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Jan 3, 2010 - Effects of seed aging on field performance of winter oilseed rape. Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani *, Saeid Khomari, Bahareh Dalil, Ayda ...
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Effects of seed aging on field performance of winter oilseed rape Article in Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment · January 2010

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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.8 (1) : 175-178. 2010

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Effects of seed aging on field performance of winter oilseed rape Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani *, Saeid Khomari, Bahareh Dalil, Ayda Hosseinzadeh-Mahootchy and Afsaneh Chadordooz-Jeddi Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. *e-mail: [email protected] Received 19 September 2009, accepted 3 January 2010.

Abstract An experiment was carried out on the basis of RCB design in 2008, to assess the effects of seed aging on field performance of winter oilseed rape. Seeds of winter oilseed rape (cv. Talayeh) were divided into three sub-samples. A sub-sample was kept as control or high vigor seed lot (V1). The two other sub-samples with about 15% moisture content were artificially aged at 40°C for 9 and 12 days (V2 and V3, respectively). So, three seed lots with different levels of vigor were provided. These seeds were then sown in a sandy loam soil and the performance of the seed lots was evaluated. The results showed that the mean emergence time and days to flowering significantly increased with increasing seed aging, but mean emergence percentage and winter survival decreased as seed deterioration increased. The number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant were not statistically affected by seed aging. It seems that early emergence of seedlings from high vigor seeds was compensated by efficient use of environmental resources by individual plants from aged seeds, due to poor stand establishment. In general, it was concluded that seed aging can reduce crop yield indirectly, through decreasing the rate and percentage of seedling emergence and winter survival. Therefore, it is necessary to produce and cultivate high vigor seeds of oilseed rape, in order to ensure satisfactory yield achievement in the field. Key words: Harvest index, oilseed rape, seed aging, seed vigor, stand establishment.

Introduction According to many researchers 8-10, 15, 18, 35, maximum seed quality is achieved at or slightly after mass maturity (end of seed filling period), which is previously termed physiological maturity 36. Thereafter seeds begin to age on the mother plant 15, 18. Seed aging continues during storage, losing viability and vigor 11, 33. Several biochemical and physiological changes occur in seeds during aging 2, 23, 27. Inhibitors of endogeneous nucleases are lost during storage, released DNAase causes lesions on the DNA molecules within the nucleus and transcription of RNA is disrupted leading to a reduction in early protein synthesis 30, 38. Oxidative reactions are responsible for the deteriorative changes observed in aged seeds. Free radical oxidations, enzymic dehydrogenation and aldehyde oxidation of proteins might reasonably contribute to the progress of seed ageing 4. Free radicals attack membrane lipids and cause major disruption of their viscosity and permeability 39. Increase of solute leakage at this situation would be due to damaged membrane. The release of exudates, such as sugars, inorganic ions and amino acids, directly affects respiration and enzymatic activities and reduces macromolecular synthesis 5. The rate of deterioration, due to aging, is positively related to the ambient temperature, relative humidity and seed moisture content 11. When ageing is advanced, germination rate and uniformity and tolerance to environmental stresses and consequently seedling emergence and post-emergence seedling growth decreased 20, 24, 25. Stand establishment in the autumn and winter survival capability are the two main factors affecting winter oilseed rape performance in the field 16. Sowing of high vigor seed Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.8 (1), January 2010

lot in the field would lead to increasing the crop yield via improvement of plant establishment and over-wintering 12. A vigorous seed lot is potentially able to perform well even under sub-optimal conditions 22. To achieve high yield capacity and stability, winter crops have to survive and grow during the cold season. Seed vigor influences winter survival of the crops through effects on seedling size before frost occurrence. Survival of seedlings from high vigor seeds was considerably higher than those from low vigor seeds at freezing temperatures. This superiority could result from rapid emergence of seedlings from high vigor seed lots, leading to the production of large and vigorous seedlings 16 with high chlorophyll content in their leaves 17. These relative differences among seed lots may remain until harvest and influence crop yield 12, 14. In general, seed and seedling vigor influence the yield of field crops 37. Several reports have shown that low seed quality causes poor stand establishment in the field and consequently yield loss of corn 7, 29, wheat 13, 32, cottonseed 21 and barley 1, 6, 26, 28, 34. Some of the effects of deterioration can be observed in the laboratory, but it is more important to know the effects of deterioration in the field, and how they influence the performance of the plant. Thus, this research was carried out to investigate the effects of seed aging on field performance of winter oilseed rape. Materials and Methods Seeds of a winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Talayeh) were obtained from Agricultural Research Center of Khoy, Iran. These seeds were divided into three sub-samples. A sub-sample 175

was kept as control or high vigor seed lot (V1). The two other subsamples with about 15% moisture content were artificially deteriorated at 40°C for 9 and 12 days (V2 and V3, respectively). So, three seed lots with different levels of vigor were provided for field experiment. Field experiment was conducted in 2008 at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran (38°5’N, 46°17’E). The area is located at an altitude of 1360 m with the annual rainfall of 285 mm. Each plot had 4 sowing rows of 4 m long. Seeds were treated with Benomyl at a rate of 1.5 g/kg before sowing. The seeds were then sown at mid-September in a sandyloam soil at a depth of about 2.5 cm with a density of 114 seeds/m². The experiment was arranged on the basis of RCB design in six replicates. All plots were irrigated immediately after sowing and subsequent irrigations were carried out as and when required. Weeds were controlled by hand during crop growth and development. Seedling emergence in each plot was counted in daily intervals until no more emergences were observed. Subsequently, mean emergence time and percentage of seedling emergence were calculated. Seedlings were again counted in mid-March and percentage winter survival was calculated for each seed lot at each replicate. Days to flowering was recorded as the number of days from sowing to 50% flowering. At maturity, 3 plants were harvested from each plot and grains per plant, grains per unit area, 100 grain weight, grain yield per plant and biological yield were determined. Finally, plants of 0.5 m-2 in the middle part of each plot were harvested and grain yield per unit area was recorded. Analysis of variance of the data appropriate to the experimental design and comparison of means at p < 0.05 were carried out, using MSTAT-C software. Results Seed aging had significant effects on mean emergence time, emergence percentage, winter survival and days to flowering (Table 1). Grains per unit area, biological and grain yields per unit area and harvest index were also significantly affected by seed deterioration, but the effects of seed vigor on number of grains

per plant, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant were not significant (Table 2). Mean emergence time of seedlings significantly increased with increasing seed aging duration, but mean emergence percentage and winter survival decreased as seed deterioration increased. Days to flowering of plants from poor vigor seed lots were significantly lower than that of high vigor seed lot (Table 3). Although the number of grains per plant for plants from poorquality seed lots (V2 and V3) was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that for plants from high quality seed lot (V1), the highest number of grains per unit area was recorded for plants from vigorous seeds (Table 4). Mean grain weight and grain yield per plant of plants from aged seeds were also slightly higher than those of plants from non-deteriorated seed lot. However, biological and grain yields per unit area and harvest index significantly decreased with increasing seed aging (Table 4). Discussion Rapid emergence of seedlings from high vigor seed lot led to production of vigorous plants before frost occurrence in the winter. As a result, winter survival of these plants was much higher than that from low vigor seed lots (Table 3). Therefore, seed aging decreased seed and seedling vigor which consequently reduced acclimation capability and frost tolerance of oilseed rape as reported by Ghassemi-Golezani et al. 17. Slow emergence of seedlings from aged seeds also resulted in poor stand establishment and delayed flowering of plants (Table 3). Since there is a strong relationship between plant density and yield 14, 31, low density plant populations resulting from an interaction of low vigor and adverse conditions of freezing stress during winter can potentially decrease crop yield per unit area. Even when low populations of plants from aged seeds were compared with similar populations obtained from low sowing rates of high vigor seeds, the plants from the former seeds yielded less than those from the latter 14, 30. In our research, number of grains per plant, 100 grain weight and grain yield per plant were statistically similar for plants from deteriorated and non-deteriorated seed lots (Table 4), suggesting

Table 1. Analysis of variance of the effects of seed aging on field emergence, winter survival and days to flowering of oilseed rape.

Source

d.f

Replication Seed aging Error C.V(%)

5 2 10 -

Mean emergence time 3.412** 119.249** 0.274 3.54

MS Emergence percentage 68.736 6870.377** 31.058 14.97

Winter survival 92.669 7927.575** 49.993 13.35

Days to flowering 5.689** 57.056** 0.656 0.34

** Significant at p < 0.01.

Table 2. Analysis of variance of the effects of seed aging on yield and yield components of oilseed rape.

Source

d.f

Replication Seed aging Error C.V(%)

5 2 10 -

Grains per plant 69371.9 362498.8 ns 443244.6 40.18

Grains per unit area 667748879.6 21819781137.8** 423483029.9 42

MS 100 grain weight 0.003 0.008 ns 0.004 16.38

Grain yield per plant 3.203 14.493 ns 9.317 43.45

Biological yield 47535.1 1770721.2** 22648.9 31.14

Grain yield per unit area 9066.3 312513.7** 4395.14 33.9

Harvest index 8.184 71.5* 15.99 10.61

ns, *, ** Not significant and significant at p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively.

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Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, Vol.8 (1), January 2010

Table 3. Means of field emergence rate and percentage, winter survival and days to flowering of oilseed rape affected by seed aging. Seed lot V1 V2 V3

Aging period (day) 0 9 12

Mean emergence time (day) 9.7 c 16.75 b 17.95 a

Emergence percentage 76.13 a 20.85b 14.68 b

Winter survival (%) 91.68 a 47.57 b 19.58 c

Days to flowering 234.2 c 237.2 b 240.3 a

Different letters at each column indicating significant difference at p < 0.05.

Table 4. Means of yield and yield components of oilseed rape affected by seed aging. Seed lot

Grains per plant

Grains per unit area

100 grain weight

Grain yield (g/ plant)

V1 V2 V3

1475 a 1937 a 1560 a

117750.2 a 24210 b 5042 c

0.355 a 0.397 a 0.427 a

5.698 a 8.735 a 6.642 a

Biological yield (g/m2) 1096a 291.8b 61.87c

Grain yield (g/m2) 453.69a 110.9b 21.12c

Harvest index (%) 41.18a 37.57b 34.28c

Different letters at each column indicating significant difference at p < 0.05.

that early emergence of seedlings from high vigor seeds was compensated by efficient use of environmental resources by individual plants from low vigor seeds, due to poor stand establishment. However, low plant population density resulted from seed aging considerably reduced biological yield, grains per unit area, grain yield per unit area and harvest index (Table 4). According to Ball et al. 3, number of grains per unit area was directly proportional to the crop biomass and greater biological yield resulting in increased grain number and yield potential. Nevertheless, grain yield is the product of biomass and harvest index. In other words, the net changes in biomass and harvest index are reflected in grain yield. Failure in flowering and grain filling negatively affects the value of harvest index 19. Conclusions It can be concluded that seed aging reduces crop yield indirectly through decreasing seedling establishment and winter survival. Therefore, it is well justified to produce high quality seeds of oilseed rape and to provide proper storage conditions in order to prolong seed survival and vigor for ensuring optimum stand establishment and satisfactory yield across a wide range of field conditions. References 1

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