought Management Laws and Regulations Law Water Law of the People's Republic of China Documentation carrying the force of administrative regulation Anti-Drought Regulations of the People's Republic of China Hydrologic Regulations of the People's Republic of China Departmental rules / regulation Small reservoir safe management regulation Technical standard Criterion of water-saving irrigation technique Design criterion of reservoir management Classification of meteorological drought category 17 17

Drought Reduction Practice in China

4.1 Drought Monitoring and Assessment System Consultation Platform for Command and Deployment

Information Platform for Public Services

Plan

Environment Monitor

Losses assessment

Product making

Comprehensive operation platform

Database, information pool, knowledge base Products storages and raw database

Operating Management platform

Access and Exchange system

Data processing

Standards

Specification

Computer Network Support Platform Procedure

19 19

20 20

旱灾应用产品体系

旱灾特征参数反演

旱灾风险评估产品

旱灾遥感监测产品

旱灾灾情评估产品

恢复重建监测产品

21 21

22 22

4.2 Water Sources Management

Reservoirs、ponds、 water cellars、 water tanks

Projects with or without dams

Pump stations、 electromechanical wells

Water transfer from Luan river to Tianjin, etc.

23 23



rain harvest project As one form of rainfall utilization, water cellar prevails in the northwest of China, where characterized by poor precipitation and limited water resources.

24 24



water diversion project

Karez well in Xinjiang

Zhoushan water diversion project from mainland in Zhejiang 25 25



water transfer project

Since 1960s, China has constructed water transfers from the Yangtze River to Huai River, Luan River to Tianjin, the Yellow River to Shanxi, the Yellow River to Qingdao, the Yangtze River to Tai Lake， the south-to-north，etc..

Water transfer from the Yellow River to Shanxi

26

Water transfer from the Yellow River to Qingdao

26



water-saving irrigation technique

Water-saving irrigation techniques mainly include:Springkling irrigation system/Drip irrigation system/Low-pressure pipe irrigation/Canal lining

Sprinkling in Inner Mongolia

Surface drip irrigation used in potato

27

low-pressure pipe irrigation

27

Canal lining

4.3 film mulching technology  Technology diagram

10-15cm

15-20cm

10-15cm

80 cm

40 cm

80 cm

Technical key points： Ridging: Each belt (i.e., a double ridge) is 120 cm wide and has a narrow and wide ridges. The narrow ridge is 40 cm wide and 15-20 cm high and the wide ridge is 80 cm wide and 10-15 cm high. There are furrows between two ridges. Mulching: use 140 cm wide plastic film to mulch. Ridging and mulching are conducted simultaneously. No space should be left between the films of two ridges and cover soil at the intersection. Put soil to hold down the film at every 2 meters distance. 28 Sowing seeds at every 28-30 cm interval.28

Put 10 cm depth soil on the films along the ridges in the middle of two ridges

80 cm

Sowing furrows

40 cm

Put 10 cm depth soil on the film every 2 to 3 m distance across two ridges.

80 cm



Main characteristics

This technology is mainly applied in the highland, gentle slope and terrace land in the arid and semi-arid region with annual rainfall between 350 mm and 550 mm. Rainfall

Inhibition of evaporation

Gathering all the water when rainfall < 5 mm

Inhibition of evaporation



Procedures for application 1Selection and preparation

2marking

8harvesting

3base fertilizing

Mechanized operation Manual work 7topdressing

4ridging

6sowing

5mulching

Surface drip irrigation used in wheat Drip irrigation under mulch used in cotton

Surface drip irrigation used in potato

32 32

Successful Case in China

Case1: Drought Monitoring in Horn of Africa According to the requirement of UNOOSA for drought

in 2011 in the horn of Africa, NDRCC made HJ-1 monitoring plan and provide 62 pieces of HJ-1 image.More than 10 thematic mapping products has been finished, including the drought annual variation map, the drought spatial distribution map, settlement distribution map and water area variation map in Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea and Ethiopia and other serious drought area. These thematic mapping products were provided to the disaster-affected countries through the UN-SPIDER Beijing office. 34 www.pitt.edu/~super/

34

35 35 www.pitt.edu/~super/

36 36 www.pitt.edu/~super/

Case2: Water Cellar in Ningxia

Location: Middle of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Average annual precipitation:264mm Uneven distribution of precipitation within a year 37 37

Rainfall gathering field

Water cellar

By 2004, the middle of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has constructed 18,700 rainfall gathering fields and 201,800 water cellars.

From 1995 to 2001, about 250,000 people in drinking water difficulty have benefited from these projects. Moreover, the region has developed more than 220,000 mu arable land with irrigation, with the food production over 0.38 ×108kg and output value increase over 0.43 ×108 yuan. 38 38

Case3: film mulching technology applied in Gansu 104 ha

69.1

71.4

2010

2011

50.5

19.3 Jiuquan Jiayuguan Zhangye

0.1

0.8

3.3

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Wuwei Jinchang

The regions using the technology of full plastic-film mulching on double ridges and planting in furrows in Gansu province Adaptation

Baiyin Lanzhou

Qingyang

Linxia Pingliang

Dingxi Gannan

Tianshui

Longnan

Application of the new technology

corn

Adaptation

Potato

Cabbage

Fruit trees

Corn + Pea

Adaptation

Case4: Drip irrigation mulch applied in Xinjiang Drought under Adaptation Forum 2nd Africa-Asia North Xingjiang cotton-growing areas

South Xingjiang cotton-growing areas

cotton-growing areas

2nd Africa-Asia Drought Adaptation Forum

Difference between soil temperature under film and that between films(℃) Soil depth (cm)

8∶00

12∶00

16∶00

20∶00

22∶00

Average

5

1.0

5.5

8.5

5.5

5.5

5.7

10

1.0

2.0

4.5

4.5

4.0

3.4

15

3.0

2.0

3.0

4.5

4.0

3.1

20

2.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

2.5

2.2

25

1.0

1.0

1.0

1.5

1.0

1.2

Drip irrigation equipment Drought Adaptation Forum 2nd Africa-Asia

Fixed drip irrigation 蓄水池

Mobile drip irrigation Fertilizer tank

Drip irrigation equipment Drought Adaptation Forum 2nd Africa-Asia Maze steady flow drippers Pressure compensated drippers

Filter

Drip emitters

Sowing Machine Drought 2nd Africa-Asia

Adaptation Forum

Film crops dripAdaptation irrigation Africa-Asia Drought Forum 2nd under Drip irrigation pepper

Drip irrigation in rice