E-Participation through Social Media

This is a pre-print of a paper accepted for publication in the 9th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance (ICEGOV2016) that was take place in Montevideo, Uruguay from 1-3 March 2016, and is subject to be changed before publication. This pre-Print is made available with the understanding that it will not be reproduced or stored in a retrieval system without the permission of Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The final version of the paper can be found at: http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2910090&CFID=623720977&CFTOKEN=61242472

Electronic Participation through Social Media: Citizens' Adoption Factors at Local Government Level Ayman Alarabiat Department of Information Systems University of Minho Guimarães, Portugal [email protected] ABSTRACT Electronic Participation (e-Participation) initiatives, seen as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for facilitating citizen participation in the policy decision making process, have often had a limited success of citizens' engagement. Despite utilizing social media as a potential solution to remedy this limitation, many of such initiatives particularly those sponsored by governments, continue to suffer of low citizen involvement. This fact raises crucial questions about citizens’ incentives, attitude and adoption towards this interaction. While e-Participation initiatives seek to empower citizens with ICT so as to be able to involve and impact decision making processes. Typically, examining and predicting citizens’ engagement cannot exclude the possibility role of various human behavior factors besides technology one. Significantly, information systems (IS) discipline consider the intersection of artifacts, humans, and tasks when investigate a phenomenon and reveals several theoretical models primarily developed from psychology and sociology theories. In thus, the current in progress research ultimate aim to derive and validate an integrative citizen adoption model. The model will be based on distilled the main critical social, behavior and technological factors related to the explanation and prediction of citizen’ adoption to involve in governmentled e-Participation initiatives through social media.

CCS Concepts • Applied computing➝ E-government • Information systems ➝ Social networking sites • Human-centered computing➝ User models.

Keywords “E-Participation”, “Social Media”, “Information System”, “Citizen Adoption”.

1. INTRODUCTION The principle of e-Participation can be easily understood as providing an online environment where citizens and policy makers ‒ governments officials and politicians, can more easily communicate, interact and be involved in the policy decision making process [1]– [3]. However, the practical implementation of e-Participation is not as simple as it may seem [1]. As pointed by several studies and surveys, majority of e-Participation initiatives, especially in Europe, are quiet suffering of low citizens' involvement [4]–[6]. The intense popularity of social media among people was suggested as a potential solution to remedy such low citizens’ engagement [7]– [10]. For many scholars, citizens, mainly the younger, are actually interested in discussing public topics in social media platforms rather than visit government websites [8], [9]. Therefore, governments have been encouraged to make further steps towards following citizen’ where they are rather than expecting them to come to their “official” spaces [8], [9]. Contrary to popular expectations, the challenges of eParticipation initiatives to attract more citizen engagement still remains [8], [9], [11], [12]. Hence, the main interest of this ongoing research is to address the low citizens’ involvement in e-Participation through social media. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]. ICEGOV '15-16, March 01-03, 2016, Montevideo, Uruguay © 2016 ACM. ISBN 978-1-4503-3640-6/16/03…$15.00

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2910019.2910090

The significant role of citizens’ perspective in the success of e-Participation initiatives is crucial [3], [13] but it has been overlooked. Recently, there is strong evidence that governments have placed little attention on the understanding citizens’ needs when compared with the advance of delivering technical ICT solutions [6], [10], [14]. In literatures, despite numerous research explore the introduction of social media in e-Participation, particularly from politicians’ and government officials’ perspective, empirical studies on the topic from the citizens’ point of view is limited. In such complex phenomenon as citizen engagement, neither the technological nor the social perspective alone can be successful when investigating and implementing e-Participation [3], [15]. Significantly, such approach is closely connected to the key assumption of IS research; that the core of IS research investigates the phenomena that emerge when the technological system and the social system interact [16]. Specifically, it is more connected to behavioral science paradigm that seek to understand, explain, predict human behavior and examine the interactions between user and technology to achieve its specified purpose [17]. To do this well, this research aims to answer the following two main questions: What are citizens’ attitudes toward the involvement in government-led e-Participation through social media initiatives? What are the main social, behavior, and technological factors influence citizens’ adoption of government-led e-Participation through social media? In doing so, the research questions will be answered by deriving and validating citizen adoption model that will be drawn basically on perspectives from compatible behavior, social, and communication theories along with IS research technological models. The success of the implementation of the e-Participation is unlikely to be realized without citizens’ willingness to accept and to involve in these initiatives [2], [3], [13], [18]. Consequently, it can be said that the adopting of citizen-centric approach along with IS perspective is expected to provide a path to enhance understanding of e-Participation from various disciplines and perspectives as a starting point for future research on this field, The rest of the article is structured as follows. Section 2 discusses e-Participation through social media literature. Section 3 define the research contributions. Section 4 outlines the initial view of the research design. Finally, Section 5 presents the research conclusion.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 E-Participation through Social Media While Social media is considered a promising tool for citizen participation [7], [19] and eventually leading to a second generation of broader and more advanced e-Participation initiatives [9], social media is rarely listed in e-Participation studies [20]. Clearly, there is a lack of research on social media and participation [21], [22]. In some detailed, political activities (e.g. e-campaigns and e-voting) performed during election campaigns are one of the focal points for many e-Participation through media [23]–[26]. Very few research has been done in a government context that address both e-Participation and social media as a central theme of discussion, for example [12], [19]. Generally, e-Participation studies have rarely investigated inside governments works, communication strategies, and the decision-making processes [9], [12], [18], [19]. This finding seems quite surprising, since e-Participation is a process that contains other actors (e.g. government institutions and citizens) as well other important activities (e.g. e-consultation and online decision making) [2]. Instead, the most surveyed studies in a government context discussed e-Participation as minor subject along with other government/governance topics such as openness, transparency, and accountability for a general analysis [27]–[29]. In government context, several scholars emphasized the role of social media to facilitate and encourage democratic citizen participation at different stages of the policy making process [27], [30]. Nevertheless, the uses of e-Participation initiatives through social media are mainly to enhance e-service delivery, to advance more openness, and to increase government transparency [27]–[29]. However, that does not mean and ensure citizen participation [29], [31]. An analysis of 75 European municipalities websites came to conclude that social media tools have a positive forward impact for enhancing transparency but not e-Participation [28].

1.2 Limited Citizens’ Involvement in E-Participation through Social Media Opinions vary widely why e-Participation through social media initiatives attracted a small number of citizens and failed to attain limited participation of those who attracted. From one hand, some studies see that e-Participation linked to social media audience are inclusive to those groups who are already active online and/or they already interested in participating [11], [26]. For instance, increasing Facebook using among citizens' had rarely impact on increasing their online participation [26], even for those who are politically interested. Another example, e-petitions activities linked to social media driven by United Kingdom government, did not encourage citizens to involve in the "official" e-petition website [11]. From another hand, other argue that such initiatives are being implemented through outdated management policies and procedures ‒ which earlier fails to touch citizen's needs and requirements [27]. Government placed greater attention towards dissemination of information and transparency rather than to support citizens to involve in the process of decision-making [27], [30]. In this sense, it could be argued that many of these initiatives are being operated under the absence of real policy makers commitment for adopting truly dialogue with citizens [12], [27], [32]. For instance, the Norwegian parliament representatives did not consider "Twitter" an important arena for conducting discussions with citizens [25]. Comparing two initiatives cases in the United States of America and South Korea, the American initiative was stopped after a particular person (the mayor) left his position. Meanwhile, South Korea initiative has been continue [33]. In result, such initiatives would not become valuable unless government officials do not have beliefs of social media role to promote citizen participation [1], [12].

Relative view asserts that citizens need to perceive the effect for their opinion in government change. Conventionally, e-Participation does not exist if, for instance, a government publishes information but does not listen to the people and/or if the citizens do not perceive a value and benefits of this involvement [1], [15]. According to the released report of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 48% of citizens have a low level of trust in how the government uses their input [34]. In thus, citizens will simply do not participate or stop if they don’t expect or perceive actual benefits and tangible reflects of their interaction [19], [27], [28], [35]. In conclusion, exploring the problem of low citizen e-Participation through social media is still scares and citizens’ perspective have not broadly studied. It could be argued that successful operation of e-Participation does not only depend on the supply side of e-Participation (represented by government and politicians) but also on the demand one (represented by citizens) [2], [3], [13], [22]. Yet, citizens’ willingness, expectations, and attitudes to participate have been vastly unexplored. Previous studies have a limited determination a major factors behind such lower involvement. Significantly, the adoption of e-Participation through social media initiatives ultimately depends on whether citizens perceive that interaction serving their needs, and incorporating with their values and preferences, likewise meeting their expectations. Accordingly, it is significant for more research on the citizen perspective for e-Participation through social media.

3. RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION It is widely acknowledged that e-Participation occurs in a complex environment [1], [3], [36], especially through social media [7], [37], which cannot be investigated from one angle. Recently, more evidence that such initiatives might depend on other social, behavior, political and cultural factors [7], [12], [26]. Indeed, those factors are rarely investigated [7]. Additionally, ‟few e-Participation studies combine stakeholders with tools, and environments, such as for example the lack of research on social media and participation” [21, p. 380], as this research is expecting to combine. Following Van de Ven (2007) concept for acquiring knowledge from expanding fields and stockholder, the studying and explaining a complex problem or phenomenon (here is e-Participation) requires the engagement of more stakeholders (here is the researchers) and disciplines (here is IS), the intended audience (here is citizens) should also be engaged to interpret meanings and use [38]. Macintosh (2009) concurs, the studying of e-Participation from different academic perspectives provides a good support for the field progress and breadth [15]. Subsequently, the perspective premises in this work, can be viewed as response to that view. The significant determination of major factors behind such citizens’ lower rate is considered as crucial issue in order to suggest practice actions. Thus, the expected findings would be beneficial for indicating potential key success factor from the citizens' perspective. It also are useful for policy makers to understand the citizen's needs and, therefore, adopting more effective strategies to increase the take up of eParticipation initiatives.

4. RESEARCH DESIGN Understanding individual acceptance and adoption is one of the most mature and popular streams of information systems research [39]. The IS research have a long and successful experience in utilizing and using several behavior social theories (e.g. Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Social Capital and Social Cognitive Theories) and proposed various models that have the power in explaining and predicting individual adoption factors of new technology or innovation, such as Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [40] and The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [39]. Such models and theories represent a good start point as a theoretical background to build the study model. A quantitative research methodology using a survey questionnaire seems as appropriate data collection method for this work. The study context will be in local government level since it is still on “infancy” stage [28] and presenting a promising area for e-Participation [18]. For now, little attention was received to examine e-Participation adoption and use in developing nations. Therefore, the research will be conducted in Jordan, as one of developed countries that in need for similar studies. According to the International Republican Institute (IRI) survey released 20151. Jordanian citizens are optimistic about the direction of their country. However, a slight majority of them (53%) believe they do not have a say in government decision-making on issues that directly affect them. Thus, Jordan seem an interesting case study to this PhD project.

5. CONCLUSION There is a general agreement that e-Participation implementation is costly and has a relatively low success rate, and using social media in eParticipation has not brought the expected revolutionary outcome. Most importantly, government-led e-Participation initiatives for enhancing citizen engagement in the policy decision making area is still lack of research and implementation. Such plea has been significant enough to merit further investigation. Much has been written about the two major issues of e-Participation social media. One is around political e-campaign and its effects to mobilize election voters; the other is around the enhancement of government, openness, transparency and e-service delivery. Little has been written about the driving forces behind active citizen e-Participation, likewise around its potential role to enhance the involvement of citizens in policy decision making as this ongoing research is proposing.

1

http://www.iri.org/resource/iri-poll-jordanians-optimistic-about-direction-country-even-concerns-over-terrorism-emerge

6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank the two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and suggestions that greatly contributed to improving the final version of the paper. The author would also like to thank his supervisors; Prof. Delfina de Sá Soares and Dr. Elsa Estevez for their generous comments, review and support. This work has been supported by Portuguese FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology within the Project Scope UID / CEC / 00319/2013

REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27]

A. Macintosh and A. Whyte, “Towards an evaluation framework for eParticipation,” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16–30, 2008. Ø. Sæbø, J. Rose, and L. S. Flak, “The shape of eParticipation: Characterizing an emerging research area,” Government information quarterly, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 400–428, 2008. C. Sanford and J. Rose, “Characterizing eParticipation,” International Journal of Information Management, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 406– 421, Dec. 2007. E. Panopoulou, E. Tambouris, and K. Tarabanis, “eParticipation initiatives in Europe: learning from practitioners,” in Electronic Participation, Springer, 2010, pp. 54–65. E. Panopoulou, E. Tambouris, and K. Tarabanis, “eParticipation initiatives: How is Europe progressing,” European Journal of ePractice, vol. 7, pp. 15–26, 2009. P. Prieto-Martín, L. de Marcos, and J. Martínez, “A Critical Analysis of EU-Funded eParticipation,” in Empowering Open and Collaborative Governance, Y. Charalabidis and S. Koussouris, Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012, pp. 241–262. Ø. Sæbø, J. Rose, and T. Nyvang, “The Role of Social Networking Services in eParticipation,” in Electronic Participation, vol. 5694, A. Macintosh and E. Tambouris, Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009, pp. 46–55. Y. Charalabidis and E. Loukis, “Transforming Government Agencies’ Approach to E Participation through Efficient Exploitation of Social Media.” 2011. Y. Charalabidis, E. N. Loukis, A. Androutsopoulou, V. Karkaletsis, and A. Triantafillou, “Passive crowdsourcing in government using social media,” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 283–308, 2014. D. Karantzeni and D. G. Gouscos, “eParticipation in the EU: Re-focusing on social media and young citizens for reinforcing European identity,” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 477–500, 2013. P. Panagiotopoulos, S. Sams, T. Elliman, and G. Fitzgerald, “Do social networking groups support online petitions?,” Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 20–31, 2011. F. Wahid and Ø. Sæbø, “Affordances and Effects of Promoting eParticipation Through Social Media,” in Electronic Participation, vol. 9249, E. Tambouris, P. Panagiotopoulos, Ø. Sæbø, K. Tarabanis, M. A. Wimmer, M. Milano, and T. Pardo, Eds. Springer International Publishing, 2015, pp. 3–14. Ø. Sæbø, L. S. Flak, and M. K. Sein, “Understanding the dynamics in e-Participation initiatives: Looking through the genre and stakeholder lenses,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 416–425, Jul. 2011. I. Susha and T. Grönlund, “Context clues for the stall of the Citizens’ Initiative: Lessons for opening up e-participation development practice,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 454–465, 2014. A. Macintosh, S. Coleman, and A. Schneeberger, “eParticipation: The research gaps,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 5694 LNCS, pp. 1–11, 2009. A. Lee, “MIS Quarterly’s Editorial Policies and Practices,” Mis Quarterly, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. iii–vii, 2001. R. H. von Alan, S. T. March, J. Park, and S. Ram, “Design science in information systems research,” MIS quarterly, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 75–105, 2004. F. Wahid and Ø. Sæbø, “Understanding eParticipation services in indonesian local government,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 8407 LNCS, pp. 328–337, 2014. C. Guttormsen and Ø. Sæbø, “Municipalities ‘Like’ Facebook: The Use of Social Media in Local Municipalities,” in Organizational Change and Information Systems, vol. 2, P. Spagnoletti, Ed. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013, pp. 157–166. S. Bohman, “Information Technology in eParticipation Research: A Word Frequency Analysis,” in Electronic Participation, Springer, 2014, pp. 78–89. I. Susha and Å. Grönlund, “eParticipation research: Systematizing the field,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 373 – 382, 2012. R. Medaglia, “eParticipation research: Moving characterization forward (2006–2011),” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 346–360, Jul. 2012. R. Effing, J. van Hillegersberg, and T. W. Huibers, “Social Media Participation and Local Politics: A Case Study of the Enschede Council in the Netherlands,” in Electronic Participation, Springer, 2013, pp. 57–68. M. R. Johannessen, “Genres of Participation in Social Networking Systems: A Study of the 2013 Norwegian Parliamentary Election,” in Electronic Participation, Springer, 2014, pp. 26–37. Ø. Sæbø, “Understanding TwitterTM use among parliament representatives: A genre analysis,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics), vol. 6847 LNCS, pp. 1–12, 2011. W. Wakabi and Å. Grönlund, “When SNS use Doesn’t Trigger e-Participation: Case Study of an African Authoritarian Regime,” International Journal of E-Politics (IJEP), vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 14–29, 2015. J. C. Bertot, P. T. Jaeger, and J. M. Grimes, “Using ICTs to create a culture of transparency: E-government and social media as openness and anti-corruption tools for societies,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 264–271, 2010.

[28] [29] [30] [31]

[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40]

E. Bonsón, L. Torres, S. Royo, and F. Flores, “Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 123–132, Apr. 2012. G. J. “Jeff” Gulati, C. B. Williams, and D. J. Yates, “Predictors of on-line services and e-participation: A cross-national comparison,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 526–533, Oct. 2014. J. C. Bertot, P. T. Jaeger, and D. Hansen, “The impact of polices on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 30 – 40, 2012. J. Freeman, “Local e-government and citizen participation: Case studies from Australia and Italy,” E-Government Success around the World: Cases, Empirical Studies, and Practical Recommendations: Cases, Empirical Studies, and Practical Recommendations, p. 235, 2013. M. K. Feeney and E. W. Welch, “Electronic participation technologies and perceived outcomes for local government,” 2012. S. Y. Chung, “Fostering Citizen Participation Though Innovative Mechanisms In Governance, Policy, And Decision Making: Comparing Washington, DC And Seoul,” 2011. OECD, Focus on citizens: public engagement for better policy and services. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2009. I. Mergel, “Social media adoption and resulting tactics in the US federal government,” Government Information Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 123–130, 2013. D. Lee, N. Loutas, E. Sánchez-Nielsen, E. Mogulkoc, and O. Lacigova, “Inform-consult-empower: a three-tiered approach to eParticipation,” in Electronic Participation, Springer, 2011, pp. 121–132. R. Effing, J. van Hillegersberg, and T. Huibers, “Social media and political participation: are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube democratizing our political systems?,” in Electronic participation, Springer, 2011, pp. 25–35. A. H. Van de Ven, Engaged Scholarship: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research: A Guide for Organizational and Social Research. Oxford University Press, 2007. V. Venkatesh, M. G. Morris, G. B. Davis, and F. D. Davis, “User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view,” MIS quarterly, pp. 425–478, 2003. F. D. Davis, “Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology,” MIS quarterly, pp. 319– 340, 1989.