Jul 2, 2001 - investigate the effect of irrigation water quantities on growth, oil yield and protein content of sesame ... Key words: Irrigation, Seed yield, Harvest index, Sesame. ...... Michael, A.M., 1978. Irrigation, Theory and. Practice, pp.
Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6(5): 630-636, 2010 © 2010, INSInet Publication
Effect of Irrigation on Vegetative Growth, Oil Yield and Protien Content of Two Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Cultivars 1
1
Ahmed M. El Naim, 2Mahmoud F.Ahmed
Department of Crop science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan 2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, Sudan Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) to investigate the effect of irrigation water quantities on growth, oil yield and protein content of sesame (sesamum indicum L.) cultivars, namely: Khidir and Promo. Five water quantities (750, 650, 550, 450 and 350 mm) were used. The results showed that the irrigation quantity (750 mm) significantly improved the vegetative growth atributes, oil yield, oil content and reduced seed protien content. Khider Cultivar was a superior in oil yield and protien content. Key words: Irrigation, Seed yield, Harvest index, Sesame. oil are used for cooking, margarine manufacturing and in pharmaceutical industries. The lower grades of oil are used in soap manufacturing. The cake, obtained after oil extraction, is used for animal feed, as supplementary food for humans and as a fertilizer [27]. The main problems limiting production and expansion of sesame as pointed out by Osman [22] and Khidir [16] are: Low yield potential of existing varieties, Scarcity and reliability of rainfall. In the Sudan the volume of research related to sesame crop water relations is relatively small in comparison with other oil seed crops. Thus, the objective the present work is to study the effect of different irrigation water quantities applied at a constant interval, on growth, oil yield and protein content of sesame.
INTRODUCTION Sesame (Sesamum indicum. L.) is a member of the family pedaliaceae. It is known under different names in different countries viz: simsim, benniseed, til, gingelly and a jonjoli [16, 30]. The main producing countries of the sesame crop are India, China, Sudan and Mexico. In the Sudan, sesame is a very important oil crop, both for local consumption and for export. Sesame is one of the major foreign currency earner, after cotton, for the Sudan [21] . The Sudan occupies the third rank as world producer, nevertheless it is considered as the first world exporter of sesame seeds. The annual production of the Sudan amounts to 13.5% of the total world production and about 50% of the African production [16] . In the Sudan, sesame is grown as a rain-fed crop. The total area of production varies from one year to another, mainly due to fluctuations of rainfall and prices [16, 22] . The total area cultivated in Sudan is extremely variable ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 million hectares [18]. Generally, the total cultivated area of sesame in Sudan; is about 0.7 million hectares in 1989-1991, then increased to 1.6 million hectares in 1997 and dropped to 1.3 million hectares in 1998 and increased in 1999 to 1.5 million hectares [8]. Sesame seed is a rich source of oil, protein, phosphorus and calcium [27]. Khatab and Khidir [15] reported that oil percentages range from 43.7 56.2 and protein percentages from 22.3 - 32.9. Sesame seed is used in a wide variety of foods, such as confectioneries, cakes, and pastries. The high grades of
MATERIALS AND METHODS Site of the Experiment and Climate: The experiment was conducted in the Demonstration Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum at Shambat, latitude 15o 4o N and Longitude 32o 32' E for two successive seasons (2001/2002 and 2002/2003). Oliver [20] described the climate of the locality as a tropical semi-arid climate with a low relative humidity. The daily mean maximum temperature was more than 40oC in summer, with its peak during May and June, and was about 21oC during winter. The daily mean minimum temperature was about 25oC during summer and 15oC during winter. The mean solar radiation ranges between 400 - 581 cal/cm2/day.
Corresponding Author: Ahmed M. El Naim, Department of Crop science, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Elobeid, Sudan
630
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010
2.
Stem diameter (mm). Measured by using a Vernier (caliper) 3. Number of nodes/plant. Number of nodes was determined by counting the number of differential nodes of the main stem. 4. Number of branches/plant. Number of branches was determined by counting the number of primary reproductive branches. 5. Leaf area index (L.A.I). Leaf area index (L.A.I), a dimensionless quantity, is the leaf area (upper side only) per unit area of soil below. It is expressed as m2 leaf area per m2 ground area. Leaf area was determined using the punch method [29] by taking 20 leaf discs, using a puncher of 10 mm diameter. The discs were weighed dry (at 85oC for 24 hours). The leaf area was calculated from the following relationship: Leaf area = Total area of leaf discs X Total dry weight of leaves Dry weight of leaf discs
The soil of the area was heavy montmorillonitic clay with 48 - 54% clay, 25 - 29% silt and 17 - 25% sand. The soil pH is 7 - 8 [28] Experimental Layout: The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replications. The main plots were assigned for water quantities and the sub-plots for varieties.The experimental unit was 4×4 meters. The water quantities treatments consisted of five levels (750, 650, 550, 450 and 350 mm) designated as Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4, and Q5, respectively. Two recommended cultivars of sesame, Khidir and Promo were used, henceforth designated as V1 and V2 respectively. Sowing: Sowing was on 2nd of July, 2001 and 2002. The crop was sown on the top of the ridge 70 cm apart in holes at a spacing of 15 cm. Ten seeds were placed in each hole which were then thinned to one plant per hole two weeks later. Manual weeding was practiced three times during both seasons. Meteorological Data: During the period of this work, daily mean temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind velocity, hours of bright sunshine, pan evaporation and solar radiation were obtained from Shambat Meteorological Observatory about 250 m away (Table 1).
And leaf area index (L.A.I) was determined as following: Leaf area index = Leaf area per plant Plant ground area Yield Attributes: The final grain yield (t/ha) was determined as follows:
Water Measurements: Irrigation water was measured using an electric pump of a calibrated discharge (276.5 litres per minute). The time required to apply a certain volume of water for each subplot was determined with the help of a stop watch. The irrigation system used was designed by El Nadi [6]. It consists of an electric pump and a main pipeline with branches to supply the experimental subplots. A movable pressure pipe, which can rotate to a complete circle, served each four plots at the point of delivery, and was equipped with a valve for opening and closure. The discharge for each valve was measured by using a volumetric method according to Michael [19] .
Grain yield (t / ha ) = Grain weight (t ) of plot X 10000 Harvested plot area (0.735 m2 ) Oil content: The crude oil of sesame seed was determined by Suxhlet extraction method according to AOAC [2] by using the following formula: Oil content (percent)= Weight of oil extracted (g) X 100 Weight of the sample Oil yield (t/ha) was determined ass follows: Oil yield (t/ha) = Grain yield (t/ha) X Oil content %
Irrigation Treatments: Furrow irrigation was applied at ten days intervals to all experimental plots for establishment of plants till they were 30 days old. Irrigation treatments were applied thereafter. Table 2 shows the number of irrigations, amount of water per irrigation and total water applied during the season.
Protein content: nitrogen of the ground seed sample was determined according to a semi-micro kjeldhal distillation method as described by AOAC [2] . RESULTS and DISCUSSION
Growth Attributes: A sample of five plants was taken, at random from each experimental subplot, then continued at an interval of ten days to measure the following growth parameters. 1. Plant height (cm). Measured from the ground level to the tip of the plant.
Growth Attributes: Increased irrigation water quantities in increased plant height (Table 3). Increase in height of main stem was associated with an increase in number of nodes (Table 4). The increment in plant height may be attributed to either an increase in node number or internode length or both. Vyas et al. [28] found that 631
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010 Table 1: Monthly average of some meteorological data at Shambat during experiment period. Altitude 380 M.A.L Latitude 15 45 N longitude 35 35 E ْ ْ Month Mean Tempe Mean Relative Pan evaporation Wind speed Rainfall Hours of rature C humidity % (mm/day) 2m (M.P.H) (mm) bright sunshine -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 2001 2002 July 31.5 36.8 40.5 25.5 9.3 10.5 5.20 5.50 47.2 9.0 9.3 8.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aug. 30.4 31.5 57.5 52 7.0 6.7 5.11 5.00 70.2 88.8 8.3 8.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sept. 32.5 32.9 45.5 45 8.8 8.8 3.65 3.05 6.0 15.0 9.1 8.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Oct. 31.9 32.3 30.0 31 10.6 11.6 4.77 4.97 Nil 6.1 10.3 9.2 Table 2: Number of irrigations, amount of water per irrigation and total water applied for each treatment during the season Per-experimental Amount / Treatment Number of Amount / Total amount of water applied period irrigation mm irrigations irrigation mm during the\season(mm) 70 Q1 5 95 750 1st irrigation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nd irrigation 70 Q2 5 75 650 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------70 Q3 5 55 550 3rd irrigation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------th 65 Q4 5 35 450 4 irrigation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 15 350 Total 275 Q5 Table 3: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on plant height (cm) of sesame Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 115.1a 139.8a 157.8a 160.3a 82.1a 100.8a 121.1a 146.1a 150.3a Q1 85.1a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112.7a 131.0a 144.1b 144.8b 79.8b 98.1a 118.1a 143.1a 148.1a Q2 82.8a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103.6b 125.7b 132.8c 138.8c 71.3c 83.7b 103.7b 128.7b 133.7b Q3 74.4b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91.7c 110.3c 126.2c 129.0d 67.1d 65.8c 85.8c 110.8c 115.8c Q4 73.5b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89.5c 112.5c 121.5d 123.7e 66.3d 66.8c 88,8c 111.8c 116.8c Q5 69.3b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 01.7 1.6 3.2 2.2 1.0 0.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100.8 117.1b 131.1b 134.3b 73.9a 80.3b 100.4b 125.4b 130.1b V1 76.9b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104.2 130.7a 141.9a 144.4a 72.8b 85.9a 105.9a 130.9a 135.8a V2 77.1a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 00.9 1.2 2.4 1.4 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability according to DMRT.
Reduction in plant height under water stress was associated with reduction in nodes number. El Nadi [7] stated that vegetative growth is directly proportional to the consumptive water use. Stem diameter increased with the advancement of plant growth (Table 5) at 45, 55, 65 and 75 DAS, and remained constant without increment at 85 DAS (Late flowering and early seed filling stage). This might be due to translocation of assimilates to pods and seeds at the expense of stem growth. Results in Table 6 showed that the highest water quantities increased leaf area index (L.A.I.), because of better total leaf area per plant due to availability of moisture content for leaf growth. L.A.I reached maximum at mid-season stage at 75 DAS (period of maximum total leaf area per plant), then declined at late
season associated with decline in total leaf area per plant, because of lower leaves senescence and hence the number of active leaves decreased. Farah [9] confirmed that leaf area was reduced by water shortage, which was attributed to the effect on cell division, lamina expansion (cell number and cell enlargement) and leaf production. Farah[9], Finch-savage and Elston [10] and Karamanos[14] found that increasing water stress resulteld in an increased rate of leaf senescence and death However, Brady et al. [5] reported evidence of water stress changing the hormonal balance of mature leaves, thus enhancing leaf senescence. The cultivar (V2) had greater L.A.I than V1 at 45, 55, 65 and 75 DAS (Table 6). This is because V2 received more leaf area per plant at that time. In late 632
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010 Table 4: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on number of nodes per plant of sesame Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 15.7a 24.8a 35.7a 45.7a 15.7a 10.3a 24.5a 38.0a 47.6a Q1 10.3a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13.6b 23.6b 33.6a 43.6a 13.6b 9.6b 23.1b 36.2a 45.5a Q2 9.6b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14.0b 20.2c 24.1b 34.2b 14.0b 9.3b 19.5c 28.2b 35.5b Q3 9.3b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12.0c 18.2d 24.0b 34.6b 12.3c 9.0b 17.3d 28.1b 35.3b Q4 9.0b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13.5b 17.1d 22.5b 33.0b 13.3b 8,6c 16.3e 20.6c 26.2c Q5 8.6c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.8 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40.5 14.5a 9.6 20.3 31.7a 39.7a V1 9.5 14.1 20.9 30.1a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36.0 13.1b 9.2 20.0 28.7b 36.3b V2 9.3 13.4 20.8 25.8b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability according to DMRT. Table 5: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on stem diameter (cm) of sesame Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 15.2a 16.7a 18.0a 16.3 13.7a 15.2a 15.5b 18.0a 18.0a Q1 14.0a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15.7a 17.7a 18.6a 15.6 13.0b 15.5a 16.5a 18.6a 18.6a Q2 13.2b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14.6b 14.2b 14.7b 14.2 12.5c 14.3b 13.1c 14.7b 14.7b Q3 12.5c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14.6b 13.7b 14.5b 15.0 12.0d 13.7c 12.5d 14.5b 14.5a Q4 12.2c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13.8b 13.5b 14.7b 14.1 11.3e 13.5c 12.2d 14.7b 14.7b Q5 11.7d -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15.2b 15.2 12.4 13.9b 13.2b 15.2b 15.2b V1 12.7 14.4 14.4b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17.0a 14.9 12.6 15.0a 14.7a 17.0a 17.0a V2 12.8 15.2 15.9a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability according to DMRT.
season (85 DAS) V1 had a greater L.A.I, due to the early maturity character of the cultivar (V2), as was indicated by yellowing, senescence and drop of leaves. Higher water quantities treatments had a greater number of branches per plant (Table 7). This supports the results of Balasubramaniyan and Dharmatingam [4]. This indicates that the number of branches per plant is directly proportional to consumptive water use. In initial stage V1 had a lesser number of branches per plant than V2, but at mid and late season, V1 had a greater number. Ahmed [1] reported that Khidir cultivar had higher branches than promo cultivar which supports this result. Variation among sesame genotypes in morphological characters have been observed by Lazim [17] who indicated the presence of considerable amount of variation among sesame genotypes in plant height, leaves number, number of branches, number of nodes per plant and dry matter production. This might explain
the consistent differences between the tested cultivars in all growth parameters measured in this study. Yield Attributes: Table 8 shows the effect of irrigation quantities and cultivar on grain and oil yield, oil content and protein content. Significant higher grain and oil yield was recorded with highest water quantities treatments. This supports the results of Foroud et al [11], Balasubramanigan and Dharmalingam ([4]. They found that increase in yield was directly related to increased number of irrigations. This is because highest water quantities treatments had a better performance of growth and yield components. Rincon et al. [28] found that moisture stress at different growth stages influenced yield attributes and growth parameters. Tantawy et al [25] found that water stress reduced yield of sesame and optimum amount of irrigation for sesame was about 4367 to 4728 m3 / ha. 633
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010 Table 6: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on leaf area index (L.A.I) of sesame Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 2.9a 3.9a 3.9a 1.5a 1.2a 3.0a 4.0a 4.0a 1.8a Q1 1.2a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.8b 3.8b 3.8a 1.3b 1.2a 2.8b 3.9b 3.9a 1.6b Q2 1.1b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.3c 3.1c 3.1b 0.9c 1.0b 2.4c 3.3c 3.3b 1.3c Q3 0.9c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.9d 3.0d 3.2b 0.6d 0,9b 2.2d 3.1d 3.0c 0.9d Q4 0.8d -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.6e 2.7e 3.2b 0.5e 0,8c 1.8e 2.8e 3.0c 0.7e Q5 0.8d -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.02 0.04 0.13 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 SE 0.03 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.2b 3.3 3.4 1.2a 1.0 2.3b 3.4b 3.4 1.5a V1 0.9b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.4a 3.4 3.4 0.8b 1.0 2.6a 3.5a 3.5 1.0b V2 2.1a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability according to DMRT. Table 7: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on number of branches per plant of sesame Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 45 DAS 55 DAS 65 DAS 75 DAS 85 DAS 4.6a 5.2a 5.3a 5.3a 4.2a 4.6a 5.1a 5.1a 5.1a Q1 4.3a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.6a 5.0a 5.0a 5.0a 4.3a 4.3a 4.6a 4.6a 4.6a Q2 4.5a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.8b 4.7a 4.6b 4.6b 3.6b 3.6b 3.7b 3.7b 3.7b Q3 3.6b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.5b 4.2b 4.3b 4.3b 3.0c 3.0c 3.0c 3.1b 3.1b Q4 3.0c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.3b 4.1b 4.5b 4.5b 2.3d 2.4c 3.0c 3.2b 3.2b Q5 2.6c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.2 016 0.18 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.2 0.2 0.22 0.22 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.9 5.1a 5.3a 5.3a 3.1b 3.2b 3.7 3.8 3.8 V1 3.2b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1 4.2b 4.2b 4.2b 3.9a 4.0a 4.0 4.1 4.1 V2 4.0a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.2 0.18 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.1 0.1 0.14 0.14 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of probability according to DMRT. Table 8: Effect of irrigation water quantities and cultivar on grain yield, oil content, oil yield and protein content of sesame. Treatments Season 2001/02 Season 2002/03 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Grain yield Oil content Oil yield Protein content Grain yield Oil content Oil yield Protein content (t/ha) (%) (t/ha) (%) (t/ha) (%) (t/ha) (%) 49.3a 1.70a 28.5d 4.188a 49.4a 2.06a 28.2d Q1 3.45a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------49.1a 1.56b 29.8c 3.962a 49.0a 1.94b 29.4c Q2 3.18b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47.8b 0.81c 30.4b 1.85b 48.1b 0.89c 30.0b Q3 1.70c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47.3b 0.50d 30.0b 1.113c 47.5b 0.53d 30.1b Q4 1.06a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------45.6c 0.41e 30.9a 0.975d 45.9c 0.45e 30.7a Q5 0.89e -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.03 0.21 0.24 0.15 0.18 0.3 0.12 0.25 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48.3a 1.02a 29.7 2.515a 48.8 1.23a 29.7 V1 2.13a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47.4b 0.93b 30.2 2.32b 47.1 1.09b 29.4 V2 1.98b -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SE 0.03 0.31 0.33 0.08 0.07 0.21 0.09 0.13 N.B. Means in the similar letters are not significantly different at the 0.05 level of proability according to DMRT.
634
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010
The oil content increased with increased water quantities. Similar results were obtained in sunflower by Unger [26] and Hang and Evan[13]. They reported that increase in water quantities increased oil content. Protein content was reduced by increased water quantities. This evidence was supported by Weiss [30], who reported that oil content is negatively correlated with protein content. Alpaslan et al [3]. reported that, prolong irrigation interval improved protein content of sesame. The V1 variety had higher oil content and lesser protein content than V2. This is because the protien content is negatively correlated with oil content. Similar results were obtained by Ahmed [1].
11. Foroud, N., H.H., Mundel, G. Saindon and T. Entz, 1993. Effect of level and timing of moisture stress on soya beans yield, protein, and oil response. Field Crop Res., 33(3): 195- 205. 12. Gomez, K.A. and A.A. Gomez, 1984. Split plot design analysis. In:Statistical procedures for agricultural research. John Willey and Sons, New York. 13. Hang, A.N. and D.W., Evans, 1985. Deficit sprinkler irrigation of sunflower and safflower. Agronomy J., 74 (4): 588- 592. 14. Karamanos, A. J., 1978. Water stress and leaf growth of field beans (Viciafaba L.) in the field: Leaf number and total leaf area. Ann. Bot., 42: 1393-1402. 15. Khattab, A.H. and M.O. Khidir, 1970. Oil and protein content of local sesame types. Journal of Food Science and Technology (Sudan), 2: 8-10. 16. Khidir, M.O., 1997. Oil crop in Sudan. Khartoum University Press. 17. Lazim, M.E., 1973. Population and cultivar effects on growth and yield of sesame under irrigation. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. of Agric., University of Khartoum, Sudan. 18. Mahmoud, M.A., 1993. Sesame: In world and Sudan. Paper presented to the seminar of mechanization of sesame crop (Jan. 4th, 1993), Gedareif, Sudan. 19. Michael, A.M., 1978. Irrigation, Theory and Practice, pp. 448- 484, Vikas Publishing House, RTV. Ltd, New Delhi. 20. Oliver, J., 1965. The climate of Khartoum province. Sudan Note and Rec., 46: 90-129. 21. Omran, A., 1985. Oil crops network for East Africa and India region. In: sesame and safflower: Status and potentials. FAO Plant Production and Protection paper, 66: 52- 58. 22. Osman, H.E., 1985. Sesame growing in the Sudan. In sesame and safflower: Status and potentials. FAO plant production and protection paper 66: 23. Rincon, C.A., E.C. Bisbal and E.C. De-bisbal, 1997. Moisture stress index of three sesame cultivars. Agronomica Tropical Maracay, 47(4): 425 - 449. 24. Saeed, A.M., 1968. Some physical and chemical properties of certain Shambat soil. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Khartoum. 25. Tantawy, M.M., S.A. Ouda, F.A. Khalil, 2007. Irrigation Optimization for Different Sesame Varieties Grown under Water Stress Conditions. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(1): 7-12. 26. Unger, P.W., 1982. Time and frequency of irrigation effects on sunflower production and water use. Soil Science Society of America J., 46(5): 1072 - 1076.
Conclusion: Irrigation, 750mm (7500 m3 ha-1)is recommended annually for high oil yield of irrigared sesame in Sudan. Khidir gave highest oil yield per unit area. REFERENCES Ahmed, M.A., 1998. A note on performance of two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes suggested for releases. Yield stability of sesame in the central rainlands of Sudan. Paper submitted to the variety release committee, Kenana Res. Station, Sudan 2. A.O.A.C., 2002. Official Methods of Analysis, 16th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington D. C., USA. 3. Alpaslan, M., E. Boydak, M. Hayta, S. Gerçek and M. Simsek, 2001. Effect of row space and irrigation on seed composition of Turkish sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of American oil Chemist Society, 78(9): 933-938. 4. Balasubramaniyan, P. and V. Dharmalingam, 1996. Influence of irrigation and N levels on summer sesame. Sesame and Safflower Newsletter, 11: 4549. 5. Brady, C.J., N.S., Scott and R. Munns, 1974. The interaction of water stress with the senescence pattern of leaves. R. Soc. NZ. Bull. 12: 403- 409, cited by Karamanos, A.J., 1978. Ann. Bot. 42: 1393- 1402. 6. El Nadi, A.H., 1969. Efficiency of water use by irrigated wheat in the Sudan. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 73: 261- 266. 7. El Nadi, A.H., 1970. Water relations of beans. II. Effects of differential irrigation on yield and seed size of broad beans. Expl. Agric., 6: 107 –111. 8. FAO, 2000. Production Yearbook, 53: 119 9. Farah, S.M., 1981. An examination of the effect of water stress on leaf growth of crops of field beans (Vicia faba L.). I. Crop growth and yield. J. Agric. Sci. Camb., 96: 327 - 336. 10. Finch, Savage, W. E. and J. Elston, 1982. The effect of temperature and water stress on the timing of death in Vicia faba. Ann. Appl. Biol., 100: 567 -579. 1.
635
Res. J. Agric. & Biol. Sci., 6(5): 630-636, 2010
27. Van Rheenen, H.A., 973. Major problems of growing sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Nigeria. Wageningen. Netherlands, 73(12): 130. 28. Vyas, S.P., B.K. Garq, S. Kathju and A.N. Lahiris, 1983. Sensitivity of sesamum indicum L. to moisture stress at different developmental stages. Ann. Arid Zone, 22: 191 -197.
29. Watson, D.L. and M.A. Watson, 1953. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops. III. The effect on infection with beet yellows and beet mosaic viruses on the growth and yield of the sugar-beet root crop. Ann. Appl. Biol., 40(1): 1-37. 30. Weiss, E.A., 1983. Oil Seed Crops. Pub. in U.S.A. Longman Inc. New York, pp: 402 - 462.
636
