Effect of Polyanionic Cellulose Polymer Nanoparticles ...

4 downloads 0 Views 331KB Size Report
Filter press system is used to measure the amount of water loss and mud cake thickness. It was found that adding polyanionic cellulose nanoparticles in ...
Int. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., Vol. 8, No. 3, Sep. 2012, pp. 171-174

Effect of Polyanionic Cellulose Polymer Nanoparticles on Rheological Properties of Drilling Mud M. Fereydouni1 , S. Sabbaghi1*, R. Saboori2 , S. Zeinali1 1- Nano Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran 2- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering School, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. Iran (*) Corresponding author: : [email protected] (Received:25 May 2012 and Accepted: 15 Aug. 2012)

Abstract:

Polyanionic cellulose polymer is used as an additive in drilling mud in order to decrease water loss and mudcake-thickness. In this study effect of bulk and nanosize polyanionic cellulose on water loss and mud-cakethickness in mud drilling is investigated. Polyanionic cellulose nanoparticles are made by using of ball milling. Size of nanoparticles is measured by Particle size analyzer. Polyanionic cellulose and polyanionic cellulose nanoparticles which were prepared by Hamilton batch mixer and with certain percent suggested by API, were added to water-based mud drilling. Filter press system is used to measure the amount of water loss and mud cake thickness. It was found that adding polyanionic cellulose nanoparticles in comparison with conventional polyanionic cellulose resulted in desirable reduction of amount of water loss and mud cake thickness. Keywords: Polyanionic cellulose, Nanoparticles, Mud drilling, Water loss, Mud cake thickness

1. INTRODUCTION Any of a number of liquid and gaseous fluids and mixtures of fluids and solids (as solid suspensions, mixtures and emulsions of liquids, gases and solids) used in operations to drill boreholes into the earth. Classifications of drilling fluids has been attempted in many ways, often producing more confusion than insight. One classification scheme, given here, is only based on the mud composition by singling out the component that clearly defines the function and performance of the fluid: (1) water-based, (2) oil-based and (3) gaseous (pneumatic). Each has a variety of subcategories that overlap each other considerably. [1, 2]. Just as drilling fluids are integral to the borewell drilling process, additives that are very much a part of their composition, have a unique role to play.

Most of these additives have distinct properties that specifically help in countering certain challenges encountered during the drilling process. They help in accomplishing the drilling work with efficiency and precision. They also help in minimizing human hazards. [3, 4, 5]. PAC is one of the popular additives being increasingly considered for easing the challenges associated with borehole drilling mechanisms. PAC is basically a technical grade, low viscosity, and dispersible additive. Chemically, it is a Polyanionic Cellulose compound. It reduces the API filtration rate through minimum enhancement in viscosity with respect to aqueous drilling fluids. Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, approximately at dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. It

171

can be used to solve a lot of problems associated 2. EXPERIMENTAL with drilling engineering. The nanoparticles have 2.1. Material high area to volume ratio which gives them a high surface area for interaction with surrounding Bentonite and Polyanionic Cellulose (PAC) were medium, hence for any application the quantity both highly pure. of nanoparticles required will be less and hence there is cost advantage when using nanoparticles. 2.2. Preparation of PAC nanoparticles The applications of nanoparticles in drilling fluids Ball milling with high energy production and are mainly to form a thin layer of non-erodible transferring the energy to the balls, causes the and impermeable nanoparticles membrane around nanoparticles to be produced according to the the wellbore which prevents common problems shear stresses forced with the balls. The amount like clay swelling, spurt loss and mud loss due to of energy depends on slipping velocity, size and circulation [6]. number of balls and residence time in ball milling. Nanoparticles required will be less and hence To produce the PAC nanoparticles with the ball there is cost advantage when using nanoparticles. milling method, PAC was feed and the mill was The applications of nanoparticles in drilling fluids set on 400rpm rotational velocity for about 2hr to is mainly to form a thin layer of non-erodible and 2.5hr. The temperature of experiment remained at impermeable nanoparticles membrane around room temperature. The shear stress inserted by the the wellbore which prevents common problems balls on the PAC particles caused the gridding of the like clay swelling, spurt loss and mud loss due to PAC particle and production of PAC nanoparticles. circulation [7]. PAC powders size distributions before entering to There are different methods for synthesis of the mill and after exiting from the mill are shown in nanoparticles membrane around the wellbore which nanoparticles membrane around are thedivided wellbore which nanoparticles. These techniques into two Figure 1 and Figure 2. prevents prevents common common problems problems like like clay clay swelling, swelling, spurt spurt loss loss categories namely dry and wet synthesis methods. and mud loss due to circulation [7]. and mud loss due to circulation [7]. Dry synthesis methods consists of for jet milling, ball of There synthesis There are are different different methods methods for synthesis of nanoparticles. These techniques are divided into milling, micronizer whereas wet milling consists nanoparticles. These techniques are divided into two two categories dry wet Dry of solventnamely evaporation, emulsion categories namely dry and andemulsion/double wet synthesis synthesis methods. methods. Dry synthesis consistsfluidized of jet milling, ball milling, method,methods spray drying, bed coating and synthesis methods consists of jet milling, ball milling, micronizer whereas wet milling consists of solvent others [8]. whereas wet milling consists of solvent micronizer evaporation, emulsion/double emulsion method, spray evaporation, emulsion/double method, spray Ball milling can used with or without a liquid. drying, fluidized bedbecoating andemulsion others [8]. drying, fluidized bed coating and others [8]. In this method, a rotating cylinder is filled with Ball milling can be used with or without a liquid. In Ball millinga rotating can used withisballs or without a collide liquid. In this cylinder filled with the material themethod, material to be grind and which this method, a rotating cylinder is filled with the material to grind and balls which collide with each other, and the with each other, and the grinding material to be to grind and balls to which collideand with eachshear other, and the grinding beshear ground forces on groundmaterial and exert forcesexert on the grinding Fig. 1 : PAC particle size distribution grinding material to be ground and exertcauses shear forces the grinding material. This method a lot on of Figure particle Fig.1:1 PAC : PAC particlesize sizedistribution distribution material. This method causes a lot of friction the grinding material. This method a for lot the of friction and wear in the material so it iscauses not ideal and wear in the material so it is not ideal for friction and like wearbiodegradable in the materialpolymer. so it is not for the soft matter Thisideal method is thematter soft matter like polymer. This is useful for formation of biodegradable micro/nano meter sizedmethod particles soft like biodegradable polymer. This method is useful for formation or composites where of the distortions inofthemicro/nano particles due useful for formation micro/nano meter sized particles to friction is notwhere crucial ormeter composites the[9]. distortions in the where particlesthe due sized particles or composites the present study, the effect of PAC polymeric toIn friction is not crucial [9]. distortions in the particles due to friction is not nanoparticles milling the polymeric two main In the present study,bytheballeffect of on PAC crucial [9]. produced parameters of produced water-based-mud drillingon which are main mud nanoparticles by ball milling the two In the present study, the effect of PAC polymeric cake thickness and water loss, are investigated. parameters of water-based-mud drilling which are mud nanoparticles produced by ball milling on the two cake thickness and water loss, are investigated. parameters of water-based-mud drilling 2.main Experimental which are mud cake thickness and water loss, are 2. Experimental Fig. 22:PAC size distribution 2.1. Material Figure PACnanoparticle nanoparticle size distribution investigated. Fig.section 2 PAC nanoparticle size distribution 2.1. Material 2.3. Test Bentonite and Polyanionic Cellulose(PAC) were both highly pure. Fereydouni,2.3. et al. 172 section Bentonite and Polyanionic Cellulose(PAC) were both In Test this work the effect of nanoPAC additives on the highly pure. main parameters of water-based-mud drilling which are 2.2. Preparation of PAC Nanoparticles In this the effect of nanoPAC additives on The the mud cakework thickness and water loss was investigated. main parameters of water-based-mud drilling which are experiments which were performed on the mud drilling 2.2. Preparation of PAC Nanoparticles Ball milling with high energy production and mud cake thickness and water loss was investigated. The were proposed by API. The water-based-mud based on transferring the energy to the balls, causes the experiments whichinwere performed mud drilling 10gr Bentonite 350cc water on wasthe prepared by Ball millingto with high energy production and nanoparticles be produced according to the shear Hamilton Batch Mixer. PAC and nanoPAC with specific were proposed by API. The water-based-mud based on stresses forced the balls. The balls, amountcauses of energy transferring thewith energy to the the percents were added to mud drilling. The experiment 10gr Bentonite in 350cc water was prepared by depends on slipping and number balls nanoparticles to be velocity, producedsize according to theof shear related to the amount of water loss and mud cake

2.3. Test section In this work the effect of nanoPAC additives on

NanoPAC powder of sizewater-based-mud distribution which the main parameters drillingwas measured by particle size analyzer device is showed which are mud cake thickness and water loss in Fig. In this figure,The particle size distribution is in the was2. investigated. experiments which were range of 65nmonto the 850nm the average 91nm. The performed mudwith drilling were of proposed range of particle size is narrow and based it can on be seen by API. The water-based-mud 10grthat CC ball milling in method an appropriate method was prepared by for Bentonite 350 is water Hamilton Batch Mixer.Having PAC and nanoPAC withsize nanoparticles production. a narrow particle specific percents addedhave to mud drilling. distribution, the were particles more similar The experiment related to the amount of water specifications. It should be noted that in the manning loss and mud amounts cake thickness was velocity, done with the method accurate for slipping residence filter press device. In this device air was used as a time and also high temperature control are needed. pressure factor on the mud drilling. The pressure Because as the slipping velocity is lower, the shear stress device iswas set on 100 psi size for 30 minutes. onofthetheparticles decreased and the of the produced The temperature remained constant at roomtime particles is increased. Also as the residence temperature during the experiment. becomes lower, the particle size distribution is increased. The results of experiments on water-based mud for PAC and nanoPAC shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. 3. RESULT AND are DISCUSSION Increasing the area to volume ratio in nanoparticles causes increase the ionic group weights PAC the powder size of distribution which molecular was measured forbyabsorption on the clay particle surface and attaching particle size analyzer device is shown in Figure 1. theInparticles to particle each other polymeric this Figure sizealso distribution is innanoparticles the rage cause more to colloidal particle formation by relating with of 1.7mm 6mm with the average of 3.03mm. solid particlespowder which are present in the mud. Finally, NanoPAC size distribution which was the amount of water loss and cake device thickness measured by particle size mud analyzer is is decreased mud can preserve specification showed and in the Figure 2. In this gel figure, particle for longer time.

size distribution is in the range of 65nm to 850nm with the average of 91nm. The range of particle size is narrow and it can be seen that ball milling method is an appropriate method for nanoparticles production. Having a narrow particle size distribution, the particles have more similar specifications. It should be noted that in the manning method accurate amounts for slipping velocity, residence time and also high temperature control are needed. Because as the slipping velocity is lower, the shear stress on the particles is decreased and the size of the produced particles is increased. Also as the residence time becomes lower, the particle size distribution is increased. The results of experiments on water-based mud for PAC and nanoPAC are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4. Increasing the area to volume ratio in Figure 4: Mud drilling thickness for mud drilling nanoparticles causes the increase of the ionic group molecular weights for absorption on the clay particle surface and attaching the particles to each other 4. Conclusions also polymeric nanoparticles cause more colloidal particle formation by relating with solid particles In this work, PAC which are present in thenanoparticles mud. Finally, at the400rpm amount rotational of velocity, 2-2.5hr residence time and room temperature water loss and mud cake thickness is decreased and were by thegelball milling method. The PAC the mudproduced can preserve specification for longer particle size before entering the milling and after exiting time.

from the mill was measured by the particle size analyzer (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Specific percents of PAC nanoparticles proposed by API were added to the waterbased-mud. The amount of water loss and mud cake thickness was measured by filter press device. Results are presented in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 which show that existence of nanoparticle causes the amounts of water loss and mud cake thickness to be decreased.

NanoPAC powder size distribution which was measured by particle size analyzer device is showed in Fig. 2. In this figure, particle size distribution is in the range of 65nm to 850nm with the average of 91nm. The range of particle size is narrow and it can be seen that ball milling method is an appropriate method for nanoparticles production. Having a narrow particle size 5. Reference distribution, the particles have more similar specifications. It should be noted that in the manning [1] Neal J. Adams , pennwell Books, (1991) Neal J. method accurate amounts for slipping velocity, residence Adams, pennwell Books,, Drilling Engineering. time and also high temperature control are needed. Because as the slipping velocity is lower, the shear stress [2] Bourgoyne Jr. A. T., Millheim Keith K., Chenevert on the particles is decreased and the size of the produced Martin E., Young Jr. F.S., (1991) Applied Drilling particles is increased. Also as the residence time Engineering, second Edition. becomes lower, the particle size distribution is increased. The results of experiments on water-based mud for Figure Figure 4: drilling for drilling Figure 4: Mud MudZhengsong drilling thickness thickness for mud mudHuang, drillingJie Cao, Figure3:3:Amount Amountwater waterloss lossfor formud muddrilling drilling [3] Zhong, Qiu , Weian PAC and nanoPAC are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. (2011) Shale inhibitive properties of polyether diamine Increasing the area to volume ratio in nanoparticles in water-based drilling fluid, Hanyi, Journal of causes the increase of the ionic group molecular weights 173 4. Conclusions International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78(2) pp.510-515. for absorption on the clay particle surface and attaching the particles to each other also polymeric nanoparticles In this PAC nanoparticles at 400rpm [4] work, Md. Amanullah , Long Yu, ( 2005)rotational Environment cause more colloidal particle formation by relating with velocity, 2-2.5hr time andtoroom temperature friendly fluidresidence loss additives protect the marine solid particles which are present in the mud. Finally, the wereenvironment produced by from the ball method.effect The PAC themilling detrimental of mud amount of water loss and mud cake thickness is particle size before entering of the milling and after exiting and additives, Journal Petroleum Science decreased and the mud can preserve gel specification for fromEngineering, the mill was 48(3-4) measured the particle size analyzer pp.by 199-208. longer time. (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Specific percents of PAC

4. CONCLUSIONS In this work, PAC nanoparticles at 400rpm rotational velocity, 2-2.5hr residence time and room temperature were produced by the ball milling method. The PAC particle size before entering the milling and after exiting from the mill was measured by the particle size analyzer (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Specific percents of PAC nanoparticles proposed by API were added to the water-based-mud. The amount of water loss and mud cake thickness was measured by filter press device. Results are presented in Figure 3 and Figure 4 which show that existence of nanoparticle causes the amounts of water loss and mud cake thickness to be decreased.

5. REFERENCE 1. Neal J. Adams , pennwell Books, (1991) Neal J. Adams, pennwell Books,, Drilling Engineering. 2. Bourgoyne Jr. A. T., Millheim Keith K., Chenevert Martin E., Young Jr. F.S., (1991) Applied Drilling Engineering, second Edition. 3. Zhong, Zhengsong Qiu , Weian Huang, Jie Cao, Shale inhibitive properties of polyether diamine in water-based drilling fluid, Hanyi, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 78, No. 2, (2011), pp.510-515.

174

4. Md. Amanullah , Long Yu, Environment friendly fluid loss additives to protect the marine environment from the detrimental effect of mud additives, Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 48, No. 3-4, (2005), pp. 199-208. 5. R. Saboori, S. Sabbaghi, D. Mowla, A. Soltani, Decreasing of water loss and mud cake thickness by CMC nanoparticles in mud drilling, International Journal of Nano Dimension, Vol. 3. No. 2, (2012), pp.101-104. 6. Thomas Gentzis , Nathan Deisman , Richard J. Chalaturnyk, Effect of drilling fluids on coal permeability: Impact on horizontal wellbore stability, International Journal of Coal Geology, Vol. 78, No. 3, (2009), pp. 177-191. 7. Jayanth T. Srivatsa, B.E, (2010) An Experimental Investigation on use of Nanoparticles as Fluid Loss Additives in a Surfactant – Polymer Based Drilling Fluid, Thesis of MS, Texas Tech University. 8. Midoux N, Hoek P, Pailleres L, Authelin J., Micronization of pharmaceutical substances in a spiral jet mill. Powder Technology., Vol. 104, No. 2, (1999), pp.113-120. 9. Takano K, Nishii K, Horio M., Binderless granulation of pharmaceutical fine powders with coarse lactose for dry powder inhalation. Powder Technology. Vol. 131, No. 2-3, (2003), pp.129-138.

Fereydouni, et al.