D.A. Würz, A.E. Duarte and E. Brighenti. Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (UDESC). Lages, SC. Brazil.
Effect of Different Rootstocks on Productivity and Quality of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ Grapevine Produced in High Altitude Regions of Santa Catarina State, Brazil A.F. Brighenti, L. Rufato, A.A. Kretzschmar, D.A. Würz, A.E. Duarte and E. Brighenti Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (UDESC) Lages, SC Brazil
L.I. Malinovski and A.L. da Silva Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) Florianopolis, SC Brazil
Keywords: Vitis vinifera L., V. riparia × V. rupestris, V. berlandieri × V. rupestris, total polyphenols, anthocyanins Abstract Rootstocks can affect plant growth, productivity, physical and chemical characteristics and therefore, wine composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the quality of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine grafted on Paulsen 1103 (V. berlandieri × V. rupestris), Couderc 3309 and 101-14 Mgt (V. riparia × V. rupestris). The experiment was conducted in a vineyard located at the city of Painel (28°01’02”S and 50°08’57”W, altitude 1200 m), in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four blocks and 20 plants per plot. The plants were five years old and conducted in vertical shooting positioning trellis, the experiment was evaluated at the seasons 2008 and 2009. The variables analysed were productivity (kg plant-1 and ton ha-1), cluster weight (g), 50 berries weight (g), berry diameter (mm), cluster length (cm), number of berries per cluster, leaf area (m2), pruning weight removed (kg), Ravaz Index, anthocyanins (mg L-1), total polyphenols, tannins, pH, total soluble solids and acidity (meq L-1). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (5% probability). In both seasons, the lowest yields were observed in the rootstock 1130 P and the highest cluster weight in 3309 C. In high altitudes regions of southern Brazil rootstocks of low to intermediate vigor, like Couderc 3309 and 101-14 Mgt, provide better balance between vine reproductive and vegetative activity and influence positively on vine yield and grape quality for production of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ red wines. INTRODUCTION In high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State, V. vinifera grapes have been cultivated since 2000. In such place, high altitude (1200 to 1400 m) and low latitude cause a delay in the entire vine cycle. The low night temperatures delay the beginning of bud burst, vegetative growth, grape ripeness and allow more complete phenolic ripeness. Thus harvest occurs in a period that rainfall rates are historically lower than harvest period of traditional grapevine-producing regions (Bonin and Brighenti, 2006). Rootstocks have been used in vineyards since the second half of 19th century as a consequence of the phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) invasion in Europe (Pinkerton et al., 2005). Today, they are used as adaptation to climatic conditions, different types of soil, control pests and soil diseases (Terra et al., 2003; Machado et al., 2005). Within certain limits, rootstocks that promote vegetative growth will have a positive effect on yield (McKenry et al., 2004) and affect berry size and fruit chemistry (Ollat et al., 2003). The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the quality of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine produced in high altitude regions of Santa Catarina State and grafted on three rootstocks.
Proc. XXVIIIth IHC – IS Viti&Climate: Effect of Climate Change on Production and Quality of Grapevines and Their Products Eds.: B. Bravdo and H. Medrano Acta Hort. 931, ISHS 2012
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MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted in Hiragami’s Fruit vineyards, located in the city of Painel (28°01’02”S and 50°08’57”O, altitude 1200 m), during the seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. The cultivar ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grafted on Paulsen 1103 (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris), Couderc 3309 (Vitis riparia × Vitis rupestris) and 101-14 Mgt (Vitis riparia × Vitis rupestris) was evalueted. The plants were five years old, trained on vertical shooting positioning trellis and spacing 3.0×1.5m. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four blocks and 20 plants per plot. The harvest occurred on 9 April 2008 and 23 April 20093. At this moment plant productivity (kg plant-1) was determined and then the estimated yield per hectare was calculated. From a random 15 clusters per plot sample were determined cluster and 50 berries weight (g), number of berries per cluster, berry diameter (mm) and cluster length (cm). Leaf area (m2) was measured with a leaf area meter from a random 50 leaves per plot sample. To obtain total leaf area per plant, the total leaves number per plant were counted and then multiplied by average leaf area. To determine vine vigor pruning weight removed (kg) and Ravaz Index (the ratio of fruit yield to pruning weight removed) were used. At harvest a sample of 100 berries per plot was crushed and the juice used to measure total soluble solids (°Brix), pH and total acidity (meq L-1). A random 50 berry sample was used for extraction and analysis of total polyphenols as described by Iland et al. (2004), anthocyanins (mg L-1) and tannins as described by Glories (1998) and Ribéreau-Gayon et al. (1998). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test (5% probability). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Vine productivity was affected by rootstocks (Table 1). In both years evaluated Paulsen 1103, the most vigorous rootstock, showed the lowest yield but did not differ from 101-14 Mgt in the season 2007-2008 and did not differ from 3309 C in the 20082009 season. Similar results were obtained by Wolf and Pool (1988) and Parejo et al. (1995). These authors reported that yield is negatively correlates with vine vigor. But others authors have reported that within certain limits, rootstocks that promote vegetative growth will have a positive effect on yield (McKenry et al., 2004; Feldberg et al., 2007). In both years large differences in productivity can be observed (Table 1), because in the season 2008-2009 unfavorable weather conditions occurred such as excessive rain and cold during the bloom in November 2008. Vines grafted on Paulsen 1103 had higher pruning weight, while Couderc 3309 had the smallest and 101-14 Mgt had an intermediate pruning weight, confirming what was obtained by Shaffer et al. (2004) when they reported the vigor conveyed to vine by different rootstocks. The Ravaz index (a crop load index) is the ratio of fruit yield to pruning weight removed. This index is used to determine vine balance and vigor, according to Yuste (2005), an index between 4 and 7 indicates that vine is balanced. Index higher than 7 indicate excessive yield and less than 4 indicates excessive vine vigor. The results observed in Table 3 are below 4, suggesting that there is excessive vigor in all treatments, this effect could be minimized increasing fruit load. Low values of Ravaz index are associated to reduced yield in the season 2008-2009 by unfavorable weather conditions. Despite low values, it was observed that 3309 C showed the better vine balance because of its reduced vigor. The leaf area was also affected by rootstocks (Table 3). Vines grafted on 1103 P had the highest leaf areas. This is similar to the report of Sampaio (2007), who noted that generally less vigorous rootstocks were associated with smaller leaf areas, but this behavior varied over the years. Cluster weight, 50 berries weight and number of berries per cluster (Tables 1 and 380
2) were affected by rootstocks. The biggest cluster weights were observed in vines grafted on 3309 C, which did not differ of plants grafted on 101-14 Mgt. The biggest 50 berries weight and number of berries per cluster were obtained from plants grafted on 3309 C. Similar results were obtained by Brighenti et al. (2010) in high altitude regions of southern Brazil and by May (1994) in Australia, studying the cultivar ‘Merlot’. The high cluster weight, berry number and number of berries per cluster can be associated with an increase of fruit set. May (2004) reports that some rootstocks like Couderc 3309, 101-14, 44-53, 420 A, 1616 C and 5C increased fruit set, while Paulsen 1103, 161-49 and Gravesac did not affect fruit set. In the season 2007-2008 vines grafted on 3309 C and 1103 P and in the season 2008-2009 vines grafted on 3309 C produced smaller berries (Table 2). Jackson and Lombard (1993) reported that rootstock effects on grape composition are probably dependent of vigor and, consequently, its influence on canopy expansion and fruit exposure. Water availability is also an important factor for increasing berry size. Fregoni (1998) reported that there is an inverse correlation between sugar content and berry size. To cultivars for production of quality red wines such as ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, an excessive increase in the size of the berry reduces must quality. Plants grafted on 3309 C, possibly consumed less water and consequently produced smaller berries. Total soluble solids contents were affected by rootstocks. In the season 2007-2008, the lowest values of total soluble solids were observed in vines grafted on 3309 C (Table 4). Some authors reported that sugar accumulation suffers delay on rootstocks subjected to excessive yield with high fruit load (Sampaio, 2007). It was observed in Australia that under stress situations, low vigor rootstocks can have less sugar at harvest when compared to balanced vines with more vigor (Withing, 2004). This may explain the results obtained in the season 2007-2008, when the less vigorous rootstock was responsible for lower sugar accumulation in fruits, due to higher yields obtained. This was not repeated in the next season, because the unfavorable weather caused a reduction in vine yield. In the season 2008-2009 fruits originated from vines grafted on 1103 P had lower sugar contents (Table 4). This fact can be explained by vine vigor. In vigorous branches the respiratory activity is higher than in medium to low vigor branches. In low vigor branches there are a better balance between photosynthesis and respiration and thus there is a large accumulation of sugars in berries (Fregoni, 1998). The total acidity varied with the season (Table 4), it was observed that in the season 2007-2008 vines grafted on 3309 C produced grapes with lower acidity, whereas in the season 2008-2009 was the reverse. Values observed at the experiment are lower than those obtained by Rizzon and Miele (2002) when they studied ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ in southern Brazil. Numerous environmental factors are responsible for grape acidity, such as high altitudes or locations that have warm days and cool nights (Fregoni, 1998). Lower pH values (Table 4) were obtained from grapes originated of vines grafted on 101-14 Mgt, not differing from grapes grafted on 1103 P in season 2008-2009. Fregoni (1998) reported that pH optimum for red wines production should not exceed 3.2. For the variable anthocyanins (Table 5), it was observed that the values obtained of grapes produced on intermediate vigor rootstock, 101-14 Mgt did not differ for those grafted on 1103 P in both seasons and they were higher than those obtained in 3309 C. These results are related to the balance between vine vegetative activity and reproductive activity. Gil and Pszczólkowski (2007) reported that vine vigor has remarkable influence on respiration. Vines more balanced accumulate in berries larger amounts of carbohydrates, which are precursors of anthocyanins. While vigorous branches produce greater amounts of carbohydrates, but consume a greater amount, to maintain vegetative growth. To total polyphenols and tannins (Table 5) in the season 2007-2008 vines grafted on 101-14 Mgt obtained higher amount of this compounds than the other rootstocks. The results observed for total polyphenol index are related to rootstock vigor and source-sink relationships as reported by Gil and Pszczólkowski (2007). Another study found that tannin accumulation in ‘Shiraz’ grape berries appears to be largely unaffected by bunch 381
exposure and by rootstock vigor (Downey et al., 2004), these facts are related to results observed, since such different vigor rootstocks like 1103 P and 3309 C did not differ to tannins contents in the season 2007-2008. In the season 2008-2009 there was no difference between rootstocks to total polyphenols and tannins, probably because of yield reduction in this season. CONCLUSIONS In high altitudes regions of southern Brazil rootstocks of low to intermediate vigor, like Couderc 3309 and 101-14 Mgt, provide better balance between vine reproductive and vegetative activity and influence positively on vine yield and grape quality for production of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ red wines Literature Cited Bonin, V. and Brighenti, E. 2006. Aspectos climáticos e produção de vinhos finos na serra catarinense. in: IX ENFRUTE - Encontro Nacional Sobre Fruticultura de Clima Temperado, 7, 2006. Fraiburgo. Anais, Fraiburgo: Epagri, 368p. Brighenti, A.F., Rufato, L., Kretzschmar, A.A. and Madeira, F.C. 2010. Desponte dos ramos da videira e seu efeito na qualidade dos frutos de ‘Merlot’ sobre os portaenxertos ‘Paulsen 1103’ e ‘Couderc 3309’. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal 32:019-026. Downey, M.O., Harvey, J.S. and Robinson, S.P. 2004. The effect of bunch shading on berry development and flavonoid accumulation in Shiraz grapes. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, Adelaide 10:55-73. Feldberg, N.P., Regina, M.A. and Dias, M.S.C. 2007. Desempenho agronômico das videiras ‘Crimson Seedless’ e ‘Superior Seedless’ no norte de Minas Gerais. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42(6):777-783. Fregoni, M. 1998. Viticoltura di qualitá. Verona. Edizione I’Informatore Agrário, 707p. Gil, G.F. and Pszczólkowski, P. 2007. Viticultura: Fundamentos para optimizar producción y calidad. (1ª Ed.). Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, 535p. Glories, Y. 1998. La couleur des vins rouges. Les equilibres des anthocyanes et des tanins du Vin. Bordeaux:Actualités, 417p. Iland, P., Bruer, N., Edwards, G., Weeks, S. and Wilkes, E. 2004. Chemical analyses of grapes and wine: techniques and concepts. Australia: Campbelltown, SA, 48p. Jackson, D.I. and Lombard, P.B. 1993. Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality - a review. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, Davis 44:409-430. Machado, M.P., Mayer, J.L.S., Ritter, M. and Biasi, L.A. 2005. Ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas do porta-enxerto de videira ‘VR043-43’ (Vitis vinifera × Vitis rotundifolia). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal 27(3):476479. May, P. 1994. Using grapevine rootstocks, the Australian perspective. Winetitles. Cowandilla. Australia. 62p. May, P. 2004. Flowering and Fruitset in Grapevines. Adelaide, Austrália: Lythum Press Pty Ltd., 120p. McKenry, M.V., Luvisi, D., Anwar, S.A., Schrader, P. and Kaku, S. 2004. Eight-year nematode study from uniformly designed rootstock trials in fifteen table grape Vineyards. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, Davis 55:218-227. Ollat, N., Ttandonnet, J.P., Lafontaine, M. and Schultz, H.R. 2003. Short and long term effects of three rootstocks on Cabernet Sauvignon vine behaviour and wine quality. Acta Hort. 617:95-99. Parejo, J., Minguez, S., Sella, J. and Espinas, E. 1995. Sixteen years of monitoring the cultivar Xarello (Vitis vinifera L.) on several rootstocks. Acta Hort. 388:123-128. Pinkerton, J.N., Vasconcelos, M.C., Sampaio, T.L. and Shaffer, R.G. 2005. Reaction of grape rootstocks to ring nematode Mesocriconema xenoplax. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, Davis 56:377-385. 382
Ribereau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A. and Dubourdieu, D. 1998. Traité dóenologie. 2. Chimie du vin: stabilisation et traitements. Paris: Dumond. V.2, 519p. Rizzon, L.A. and Miele, A. 2002. Avaliação do cv. Cabernet Sauvignon para a elaboração de vinho tinto. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Campinas 22(2):192-198. Sampaio, T.L.B. 2007. Using Rootstocks to Manipulate Vine Physiological Performance and Mediate Changes in Fruit and Wine Composition. 2007. Thesis (Ph.D.) Oregon State University. Oregon, EUA. 240p. Shafer, R., Sampaio, T.L.B., Pinkerton, J. and Vasconcelos, M.C. 2004. Grapevine rootstocks for Oregon vineyards. Oregon State University, Oregon, EUA. 11p. Terra, M.M., Pires, E.J.P., Pommer, C.V. and Botelho, R.V. 2003. Produtividade da cultivar de uva de mesa niagara rosada sobre diferentes porta-enxertos, em Monte Alegre do Sul-SP. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, Jaboticabal 25(3):549-551. Wolf, T.K. and Pool, R.M. 1988. Effects of rootstock and nitrogen fertilization on the growth and yield of Chardonnay grapevines in New York. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, Davis 39:29-37. Yuste, D.J. 2005. Factores de desequilibrio de la vid: alternativas para el manejo eficaz del potencial vegetativo hacia el equilibrio del viñedo. In: Control del Vigor y del Rendimiento en el Marco de una Viticultura de Calidad, 1., 2005, La Rioja. Anais. LaRioja: Aprovi. Tables Table 1. Productivity (kg plant-1 and ton ha-1) and cluster weight (g) of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines, grafted on Paulsen 1103, Couderc 3309 and 101-14 Mgt, in the seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009. Rootstock 1103 P 3309 C 101-14 Mgt C.V. (%)
Productivity (kg plant-1) 2007-2008 2008-2009 4.73 B 3.02 B 5.11 AB 3.76 A 5.92 A 3.23 AB 15.13 13.80
Productivity Cluster weight (ton ha-1) (g) 2007-2008 2008-20009 2007-2008 2008-2009 10.51 B 6.70 B 165.98 B 105.80 B 11.35 AB 8.35 A 173.09 AB 110.84 AB 13.14 A 7.17 AB 203.17 A 127.36 A 15.13 13.80 23.71 18.20
* Averages followed by the same capital letter do not differ significantly for rootstock by Tukey’s test (P
