Economic and Social Studies

Download PDF
2 downloads 0 Views 5MB Size Report
Comment
d$3 e=2f2 e= bg ( e=fbh e=fbb ( e=ibf (e=hji a ;$ !$ 2 ( b c $3?3 # "$ H ( d$3 e= 2 e=hh2 =bb2 e=f2f =2bi =2h i ai ;$ !$ 2 ( b k " ! @ ! H ( d$3 e=bgg e=i2i 2= ei e= ...
Haşim Özüdoğru was born in Turkey.Currently he has been working in Hacı Bayram Veli University of Ankara. Turhan Çetin was born in Afyonkarahisar.Currently he has been working in Gazi University, Ankara. Muhidin Mulalic was born in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Currently he has been working in International University of Sarajevo. Farzand Ali Jan was born in Pakistan.Currently he has been working in Igra Nation University, Pakistan.

978-613-9-92347-2

Economic and Social Studies

We witness astounding developments in this age of information and communication. Technology has influenced all the aspects of our lives by causing inevitable changes and improvements in every field. Naturally, the world of science has greatly benefited from this change and development. In consequence, the rapid circulation of information and technology in the scientific world has increased the cooperation among scientists. This cooperation highly contributes to researches and studies in the fields of language, history, literature, education, economy, social and cultural life, politics, sports, tourism, and media and communication along with many other areas. Thus, this book contains different researches in Economic and Social Studies in parallel with the improvements in the world of science. It took about one year to prepare and print the book. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our friends who contributed to this process. Finally, very special thanks go to the authors who contributed to our book with their researches. It is our greatest wish that this book will increase the cooperation among scientists to make the world a better place.

Prof. Dr. Haşim ÖZÜDOĞRU Assoc. . Prof. Dr. Muhidin MULALIC Prof. Dr. Turhan ÇETİN Prof. Dr. Farzan ALI JAN

Economic and Social Studies

12345679)*+,7-./012

FGHIJKLMN OKHPQLRSTJGKFKLKULHVLKPIWSPKJW HSJRXPOWYRSTJKVKZRPRWS H[ZKLJRPKOKSJP\RJG]SRLP[KZRFKM

^_`_abcdefgC MhRSJLW[QFJRWS

ij@:;k@l>9A97m97;?A>ln8:o@A>j@9lA>?;9@Ap:A@;678:7nq:5>6lA /rs3-3tu2v/6rw526x .u526yw637zw3{5r72|2676376urx3/tw637 A6?l5@A>j:>j:k@655?ll@;76}:;:nApn>@5j76=6m95:=5j:7m@A976?l @l:~:7n7:>?l:=:7;=@m:=€@6€=@}j6:l@:98@;>6567k@l>>j9A A9>?:>967>6:76€€6l>?79>n>ln>6€@lA?:;@€@6€=@}9>j?A97mq@:l 8@AA:m@A~ +6/673tyw637z.u‚u6-./3-ƒ675.u./„wr7…664./-.ƒ.-‚3u3s3tw7rx A68@€l6;?5>A~ij@q@:l:€€@:=9A:€@lA?:A9k@>@5j79†?@>j:>j:Ap@@7 ;@k@=6€@;:7; }9;@A€l@:; :A:l@A?=>6q>j9A8@7>:=9>n~‡7 >j9A >@5j79†?@ˆ>ln97m >6 :}:o@ : q@:l}j@7 97;9k9;?:=Aj:k@ p@@7 €@lA?:;@; >6 A68@>j97m :7; =6AA@A >j:>j:k@ p@@7 655?ll@; ./-.ƒ.-‚3u‰{6753./Š623ƒ.r‚7u76u‚5u3763773t6-2 ‹67A?8@lA:l@97q6l8@;:p6?>567A?8€>9676q?A@q?=:7;j:l8q?= €l6;?5>A}9>j5688?795:>967>66=A=9o@>@=@k9A967ˆl:;96ˆpl65j?l@Aˆ €:5o97m@>5~>6€l6>@5>5688?79>nj@:=>jpn>j@m6k@l78@7>~Œ7>9 A86o97m:;A:l@>j@p@A>6q>j@8~ SŽ‘X’“”Ž•–—˜ ij@q9lA>>l:5@A6q7@?l6A59@75@>66o€=:5@}9>jq™‡978:lo@>97m~ šj9=@>j@q9lA>?A@6qq™‡:A:8:lo@>97m>66=>66o€=:5@pn›@lln œ|2. uu5‚-t-.76{5t76w67u5r13237+žŸ ¡‰u¢2Ÿ2|26u.u£y¤63u‚76x6/5rw¥637 ¦4463¥3{5r7u‰§ww.{.6/{t‚u6-./¦/5.9A@8@7>A}9>j ¨l:97‡8:m97mi@{2/.©‚6z213237+žŸ ¡‰u¢2Ÿ2|26u.u0{r/-‚{56-./¢7rw2 ¥C67.ª532«¬¡¤§­{r‚/u6./„2 ®j~¯~0¦t-°/ ¦-/3/ ¤6/-676u ±/.ƒ67u.5t0 ²‚t‚{3… ³r{35.r/3 «{2rr0 p:j:lm?l;97D´µm8:9=~568

3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

45676895:7;@A=;BC

12345679)*+,7-./012

>FG@6HH@:IH:5>6I9A86I@@HH@5>9J@97:7>9KA86L97M:;A97N?IL@FO NP:>9A>P@I@:A67H6I>P@6I9M97:=9>F6H>P@A>?;FO QRSTUVWXYXWXTZUVW[U\]R ^_4`526a.a6a`b526a5c-_d2.e2e3ff6-gh63ac76i6/5`bj637k4463f j3e5`7al mbH959@75F >P:> ?A@; 97 n7>9KP@A9A6H>P@A>?;FvNP@I@9A76567A9A>@75Fw@>x@@7>P@ :7Ax@IA:7;Hyz{9KA86L97M:;A>P:>975=?;@>P@H@:I :GG@:=O n=A6w:A@;67>P9APFG6>P@A9A|9>9A:AA?8@;>P:>v }r26.i3q6al523523a`u53./6-b7`i 3/5.KA86L97M>@=@J9A967 :;A98G:5>=@J@=A;676>;9HH@I:556I;97M>6A@~|:M@|@;?5:>967 :7;A86L97MO }r26-.bb676/54375a`b3/5.KA86L97M>@=@J9A967:;A98G:5> =@J@=A;676>;9HH@I:556I;97M>6A@~|:M@|@;?5:>967:7; A86L97MO

€‚ƒ„…†‡ƒˆƒ‰Š‚…„Q‹Š

p/52.aa5c-_0gh.Œ6-h652`-tK?:=9>:>9J@:7;?:7>9>:>9J@I@A@:I5P 8@>P6;AŽ;@A5I9G>9J@|@~G=6I:>6IF:7;@~G@I98@7>:=>FG@Kx@I@?A@; >68@:A?I@H@:I:GG@:=H:5>6I>P:>9A?A97M97:7>9KA86L97M:;AO?I97M >P9AI@A@:I5P|>P@Hyz{P6;>P:>A@7;AH?75>967:=7@:I97HI:I@; 73_a5`526u73./23aca6-2‘375.e.43/5al3/ad67a23o6`u53./6-d.52 H:5@>6H:5@?@A>9677:9I@8@>P6;|:7;>P@Hyz{6H@@=97MA>P:>P9;;@7?7;@I>P@A?w567A596?AO ’9IA>=F|>P@4>P95A“6889>>@@nGGI6J:=P:A6w>:97@;HI68>P@@>P95:= 56889>>@@H6I?A97M>P@Hyz{567A>9>?>@:P@:=>P GI6w=@8ONP@7567;9>967AI@G6I>@;>6G:I>959G:7>AH6IM@>>97MP@:=>PF I@A?=>AHI68>P@Hyz{6>P@@~G@I98@7>O ”F568G:I97MHyz{:x9>P:7Ax@IA>6>P@?@A>9677:9I@|x:A>I9@; 5` b./- `c5d2652675264375.e.43/5al3/ad67a76bf6e5526b3e5a2 z7;9J9;?:=A;@7F>P@I@:=9>FxP@7>P@F:I@:7Ax@I97M>P@?@A>967A>P:> :I@>P@I@:A67H6I?A97M>P@Hyz{P@Hyz{P@I@:=9>F6IP:;;9HH@I@7>;9A56?IA@AxP@7>P@Fx@I@:7Ax@I97M 526sc6a5.`/a2r266Œ467.i6/5u6q3/d.524375.e.43/5al76a4`/-./q5` 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 45676895:7;+-2(?!C42)!8628,6+)D!51230+()),+62B!E2/,)+2! C,F2:+2/-!,)-!G(+3!H+2)263I!0230!86(0('(/!4,3!132-?! J26'2)0!-+306+710+()!4,3!2K,*+)2-!9+04!:62512)'A!,),/A3+3?!G2>2/3!(:! -+::262)'23!4,>2!*2,3162-!7A!'4+L351,62!,),/A3+3!:(6!-2026*+)+)D!042! 62/,0+()34+8!720922)!51230+()3?!! M1)',)!N230!94+'4!+3!()2!0A82!(:!8(30L4('!02303!9,3!132-!0(!:+)-!(10! 94+'4!D6(18!9,3!',132-!7A!-+::262)'23?! M,0,!:6(*!042!:;+'2!-,0,!4,3!*(-2//2-!,)-!4,3!,),/A32-!9+04! 042!O2)26,/+P2-!G+)2,6!E(-2/!04,0!4,3!10+/+P2-!0(!'(*8,62!2K82'02-! ,)-!,'01,/!6231/03?!Q1230+()),+62!6231/03!4,>2!'/,33+:+2-!,)-!4,>2! ,),/A32-!9+04!.J..!"$?$?!@62512)'A!R),/A32B!S6(330,7!R),/A32!,)-! S4+L.51,62!R),/A32!4,>2!132-!:(6!,),/A3+)D!-,0,?! !

TUVWXY!Z[!J4(0(3!(:!:;+'2!,)-!,!8,60+'+8,)0?!

!

! :;2/!-2)3+0AB!7(04!-2(KAL!,)-!(KAL42*(D/(7+)!\]7!^!]7_"! 62382'0+>2/A`!\a(>2/*,)!20!,/?B!"$$b`?!C+04!04+3B!76,+)!62,'0+()3!4,>2! ,),/A32-!+)!-+::262)0!3+01,0+()3?!N42!86('233!+3!/+F2!04+3!942)! *2,316+)D!042!-2)3+0Ac!R!E,/,A3+,)!,->260+32*2)0!4,3!'4(32)!94+'4! 9,3!)(0!34(9)!+)!N16F2A!,)-!+)'/1-23!:(16!3',6A!3'2)23?! defg3ij!kl!3mn675ej6r6g5!js6g6j!le7j5it!fk!5k!u73egjv!476l7kg53i!sk756x! \:6()0,/!/(72`!042)!3+D),/3!4,>2!722)!32)0!0(!042!*(0(6!'(602K!0(!5126A! el!3!763s5ekg!iey6!52ej!23j!6gsk{g5676m!u6lk76|!}l!526!er3f6!23jgv5! ,''130(*2-!7A!042!76,+)B!RNJ!13+)D!+)'62,32!,)-!042)!042!(KAD2)! ! "#$!!%!&'()(*+'!,)-!.('+,/!.01-+23! !

12345679)*+,7-./012

7@@;A>F@975G@:A@HF@F@86;I7:895G@AJ67A@F:A6K>:97@;LG68 975G@:A@A:7;;@5G@:A@A976MINF@86O=6K97=@P@=H QF@LRSTA6LUV4WXEY;@>@5>6GA:7;EZ5F:77@=AH R@:GN97LG:G@;G:IAA@7>>6>F@KG:97KI=@;A>F@7>F@6MIO@7NK@:G97O .7[/6\6]6/5./^73./_`^\[[-23_a3bc25^d-656a5[7_3/-efghi;:>: j@G@6K>:97@;>6:7:=IA@KI5F:77@=AH V:K6G:>6GI@MJ@G98@7>A>F:>975=?;@JG@J:G:>967:7;P9;@6j:>5F97O >98@>66kZ897?>@A:7;@MJ@G98@7>AF:P@:5>?:=9l@;KI>F@LRST< ]652[-2m.7_50efghi47[^23_4\3a6-[/4375.a.43/5_`e[76263-3/G@A>97OA>:>@>F:>>:k@AnYA@567;AF:A8@:A?G@;>F@7:;P9;@6F:A j:>5F@;KI>F@J:G>959J:7>HQF@P9;@6567A9A>A6LL6?GK=65kAo>F@L9GA> K=65k567>:97A>F@A5@7@:8J?>:>97OG6>>@7>6@Ap>F@A@567;K=65k 567>:97A>F@A5@7@:8:7jF6A@=?7OAF:P@K@@7;:8:O@;LG68 A86k97O:J6=6O9@ALG68 F9A?7K6G7K:KI:7;j9L@p>F@>F9G;K=65k 567>:97A>F@A5@7@:j68:7j9>F86?>F5:75@G:7;F@G5F9=;qA @86>967:=5688?795:>967p>F@ L6?G>F K=65k 567>:97A>F@ A5@7@ :8J?>:>97O:=@OHr97:==IG@A>97OA>:>@F:A>:k@7EsA@567;A:O:97H tuvwxyz{w{|}z~zy~z|€z T@;=97@AG@L@G>6P9;@6K=65kAXK=?@j:P@AG@L@G>6>F@‚ƒC „6MIF@86O=6K97…XOG@@7j:P@AG@L@G>6>F@‚„F@86O=6K97…97>F@ LRSTF:>AF6jAr9O?G@C

v†‡ˆ‰Š‹Œ/6Ž375.a.43/5`_efghi+7342_

3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

45676895:7;@A=;BC

12345679)*+,7-./012 FCE FCT FCJ FCV FCR FCS FCD FEP FEH FEC FEE FET FEJ FEV FER FES FED FTP FTH FTC FTE FTT FTJ FTV FTR FTS FTD FJP FJH FJC FJE FJT FJJ FJV FJR

G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ G:=@ G:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ G:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@ G:=@ G:=@ G:=@ U@8:=@ U@8:=@

HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ CVIEJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ CVIEJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ CVIEJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ CVIEJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ HDICJ

G:A>@KL@MK@@ G:A>@KL@MK@@ FWL G:A>@KL@MK@@ G:A>@KL@MK@@ FWL X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ G:A>@KL@MK@@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ Y65:>967:= @KL@MK@@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ G:A>@KL@MK@@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@ X7;@KMK:;?:>@

N67I R6==6Nq?H>6@nH6A?O@>6:7>9qA86h97I:;A97 >F@CK@:OAHO96O>6>F@P:A@=97@:AA@AA8@7>>6:AA@AA@;NF95F>KH@A6R 8:AA8@;9:8@AA:I@A89IF>O@;?5@;9AH:O9>9@A97A86h97IHO@Q:=@75@ :867I;9A:;Q:7>:I@;H6H?=:>967A?PIO6?HALMF@KA:N >F:>IO@:>@O @nH6A?O@>6 :;ANF95F 567>:97@; F9IF=K @86>967:=@=@8@7>A6O H@OA67:=A>6O9@A ;O6Q@ >F9A @RR@5>JNF95F N:A IO@:>@O :867I O@AH67;@7>AN9>F=6N :7;89;qA6596@5676895A>:>?A>F:7:867I F9IFrA6596@5676895A>:>?AIO6?HAL sR>F@ >6H95 N:AQ9@N@; RO68 >F@ @;?5:>967:=H697>6RQ9@NJ ?7;@OIO:;?:>@A>?;@7>AN@O@:RR@5>@;fIO:;?:>@A>?;@7>AN@O@76> :RR@5>@;PK>F9A>KH@6R:;AP@R6O@N:>5F97It:=:KA9:7:;ALlR>@O N:>5F97I t:=:KA9:7 :;AJ Q65:>967:= A5F66= A>?;@7>A :7; ?7;@OIO:;?:>@A>?;@7>AN@O@:RR@5>@;fIO:;?:>@A>?;@7>AN@O@76> :RR@5>@;PK>F@A@>KH@A6R:;AL u65:>967:=A5F66=:7;?7;@OIO:;?:>@A>?;@7>AN@O@:RR@5>@;PK>F@A@ >KH@A6R:;A:7;N:7>@;>6I9Q@?H>F@A86h97IP@5:?A@6R>F@9O 988@;9:>@Q95979>K>F:>I6>9==;?@>6A86h97ILt:A>@OA>?;@7>AN:7>@; >6I9Q@?HA86h97I>66JP?>>F@9OO@:A679A;9RR@O@7>LMF@KN:7>@;>6 I9Q@ ?H A86h97I P@5:?A@ 6R6>F@OO@:A67AT:8H?>:>@AJ9==7@AAJ 97R@O>9=9>KJA>9==P9O>FJ97j?O@;P9O>F@>5LWLl==>F@H:O>959H:7>AN@O@ 3vv6]56-a3Y2wbx3a4y5356-_6z{.a3z6523523Zw66/[w53./6-v7[a 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333 45676895:7;>@K@;O95>6K9:=A>98?=967A?JJ@K97N:7;9==7@AA@AH@K@86K@ @JJ@5>9`@>G:7HK9>>@7G@:=>GH:K797NAb cG@7 Jnfo< ;:>: H@K@ =66M@; :>97 >@K8A 6J ;@86NK:OG95 5G:K:5>@K9A>95AP Q p@8:=@O:K>959O:7>AH@K@86A>3XX6S56-YZ[W46735.W/VWV6/5qT_ TS6/6rV3]64375.S.43/5Ts676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[3V4\5356-]6^qT_ A5@7@ Q kDatu3^6-4375.S.43/5Ts676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[3V4\5356-]6^qT_ A5@7@PCvawu3^6-4375.S.43/5Ts676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[W46735.W/ VWV6/5qT_TS6/6 Q x:K>959O:7>AHG6A@@;?5:>967A:K@>G@`65:>967:=A5G66=:7;xGF s676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[W46735.W/VWV6/5qT_TS6/6r4375.S.43/5T HG6A@@;?5:>967AH@K@?7;@KNK:;?:>@:7;8:A>@KH@K@86A> 3XX6S56-YZ[3V4\5356-]6^qT_TS6/6 Q yVWz674375.S.43/5Ts676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[3V4\5356-]6^qT_ A5@7@P767aTVWz67Ts676VWT53XX6S56-YZ[W46735.W/VWV6/5qT_ A5@7@ Q {]]5264375.S.43/5Ts676]6TT3XX6S56-YZ[526435.6/5V3/s2WT6 =?7NAG:`@I@@7;:8:N@;IeA86M97N:O6=6N9@AJK68G9A?7I6K7 Y3YZ3/-s.X6_2 R375.S.43/5Tq|Y}t3/-||Y]6U6]TqS23/^6T./526.7Y73./Y]WW8@:A?K@;IeJnfoG@eH@K@H:>5G97N:7>9aA86M97N:;AbgG@ J6==6H97NK@A?=>5:7K@:5GJK68:==Jnfo:PO:K>959O:7>AH@K@86A> 3XX6S56-YZ[W46735.W/VWV6/5qT3/-3V4\5356-]6^qT_TS6/6Tr]6TT 3XX6S56-YZ[52643>9@7>8:7HG6A@=?7NAG:`@I@@7;:8:N@;JK68 TVWz./^34W]W^.~6TX7WV 2.T\/YW7/Y3YZ3/-s.X6_27WV 3]]526T6 3333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333

45676895:7; J