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Jul 5, 2013 - J Vet Adv 2013, 3(7): 215-219. DOI: 10.5455/jva.20130723120931. Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com. Journal of Veterinary ...
Journal of Veterinary Advances

Effect of Physical Activity and other Factors on Serum Levels of total Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Horses in Colima, Mexico Carreón V., Macedo R. and De la Peña C.

J Vet Adv 2013, 3(7): 215-219 DOI: 10.5455/jva.20130723120931

Online version is available on: www.grjournals.com

CARREÓN ET AL.

ISSN: 2251-7685

Short Communication

Effect of Physical Activity and other Factors on Serum Levels of total Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Horses in Colima, Mexico. Carreón V., Macedo R. and De la Peña C. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Colima, Tecomán, Colima, México.

Abstract A study was conducted with the objective to evaluate the effect of physical activity, breed, age, sex and body condition on serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides of horses in Colima, Mexico. Blood samples were collected from 40 clinically healthy stallions and geldings, a half of them physically active and the rest sedentary. Additional information on frequency and intensity of physical activity was recorded and total cholesterol and triglycerides serum levels were determined. Average total cholesterol and triglycerides serum level were 2.37±0.65 and 0.30±0.11mmol/L respectively. Total cholesterol serum level was not significantly affected (P2 hours per day) and low (5 min dogtrot, 5 min fast trot, 5 min gallop, 10–15 min training) and high (10 min dogtrot, 10 min fast trot, 20 min gallop, 20 min training). Blood sampling was obtained early in the morning by puncture of the jugular vein of 12 h fasting horses into Vacutainer® tubes. On the day of blood collection physically active horses had a rest period from 12 to 20 hours. Blood samples were leaving at room temperature for 20 min after collection. Plasma was recovered by centrifugation at 3500 rpm for 10 min and stored at −25°C until use. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) concentration were determined by enzymatic method using a Vitros DT60II (Johnson & Johnson, USA) Blood Biochemistry Analyzer. Data were analyzed statistically by variance analysis (ANOVA) using the general lineal model procedure of SAS (2002) and LSD test when differences were found between treatments. Statistical model included the fixed effects of the physical activity, age, breed, castration and body condition. Further variance analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of the frequency, duration and intensity of the physical activity. Results and Discussion Average serum content of TC and TG was 2.37 mmol/L and 0.30 mmol/L respectively. Physical activity and breed did not affect serum levels of TC and TG (Table 1). While the lack of effect of physical activity on serum TC and TG has been previously documented by Day et al. (2008), Hambleton et al. (1980) indicated that TC serum levels increase with exercise. TG serum level of horses with physical activity measured in this study (0.31 mmol/L), was slightly higher than those reported in Chilean sports horses (0.28 mmol/L) by Perez et al. (1997). TC concentration was lower than those determined by Jagrič et al. (2012) who found concentrations of 2.29 mmol/L in sport horses after 24 hours of rest. TC serum content of Arab horses was significantly greater while the TG serum content J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(7): 215-219.

CARREÓN ET AL.

was significantly lower than those observed by Asadi et al. (2011) for this breed in Iran (1.92 and 1.96 mmol/L respectively). Meanwhile, contrary to what observed in this study, Poso et al. (1983) found differences in the concentration of TG attributed to breed, and indicate that the ability of liver to metabolize TG varies between horse breeds. Castration did not increase (P < 0.05) the serum levels of TG whereas serum levels of TC tended to increase (P = 0.08). Age did not affect (P > 0.05) serum levels of TC and TG. Fleshy horses showed a significantly higher (P < 0.05) level of TG compared to moderate and thin horses, whereas serum levels of TC tended (P = 0.05) to increase (Table 2). As happened in this study Ju et al. (1993) did not found difference in TG serum levels of stallions and geldings, whereas Mayer et al. (1984) did not found effect of age on TC and TG serum levels of Spanish horses. This result differs of those obtained

by Nazifi et al. (2005) whom indicate that serum levels of TC and TG increase with age. Contrary, Gupta et al. (2002) concluded that serum levels of TC and TG where higher in 6-month to 3-year horses than in 10-year horses. The increase in TG concentration due to the rise in body condition of horses, does not coincide with the findings of Carter et al. (2009), who concluded that an increased of 2 points in the body condition (from 6 ± 1 to 8 ± 1) of geldings fed 200% of its energy needs, did not increase serum TG. Frequency (days per week) of physical activity did not affect (P < 0.05) serum levels of TC and TG. Serum levels of TC tended to increase (P = 0.08) in horses exercising more than two hours per day, whilst intensity of sessions did not affect serum levels of TC and TG (Table 3).

Table 1. Effects of physical activity and breed on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of horses in Colima, Mexico. Total cholesterol Triglycerides Factor P P (mmol/L) (mmol/l) Physical activity Yes 2.19 ± 0.55 0.57 0.31 ± 0.10 0.16

Breed

No

2.32 ± 0.73

0.27 ± 0.11

Arabian

2.80 ± 0.98

Spanish

2.65 ± 0.78

0.34 ± 0.09

Creole

2.14 ± 0.58

0.24 ± 0.13

Azteca

2.08 ±0.67

0.29 ± 0.13

Quarter Horse

1.97 ± 0.53

0.28 ± 0.11

Other

1.91 ± 0.28

0.27 ± 0.08

0.22

0.30 ± 0.09

0.73

Table 2: Effects of castration, age and body condition on serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of horses in Colima, Mexico. 217

J. Vet. Adv., 2013, 3(7): 215-219.

EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND OTHER FACTORS ON SERUM LEVELS …

Sex

Gelding Stallion

Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 2.50 ± 0.51 2.01 ± 0.71

Age

1 – 10 years 11 – 20 years 20 – 30 years

2.34 ± 0.70 2.24 ± 0.42 2.20 ± 0.54

0.91

0.24 ± 0.10 0.25 ± 0.09 0.38 ± 0.09

0.11

Body condition

Fleshy (7) Moderate (5) Thin (3)

2.61 ± 0.74 2.02 ± 0.51 2.14 ± 0.42

0.05

0.38 ± 0.10a 0.27 ± 0.09b 0.22 ± 0.05b

0.00

Factor

ab

P 0.08

Triglycerides (mmol/l) 0.32 ± 0.09 0.26 ± 0.09

P 0.14

Means within rows with different uppercase letters are significantly different (P2

2.05 ± 0.52 2.84 ± 0.10

0.08

0.27 ± 0.10 0.31 ± 0.17

0.59

Intensity

High Low

2.46 ± 0.52 2.43 ± 0.37

0.99

0.30 ± 0.12 0.25 ± 0.09

0.65

Factor

Poso et al. (1989) and Viana et al. (2007) found that exercise intensity increase levels of TG with no effect on TC concentration. Miller-Graber et al. (1991) and Pérez et al. (1997) report a greater utilization of triglycerides during high intensity exercise, suggesting that training enhances the extraction and efficiency of oxidation of plasma free fatty acids by muscle (Koivisto et al., 1982; Li et al., 2012). Other studies indicate that TG concentration decrease with constant training, which implies that the horses subjected to training, develop a higher efficiency of the mechanism controlling lipid metabolism during the following race seasons (Kedzierski and Podolak 2002; Muñoz et al., 2002; Kedzierski et al., 2009). Conclusions Serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides of horses were not affected by physical activity, age, castration and breed, whereas the increase of body condition elevated triglycerides serum concentration. 218

P 0.67

Triglycerides (mmol/l) 0.27 ± 0.13 0.31 ± 0.12

P 0.46

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