Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 81 (2017) 239–246
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Efficient removal of cationic dyes from colored wastewaters by dithiocarbamate-functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets: From synthesis to detailed kinetics studies Niyaz Mohammad Mahmoodi a,∗, Mina Ghezelbash a, Meisam Shabanian b, Fezzeh Aryanasab b, Mohammad Reza Saeb c a
Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811, Iran Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box 31745-139, Karaj, Iran c Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 1668814811, Iran b
a r t i c l e
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Article history: Received 6 August 2017 Revised 10 September 2017 Accepted 11 October 2017 Available online 6 November 2017 Keywords: Functionalization Graphene oxide nanosheet Dye removal Kinetic model Adsorption isotherm
a b s t r a c t In this work, dithiocarbamate-functionalized graphene oxide (GO-DTC) has been synthesized and applied in removal of cationic dyes; Basic Blue 41 (BB41) and Basic Red 46 (BR46). Morphology and chemical structure of the prepared GO-DTC were studied by SEM and FTIR analyses. Dye removal from wastewater solutions with variable concentration of dyes, pH, and GO-DTC dosage was evaluated. The experiments suggested a pseudo-second order kinetic model for dye adsorption onto GO-DTC, while dye adsorption isotherm data were found to fit Langmuir model. The adsorption efficiency of synthesized GO-DTC towards BB41 and BR46 was calculated to be 128.5 and 111 mg/g, respectively. © 2017 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Dyes are the most commonly used types of organic materials in a wide variety of applications including cosmetic, textile, ink and leather industries, overall taking ∼60–70% of dye production worldwide. It is reported that ca. 12% of the synthetic textile dyes used every year are converted to wastewater, and 20% of the losses will enter the environment via effluents of wastewater treatment plants [1–6]. Introduction of dyes into the water resources causes serious threats to drinking water, aquatic life, and marine areas. In this regard, the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of azo dyes and their derivatives are some significant examples. Therefore, removal of dyes from effluents has been extensively studied for many years. Although complete elimination of residual colors and organic dyes is a near-to-impossible task, a great deal of attempts has been dedicated to cleanup of effluents impregnated with such harmful chemicals. Until now, a wide variety of physical/chemical techniques such as photocatalysis, adsorption, etc. have been examined [7–11].
∗
Corresponding author. E-mail addresses:
[email protected],
[email protected] (N.M. Mahmoodi).
Adsorption has been frequently considered as a highly efficient approach to reduce the level of contamination in view of its simplicity, acceptable efficacy, and neutrality toward chemicals existing in the wastewater. Application of this technique in dye removal goes back to the early 20th century, where dye molecules were needed to be removed one by one in order to their hazardous impacts to the water resources. In recent years, however, development of procedures with reasonable cost and efficacy was of premier importance. From this perspective, application of natural materials and biosorbents from agricultural wastes received noticeable attention [12–16]. Chitosan (N-deacetylated derivative of chitin) is a bio-based materials [17]. Activated carbon and silica have been broadly applied in liquidphase purification processes because of their porous nature, which provides a large surface area. Nevertheless, inadequate adsorption capacity, slow kinetics of adsorption, low percent of the removed dyes, and insufficient potential for recycling placed serious limitation on the way use of conventional porous dye adsorbents. Nowadays, carbon-based porous structures with nano-scale planar or tubular structures are used as alternatives to conventional absorbents in removal of dyes from polluted environments [18–20]. Graphene-based materials have unique properties [21–26]. Application of graphene, single aromatic sheet of sp2 bonded carbon, has recently sparked a great excitement thanks to very large
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2017.10.011 1876-1070/© 2017 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
