E:\Med Garden\Garden Book=a.pmd

GERMPLASM COLLECTION IN

Garden of Medicinal Plants University of North Bengal

Compiled by:

A. P. Das & Chandrâ Ghosh

University of North Bengal Siliguri, West Bengal

Germplasm Collection in Garden of Medicinal Plants, University of North Bengal First Edition: March 2009. © University of North Bengal Publisher: Registrar, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohanpur, Siliguri 734 013, West Bengal, India. Funded by: Department of Food Processing Industries & Horticulture, Government of West Bengal through a RKVY project Project Supervisors: Dr. A. P. Das, Professor, Department of Botany, Principal Investigator Mr. M. U. Alam, Project officer, DACEEFO, Co-Principal Investigator

Printer: Sanjay Debnath at Sanjay’s Impression, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kadamtala 734 011, Darjeeling, West Bengal

Cover Photographs: Front cover: Barleria strigosa, Diplocyclos palmatus, Biophytum reinwardtii, Adiantum lunulatum, Aristolochia indica, Abrus precatorius (Red & black), Abrus precatorius (White)

Back cover: Bixa Orellana, Cinchona succirubra, Kalanchoe pinnata

No matter from this publication can be copied without prior consent from the publisher.

Foreword The unique location of the University of North Bengal at the feet of the great Himalayas, which is a treasure house of biological diversity, made it an important centre for studies in biodiversity. The progress of civilisation related activities are now exerting tremendous pressure on the survival of numerous rare and interesting elements. Realizing the situation IUCN has declared the entire Himalayan range as Himalaya Hotspot for Conservation. Out of the recorded over 10,000 species of plants living on the Himalayas 31.6 % are known to be endemic. In addition, 40% of amphibians, 27.3 % reptiles, 12.3 % of fresh water fishes and 4 % Himalayan mammals are endemic. Innumerable human activities cause wide scale modifications and/or loss of natural habitat, rendering these biological treasures difficult to find ways for normal survival. With the realisation of the bad effects of synthetic medicines scientists are now searching safe medicines from biological resources. Plant materials are now increasingly used not only for medicines but also for cosmetics, food-grade dye, aromatic substances, etc. That is why the demand for such exploitable plant materials is increasing round the world at a fabulous rate. Apart from this the Indian medicinal plants as mentioned in our ancient scripture Ayurveda have received the scientists’attention and their use has been recommended now-a-days. IUCN has recognised India as a Megadiversity Country. Its plant resources have attracted people from different corners of the planet for the last three centuries or more. Even today huge quantity of plant materials are being collected from their natural habitat for domestic and export market causing concern for the maintenance of our biological resource base. At the same time, such activity can satisfy the market neither from quality nor from the quantity points of view. The Garden of Medicinal Plants of North Bengal University was initiated in 1993 and was shifted to its present location in 1998. With its germplasm collection of over 600 species of medicinal, rare,

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endemic and interesting plants made it an important centre for ex situ conservatory in North Bengal where numerous Himalayan plants can the conserved. In fact, the present collection itself includes a recognisable proportion of Himalayan plants including temperate ones. The activities of this garden are not restricted inside the boundary of this University. It is now well known for its Lab-to-Land extension activities. And, such activities are rapidly popularising the cultivation of Medicinal Plants in North Bengal. The Garden regularly receives numerous visitors and they include scientists, students, administrators, farmers and common people. So, it is not only conserving the germplasm of useful plants, but a centre for research and education and for awareness generation among the common people also. The publication of the list of plants, along with some of their important features, growing in the Garden of Medicinal Plants is important as it will not only helpful in monitoring the collection but will inform others about its treasure also and numerous people may find many of these plants efficacious to cater their different types of needs. I always appreciate the activities in the garden and is now delighted to see such a publication recording its germplasm stock. I sincerely thank and congratulate the authors for undertaking such a noble job. University of North Bengal March 30, 2009

Prof. Arunabha Basumajumdar Vice-Chancellor

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Preface The collection of the germplasm of medicinal and aromatic plants for the Garden of Medicinal Plants was started long back in 1993 in a small garden in front of the Botany Department. Later on, with assistance from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal a larger garden was established at its present location in the year 1998. All plants from the previous garden were shifted to this new address. At the subsequent stages, assistance from National Medicinal Plants Board and the Department of Food Processing Industries and Horticulture, Government of West Bengal helped the collection to increase and maintain. With the continued efforts for introduction of new plants gradually, during the last 16 years and with the assistance of different funding agencies the germplasm collection grew up to this level. However, not all the plants introduced into the garden survived but the accession number increased years after year. The awareness regarding the biodiversity conservation is increasing. Young people, mainly students, feel concerned about it especially against the climatic amelioration round the globe. The ever increasing rate of the removal of natural vegetation is endangering numerous species of plants. Scientists already started visualising the structure of the future brown earth that planners and administrators can not put into their dream. After realization, man is now trying to save some natural tracts of vegetation but the steadily increasing human population exerting almost uncontrolled demanding pressure on such protected areas. The importance of ex situ conservatories is increasing from that angle of realization. This is the conservation of biological resources for the future generation of human species. One should understand the commercial/ economic exploitation is just for to-day’s survival, while conservation is for future and long term survival.

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From the beginning of this garden, in different times, many people worked in this garden to look after these plants and the University authority always expressed their keen interest about the improvement of the garden. The visitors expressed their satisfaction after going through the collection of rare and interesting plants. And, students and researchers become happy to get enough materials for their study related to Medicinal Plants. Our Honourable Vice-Chancellor always expresses his love and inquisitiveness about the Garden of Medicinal Plants and has kindly written a fitting and interesting ‘Foreword’ for this document. Just the conservation of some plants in one artificially protected area is not enough. Further research related to these plants, especially with the plants used in different folk medicines is important. We know the discovery of several important medicines was possible taking lead from ethnic knowledge and we believe several other medicines will be developed in the similar manner to keep ourselves safe from the deleterious effects of synthetic drugs. Taking our assistance quite a few other small gardens have developed in different corners of North Bengal including schools, colleges and Army Cantonments. The Medicinal Plants conservation and research group in North Bengal University is ready to assist any other person interested to work with this utilitarian class of biological resources of this green planet. I like to express my thanks and gratitude to Mr M U Alam, CoPrincipal Investigator for the project for his all round interest in maintaining the garden and to Miss Ajita Sarkar and Mr Dibakar Chowdhury, Research Scholars who regularly look after the well being of plants in the garden. Suggestions regarding the improvement and enrichment of the garden is always welcome. A P Das Principal Investigator

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Contents

Foreword

i

Preface

iii

Introduction

1

Enumeration of Germplasm

5

Plates

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For field-works, we need to visit different types of ecosystems, climatic areas etc. Living samples of plants even from temperate regions were introduced and many of those plants are growing in GMP nicely. We also acknowledge the plants received as gifts and/or donations from many people. The Collection Plants below the rank of Pteridophyta were not considered for introduction as we do not have facilities for growing such plants. But, numerous species of bryophytes, algae, fungi and lichens are growing naturally in the garden premises. For Pteridophytes, a good number of rare plants like Angiopteris evecta, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Dipteris conjugata, Salvinia cucullata, etc. have been introduced successfully. Among the gymnosperms the garden is housing some interesting plants from the genera like Agathis, Aurucaria, Cycas, Podocarpus, Pinus, Zamia, Gnetum, Ginkgo, Thuja etc. And, most of these plants have accepted the hospitality of GMP. Like most of ex situ gardens, this garden is also housing much larger number of Angiosperms. The collection includes wide range of habit and habitat groups. Plants from tropics to cold-temperate regions, hydrophytes to halophytes to xerophytes and epiphytes are nicely sharing the garden habitat. Taxonomical distribution is also extremely wide. Plants from Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Nepenthaceae, Droseraceae, Violaceae, Thymeliaceae, Saururaceae, Liliaceae, Taccaceae, Orchidaceae, etc are enriching the flora of GMP. The Garden of Medicinal Plants is now conserving well over 600 species of plants and this booklet recorded the occurrence of 605 species of medicinal, rare and other interesting plants. In addition, there is also a collection of ornamental plants but these are kept outside the present document.

The Presentation Altogether 605 species of plants including Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms has been presented in this document. Plants are arranged here alphabetically with their generic names and the species epithets under a genus. A binomial is accompanied with proper author citation, family, local/ common name, naturally growing in the garden/ introduced, habit, population structure, reproductive status and its climatic preference.

Introduction The richness of the flora of Eastern Himalaya is well known. It forms the eastern part of the IUCN recognised Himalaya Hotspot for Conservation. This part of the Himalayas is ranging from the Eastern part of Nepal, passing through Sikkim, Darjiling part of West Bengal, Bhutan, Arunachal Pradesh and ultimately coming down to the plains in Myanmar. This entire region attracts the plant lovers round the year and from round the earth. Man also inhabits this region since long. They are living in innumerable far flung areas and almost detached from the so called civilized society. All the resources for their survival are coming from the vegetation around them. The resources include food, fodder, medicine, house building materials etc. Analysis of the flora of these region expose that all these resources are available in plenty in Eastern Himalaya. But, the uncontrolled and unexpected increase in anthropogenic activities in the region not only causing sharp decrease of the area of natural vegetation it is also affecting the local biodiversity. Uncontrolled exploitation of plants and plant-products, legal or illegal, is also damaging the population structure of numerous species. The entire region is also known for the presence of a very high proportion of endemic species of plants and animals and any change in vegetation structure and area are expected to affect those species. Strategic Location of North Bengal University The University of North Bengal is located at 26º 42.6452 N Latitude and 88º 21.3522 E Longitude that is just at the feet of the Darjeeling part of the Eastern Himalaya with an average altitude of 132 m above mean sea level. This region is the gateway to different places of Eastern Himalaya including Darjeeling, Sikkim, Eastern Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and North-Eastern states of India. It is the part of Terai (the rolling plains at the feet of the Himalayas on the west of the river Tista) and originally covered with deep forested vegetation in contiguity with the hill forests. This is a narrow bottle neck zone and is well connected by road, rail and air not only with nearby states and countries but also with different parts of the country. It is only eight kilometres from Siliguri bus terminus and Siliguri Jn rail station, 14 kilometres from New Jalpaiguri rail station and four kilometres from the Bagdogra airport. A germplasm collection at this point can be accessed easily by the people 1

of much wide area. This is a large and green campus with enough open area for further expansion of different facilities. History of the Garden A small garden of Medicinal Plants was initiated in a small plot of land in front of the new building of the Department of Botany in the year 1993 and that was inaugurated by Prof. K. N. Chatterjee, the then ViceChancellor of the University. With a financial assistance from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of West Bengal in the year 1998, a new Garden of Medicinal Plants was initiated in its present location inside the campus of the University of North Bengal. Most of the plants from the earlier garden were transferred to this new garden. For the development of this garden at the beginning Prof. A. P. Das (Department of Botany) worked as the Academic Coordinator and Mr. M. U. Alam (Department of Adult, Continuing Education, Extension & Field Outreach) worked as the Programme Coordinator. Plants from almost all corners of the country and from different eco-climatic zones were introduced in this garden. However, the process of plant introduction is a regular activity and the collection is increasing every year. Later on, National Medicinal Plants Board (through the State Medicinal Plants Board, West Bengal) extended assistance through a project basically for the extension and popularization of the cultivation of Medicinal Plants in North Bengal. After the completion of NMPB project in 2008, a new project under the Rashtriyo Krishi Vikas Yojona, through the Department of Food Processing Industries and Horticulture, Government of West Bengal was initiated in 2008 and is helping in improving the facilities in the garden. Facilities Available in the Garden The total area of the garden is 5 acres. There are nearly three hundred demarcated beds for growing medicinal plants. Many plants are maintained in pots and many others are growing outside the demarcated plots. However, following facilities in the garden can be recognised: 1. Conservation Beds 2. Tank for growing aquatic plants 3. Net Houses for conservation of rare plants and for introduction 4. Hydropit Propagation Chamber 5. Mist Chamber for Propagation 2

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Humus & FYM pits Vermicompost Pit Nursery Beds Store Room Dug well with submersible pump Irrigation system with water-taps and sprinklers Demonstration Plots for the cultivation of Medicinal Plants; etc.

It is expected that some other facilities like (i) a quality assessment laboratory, (ii) one more net house, (ii) a training room etc will be introduced very soon. Activities of the Garden Though the main purpose of this garden is the conservation of Medicinal Plants of North Bengal and nearby areas, but a large number of plants procured from different parts of India and many interesting exotics are also now growing and preserved in the garden. At this moment, there are over 550 species of plants growing in the garden. However, activities based on this garden can be summarised as follows: 1. Conservation of Medicinal Plants 2. Propagation of rare and endangered plants 3. Mass propagation of commercially viable Medicinal Plants for cultivation 4. Training programs for interested farmers 5. Field training in Demonstration Plots 6. Quality assessment of harvested products 7. Assisting in marketing of crude drug 8. Arranging regular awareness programs; etc. Sources of Plants The flora of NBU campus itself is quite rich with the record of over 700 species of seed plants. In addition, there are numerous cryptogams. The Garden of Medicinal Plants (GMP) has been developed with this basic floristic back-up and that is why a good number of Medicinal Plants are growing there naturally. However, large number plants have been collected almost from all parts of India. Basic planting materials for some Medicinal Plants also have been purchased from different dealers. In addition, a good number of plants have been procured through exchange with other similar ex situ conservatories located in different corners of the country. 3

For field-works, we need to visit different types of ecosystems, climatic areas etc. Living samples of plants even from temperate regions were introduced and many of those plants are growing in GMP nicely. We also acknowledge the plants received as gifts and/or donations from many people. The Collection Plants below the rank of Pteridophyta were not considered for introduction as we do not have facilities for growing such plants. But, numerous species of bryophytes, algae, fungi and lichens are growing naturally in the garden premises. For Pteridophytes, a good number of rare plants like Angiopteris evecta, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Dipteris conjugata, Salvinia cucullata, etc. have been introduced successfully. Among the gymnosperms the garden is housing some interesting plants from the genera like Agathis, Aurucaria, Cycas, Podocarpus, Pinus, Zamia, Gnetum, Ginkgo, Thuja etc. And, most of these plants have accepted the hospitality of GMP. Like most of ex situ gardens, this garden is also housing much larger number of Angiosperms. The collection includes wide range of habit and habitat groups. Plants from tropics to cold-temperate regions, hydrophytes to halophytes to xerophytes and epiphytes are nicely sharing the garden habitat. Taxonomical distribution is also extremely wide. Plants from Ranunculaceae, Magnoliaceae, Fagaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Nepenthaceae, Droseraceae, Violaceae, Thymeliaceae, Saururaceae, Liliaceae, Taccaceae, Orchidaceae, etc are enriching the flora of GMP. The Garden of Medicinal Plants is now conserving well over 600 species of plants and this booklet recorded the occurrence of 605 species of medicinal, rare and other interesting plants. In addition, there is also a collection of ornamental plants but these are kept outside the present document.

The Presentation Altogether 605 species of plants including Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms has been presented in this document. Plants are arranged here alphabetically with their generic names and the species epithets under a genus. A binomial is accompanied with proper author citation, family, local/ common name, naturally growing in the garden/ introduced, habit, population structure, reproductive status and its climatic preference. 4

Enumeration of Germplasm Abelmoschus moschatus Medic. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Latakasturi Introduced; two cultivars; tall annual, many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Abrus precatorius L. [Fabaceae]: Local Name: Lal Kunch, Lalgeri Introduced; few plants; shrubby climber, flowering only; tropical. Abrus precatorius L. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Sada Kunch Introduced; one plant; shrubby climber, flowering only; tropical. Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thw. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Badami Kunch Many; naturally growing; shrubby climber, produce seeds; tropical. Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Petari, Giri Fonta. Introduced; few plants; tall bushy annual, produce seeds; tropical. Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Khayer. Introduced; one tree; produce seeds; tropical. Acalypha indica L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Muktajhuri. Many; naturally growing annual; produce seeds; tropical. Acampe papillosa Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; small epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Acanthus carduaceus Griff. [Acanthaceae]. Introduced undershrub; many; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Acanthus leucostachyus Nees [Acanthaceae]. Introduced; few; perennial herb, flowering only; tropical. Achras sapota L. [Sapotaceae]: Local Name: Sapota. Introduced; two trees; grown; fruiting; tropical Achyranthes aspera L. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Apang, Apamarg. Naturally growing herb; many; fruiting; tropical. Achyranthes bidentata Blume [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Ankhlay jhar. Naturally growing herb; many; fruiting; tropical. Acmella calva (DC.) Jansen [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Jang Jurbi, Kalijhar. Naturally growing herb; many; fruiting; tropical and subtropical. 5

Acmella uliginosa (Swartz) Cassini [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Piraj, Kalijhar. Introduced herb; many; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Acorus calamus L. [Acoraceae]; Local Name: Bach, Bojho. Introduced; many; rhizomatous perennial; flowering; tropical to temperate. Adenanthera pavonina L. [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Chandanbichi. Introduced tree; few; fruiting; tropical. Adiantum lunulatum Burm. [Polypodiaceae]; Local Name: Bidya pata, Kane uneu. Naturally growing small fern; many; sporulating; tropical. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Bel, Bael. Introduced tree; few; fruiting; tropical. Aerides multiflora Roxburgh [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; small epiphyte; fruiting; tropical. Aerides odoratatum Lour. [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; small epiphyte; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Aerva lanata Juss. ex Schult. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Chaya. Introduced small suffrutescent; few; flowering only; tropical. Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Lal bishalyakarani, Lopang. Introduced undershrub; many; flowering only; tropical. Agathis robusta (C. Moore ex F. Muell.) F. Mueller [Araucariaceae]; Local Name: Agathis. Introduced; two trees; vegetative only; temperate. Agave americana L. [Agavaceae]; Local Name: Bans keora, Hatiibar. Introduced; one plant; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ageratum conyzoides L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Elame jhar. Naturally growing herb; numerous; fruiting; subtropical to tropical. Ageratum haustonianum Miller [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Elame jhar. Naturally growing herb; numerous; fruiting; subtropical to tropical. Agrostphyllum sp [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; epiphyte; flowering only; subtropical. Alangium chinense (Loureiro) Harms [Alangiaceae]; Local Name: Akhane, Bamanpati. Introduced; one tree; vegetative only; tropical. 6

Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merrill [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Kalo Siris, Karkur Siris. Naturally growing tree; few; fruiting; tropical. Albizia lebbek (L.) Bentham [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Siris, Harra Siris. Naturally growing tree; few; fruiting; tropical. Allium cepa L. [Alliaceae]; Local Name: Chhoto pniaz. Introduced; many; flowering only; tropical. Allium hyspistum Stearn [Alliaceae]; Local Name: Ek mukhhi rasun, Jimbu. Introduced; many; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Allium sativum L. [Alliaceae]; Local Name: Rasun, Lasun. Introduced; many; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Allium stachyei [Alliaceae]; Local Name: Dungdung. Introduced; many; flowering only; temperate. Alocasia fallax Schott [Araceae]; Local Name: Kalo kachu, kala bako. Introduced rhizomatous perennial; few plants; produce flowers; tropical Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G. Don [Araceae]; Local Name: Mankachu. Introduced; few plants; tall rhizomatous perennial; produce flowers; tropical. Aloe jucunda Reynolds [Liliaceae]; Local Name: Aloe. Introduced perennial; few plants; succuring freely; flowering; tropical. Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. [Liliaceae]; Local Name: Ghritakumari, Ghew Kumari. Introduced perennial; many; flowering only; tropical. Alpinia galanga Willd. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Kulinjan. Introduced; many; rhizomatous perennial; flowering only; tropical. Alpinia malaccensis (Burman f.) Roscoe [Zingiberaceae]. Introduced; many; rhizomatous perennial; flowering and fruiting; tropical. Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Purundi. Introduced; many; rhizomatous perennial; fruiting; tropical. Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Smith [Zingiberaceae]; Common Name: Shell ginger. Introduced; many; rhizomatous perennial; fruiting; tropical. Alstonia macrophylla Wallich ex G. Don [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Baro Chhatim. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. 7

Alstonia scholaris R. Brown [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Chhatim, Chatiwan. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Alternanthera paronichioides A. St. Hil. [Amaranthaceae]. Naturally growing prostrate annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Nunia Saag, Saranchi Saag. Naturally growing diffuse perennial herb; many; fruiting; tropical. Amaranthus lividus L. [Amaranthaceae]. Naturally growing prostrate annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Amaranthus spinosus L. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Kanta-notey, Ban Lure. Naturally growing annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Amaranthus viridis L. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Bon-notey. Naturally growing annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Ambroma augusta (L.) L.f. [Sterculiaceae]; Local Name: Olatkambal, Sano Kapasi. Introduced; tall shrub; many; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Amischotolype hookeri (Hasskarl) Hara [Commelinaceae]. Naturally growing perennial herb; many; flowering only; tropical. Ammomum dealbatum Roxburgh [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Chelumpa. Introduced; few; rhizomatous perennial; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Amomum subulatum Roxb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Baro-alach. Introduced; few; rhizomatous perennial; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Amorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume [Araceae]; Local Name: Bon Ol. Introduced; geophyte with corm; few; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Amorphophalus nepalensis (Wall.) Bogner & Mayo [Araceae]; Local Name: Bon Ol. Introduced; geophyte with corm; few; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planchon [Vitaceae]; Local Name: Kumarlata, Jangli angur. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; few; flowering only; tropical. 8

Ampelocissus sikkimensis (Lawson) Planchon [Vitaceae]. Introduced; shrubby climber; two plants; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Anacardium occidentale L. [Anacardiaceae]; Local Name: Kajubadam. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. [Bromeliaceae]; Local Name: Anaras, Bhui Katahar. Introduced rosette perennial; many; fruiting; tropical. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Kalomegh. Introduced erect annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffman [Angiopteridaceae]. Introduced; two plants; sporulating; subtropical and tropical. Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Gopali. Naturally growing; tall annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Annona reticulata L. [Annonaceae]; Local Name: Nona Introduced; large shrub; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Annona squamosa L. [Annonaceae]; Local Name: Aata, Sarifa Introduced; bushy shrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Aquilaria malaccensis Lamarck [Thymelaeaceae]; Local Name: Agar Introduced; four young trees; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ardisia solanacea Roxburgh [Myrsinaceae]; Local Name: Marlberry Introduced; shrub; four plant; fruiting; tropical. Areca catechu L. [Arecaceae]; Local Name: Supari. Introduced; tall palm; many; fruiting; tropical. Argemone mexicana L. [Papaveraceae]; Local Name: Siyalkanta, Sungure Kanra. Naturally growing annual; few; fruiting; tropical. Argyreia roxburghii Choisy [Convolvulaceae]. Naturally growing; suffrutescent climber; few; fruiting; tropical. Aristolochia indica L. [Aristolochiaceae]; Local Name: Iswarmul. Introduced; shrubby climber; few; fruting; tropical. Aristolochia saccata Wallich [Aristolochiaceae]. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Aristolochia tagala Cham. & Schl. [Aristolochiaceae]; Local Name: Kiramar. Introduced; one shrubby climber; vegetative only; tropical. 9

Artemisia annua L. [Asteraceae]. Introduced annual; many plants; produced seeds; subtropical. Artemisia indica Willdenow [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Titeypati. Introduced diffuse perennial; many plants; produced seeds; subtropical and tropical. Artemisia vulgaris L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Titeypati. Introduced tall perennial herb; many plants; produced seeds; subtropical and tropical. Artocarpus chama Hamilton [Moraceae]; Local Name: Lathar, Saur, Chaplash. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Artocarpus lacucha Hamilton [Moraceae]; Local Name: Barrar, Dewa. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Ascocentrum ampullaceum Schlechter [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; flowering only, subtropical. Asparagus adscendens Roxburgh [Asparagaceae]; Local Name: Maha satabari. Introduced; geophyte with erect stems; many; produced seeds; tropical. Asparagus officinalis L. [Asparagaceae]; Local Name: Asparagus. Introduced; geophyte with erect stems; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Asparagus racemosus Willd. [Asparagaceae]; Local Name: Satamuli, Kurilo. Introduced; geophyte with climbing stems; many plants; produced seeds; tropical. Astilbe rivularis D. Don [Saxifragaceae]; Local Name: Buriokahti. Introduced; suffrutescent; two plant; vegetative only; subtropical and temperate. Atylosia scarabaeoides Bentham [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Ban kurti, Ban kulatha. Naturally growing; suffrutescent climber; many; fruiting; tropical. Averrhoa carambola L. [Oxalidaceae]; Local Name: Kamranga. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Azadirachta indica Jussieu [Meliaceae]; Local Name: Neem. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Baccaurea ramiflora Loureiro [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Latka’ Kusum. Introduced; two young trees; small ones, yet to flower; tropical 10

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. [Scrophulariaceae]; Local Name: Brahmi. Introduced; diffuse perennial herb; numerous; flowering only; tropical. Barleria cristata L. [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Sada Jati. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Barleria lupulina Lindley [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Kanta bisalyakarani. Introduced; shrub; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Barleria strigosa Willdnew [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Nil Jati. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Bauhinia acuminata L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Swet Kanchan. Introduced; large shrub; two plants; flowers only; tropical. Bauhinia purpurea L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Rakta kanchan, Tanki. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Bauhinia scandens L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Nagbaele. Introduced; liana; one plant; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Benthamidia capitata (Wall.) Hara [Cornaceae]; Local Name: Ramkattar. Introduced; one young tree, yet to flower; temperate. Berchemia floribunda (Wall.) Brongniart [Rhamnaceae]; Local Name: Bange. Introduced; liana; one plant; flowering; tropical. Berginia ciliata (Haworth) Sternberg [Saxifragaceae]; Local Name: Pakhanbet. Introduced; small perennial herbs; two plants; flowering only; subtropical. Bidens pilosa L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Kuro. Naturally growing; erect annual; many; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Biophytum reinwardtii (Zuccarini) Klotzsch. [Oxalidaceae]; Local Name: Rani lajjabati. Introduced; small erect annual; few plant; flowering only; tropical. Bischofia javanica Blume [Bischofiaceae]; Local Name: Kainjal. Introduced; one small tree, yet to flower; tropical, upto 1200 m in the Himalayas. Bixa orellana L. [Bixaceae]; Local Name: Latkan lal/sada. Introduced; large shrub – small tree; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Kukurshoka. Naturally growing; rosette annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 11

Boehmeria hamiltoniana Weddell [Urticaceae]. Introduced; undershrub; few plant; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Boerhavia diffusa L. [Nyctaginaceae]; Local Name: Punarnova. Naturally growing; diffuse will long slender trailing branches; few; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Bombax ceiba L. [Bombacaceae]; Local Name: Simul. Introduced; one tree; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Brassica campestris L. [Brassicaceae]; Local Name: Kalo Sarisha, Kali sarsan. Introduced; cultivated erect annual; few plants; produce seeds; subtropical and tropical. Brassica juncea Czern. ex Palibin [Brassicaceae]; Local Name: Rai. Introduced; cultivated rosette annual; produce seeds; subtropical to temperate. Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm.f.) Fisher [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Kali sitki. Naturally growing; small shrubs; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Bridelia retusa Sprengel [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Datan, Gayo. Introduced; liana; one plant; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Buddleja asiatica Loureiro [Buddlejaceae]; Local Name: Bhimsen pati. Introduced; tall shrub; two plants; fruiting; subtropical. Bulbophyllum careyanum Sprengel [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; flowering only; tropical. Bulbophyllum sp. [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; vegetative only; Tropical. Butea buteiformis (Voigt) Grierson & Long [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Chhoto palash. Introduced; suffrutescent; few plants; produce seeds; subtropical. Butea monosperma Kuntze [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Palas. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxburgh [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Nata. Introduced; much bushy with semiscandent branches; two plants; produce seeds; tropical. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Krishnachurha. Introduced; shrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. 12

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Arhar. Introduced; erect annual; many plants; produce seeds; subtropical and tropical. Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Ventenat [Araceae]; Local Name: Bahari kachu. Introduced; few cultivars; rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. ex Aiton [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Akanda, Aank. Introduced; shrub; two plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Akanda. Introduced; small shrub; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Camellia japonica L. [Theaceae]; Local Name: Camellia. Introduced; shrub; one plant; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze [Theaceae]; Local Name: Cha, Chiya. Introduced; tree; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Canna edulis Ker Gawler [Cannaceae]; Local Name: Phul Tarul, Ankal. Introduced; rhizomatous perennial; few plants; flowering only; subtropical. Canna indica L. [Cannaceae]; Local Name: Sarba-jaya. Introduced; rhizomatous perennial; few plants; produce seeds; subtropical and tropical. Cannabis sativa L. [Cannabaceae]; Local Name: Vang, Ganja. Naturally growing; erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Careya arborea Roxb. [Barringtoniaceae]; Local Name: Kumbi. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Carica papaya L. [Caricaceae]; Local Name: Pepe, Mewa. Introduced; one plant; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Caryota urens L. [Palmae]; Local Name: Rambhang, Fish-tail palm. Introduced; tall palm; two young plants; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Kolkephul. Introduced; small tree; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Cassia alata L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Dadamari, Thuletapre. Introduced; shrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 13

Cassia fistula L.[ Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Bandarlathi, Amaltas. Introduced; one tree; produce seeds; subtropical and tropical. Cassia mimosoides L.[Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Patwaghas. Naturally growing erect annual; many; fruiting; tropical. Cassia occidentalis L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Kalkasunda, Panwar, Chakunda. Naturally growing; annual; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Cassia sophera L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Kalkasunda. Growing naturally; undershrub; many; produce seeds; tropical. Cassia tora L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Chakmake, Tapre. Naturally growing; small foetid annual; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Nayantara lal/sada, Sadabahar. Introduced undershrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin. [Vitaceae]; Local Name: Amal lata, Chhoto godhapadi. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; flowering; tropical. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner [Bombacaceae]; Local Name: Swet Simul. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Celastrus paniculatus Willdenow [Celastraceae]; Local Name: Malkaguni. Introduced; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Celosia argentea L.f. [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Lalmurga, Swet murga, Bhale Phul. Introduced; erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. [Apiaceae]; Local Name: Thankuni, Golpatta, Attaney jhar, Ghortapray. Naturally growing; rosette with runners; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot.) Tussac [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Ipecac. Introduced; small undershrub; few plants; vegetative only; subtropical. Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller [Cactaceae]; Local Name: Manasa. Introduced; tall shrub; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Chenopodium album L. [Chenopodiaceae]; Local Name: Bhetua, Betho Saag. Naturally growing; small erect annual; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. 14

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.[Chenopodiaceae]; Local Name: Gandha Bhetua. Naturally growing; diffuse foetid annual; few plants; flowering; tropical. Chenopodium giganteum D. Don [Chenopodiaceae]; Local Name: Bathua. Naturally growing; tall erect annual; numerous plants; flowering; tropical. Chloranthus elatior Link [Chloranthaceae]. Introduced; small perennial herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker [Antheriaceae]. Introduced; small rosette herb; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Chromolaena odoratum (L.) King & Robinson [Asteraceae]: Local Name: Bonmara. Naturally growing; suffrutescent shrubby; few plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Cinchona succirubra Pavon ex Klotzsch [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Sinchona. Introduced; one tree; flowering only; subtropical. Cinnamomum bejolghota (Hamilton) Sweet [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Sin Kaule, Bhale Sinkoli. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Cinnamomum camphora Nees [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Karpur, Kapur. Introduced; two trees; vegetative only; tropical. Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Drury [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Malagiri. Introduced; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Cinnamomum tamala (Ham.) Nees & Eberm. [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Tezpata, Chhote sinkoli. Introduced; four trees; fruiting; tropical. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Bregn. [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Daruchini. Introduced; five trees; fruiting; tropical. Cissampelos pareira L. [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Nimuka, Batulepati. Naturally growing; geophytic climber; few plants; fruiting; subtropicl and tropical. Cissus adnata Roxb.[ Vitaceae]; Local Name: Panialata. Naturally growing; liana; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Cissus quadrangularis L.[Vitaceae]; Local Name: Harjora. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. 15

Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Indrabaruni, Indreni. Naturally growing; annual herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Lebu, Nimbu. Introduced; bushy shrub; two plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Batabi lebu. Introduced; small tree; two plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Citrus medica L.[ Rutaceae]; Local Name: Lebu, Nimbu, Bimbira. Introduced; bushy shrub; one plant; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Cleome rutidosperma DC. [Cleomaceae]; Local Name: Torel. Naturally growing; small weak annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Cleome viscosa L. [Cleomaceae]; Local Name: Hurhure. Naturally growing; small erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Clerodendrum fragrans (Ventenat) Willdenow [Verbenaceae]. Introduced; small undershub; few plants; flowering; tropical. Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Bamanhati. Naturally growing; tall herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunberg) Sweet [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Asare. Introduced; undershub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Barapard, Bharangi. Introduced; undershrub; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Bhant, Ghentu. Naturally growing; undershrub; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Clinogyne dichotoma Salisb. [Marantaceae]; Local Name: Sitalpati. Introduced; tall rhizomatous perennial; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Clitoria ternatea L. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Aparajita (sada/ neel). Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Telakucha, janglikundri, Tilkor. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 16

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) Diels. [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Dai gachh. Introduced; shrubby climber; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Coelogyne fuscens Lindley [Orchidaceae]; Local Name: Sunakhari. Introduced epiphyte; flowering only; Tropical. Coelogyne prolifera Lindley [Orchidaceae]; Local Name: Sunakhari. Introduced epiphyte; flowering only; Tropical. Coffea arabica L. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Coffe. Introduced; bushy shrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Coffea bengalensis Schultes [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Bangla Coffe, Chaitiful. Introduced; bushy shrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Coix lachryma-jobi L. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Garday mala, Ghanrey mala. Naturally growing; tufted tall; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Coleus aromaticus Benth. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Patharchur. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Coleus forskohlii Briq. [Lamiaceae]. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Colocasia affinis Schott. [Araceae]. Growing naturally; geophytic herb; good population structure; flowering; subtropical Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. [Araceae]; Local Name: Mane, Kachhu. Introduced; geophytic herb; few plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Colocasia fallax Schott. [Araceae]. Introduced; geophytic herb; about 20 plants; vegetative only; tropical Commelina benghalensis L. [Commelinaceae]; Local Name: Kane jhar. Naturally growing; diffuse annual; many plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Commelina suffruticosa Blume [Commelinaceae]; Local Name: Kane jhar. Naturally growing; perennial; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Commiphora mukul (Hook.ex Stocks) Engl. [Burseraceae]; Local Name: Guggul. Introduced; small shrub; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. 17

Coriandrum sativum L. [Apiaceae]; Local Name: Dhaniya. Introduced; tall annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Costus erythrophyllus Loes. [Costaceae]. Introduced; small rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Costus malortieanus Wendl. [Costaceae]. Introduced; small rhizomatous herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Costus speciosus (Koen.ex Retz.) Smith [Costaceae]; Local Name: Kemuk, Betlaure. Introduced; tall rhizomatous herb; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Crateva religiosa Forster f. [Capparaceae]; Local Name: Barun, Siplegan. Introduced; two small trees; flowering only; tropical. Crescentia cujete L. [Bignoniaceae]; Local Name: Setar phal. Introduced; two small trees; vegetative only; tropical. Crinum amoenum Roxb. [Amaryllidaceae]; Local Name: Nagdan. Naturally growing; geophytic herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Crinum asiaticum L. [Amaryllidaceae]; Local Name: Nagdan. Introduced; geophytic herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don [Fabaceae]. Growing naturally; small erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Crotalaria cytisoides DC. [Fabaceae]. Introduced; tall shrub; about 40 plants; fruiting; tropical. Crotalaria pallida Ait. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Jhunjhuni. Growing naturally; erect annual; many; undershrubs; fruiting; tropical. Crotalaria retusa L. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Atasi. Introduced; tall annual; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Croton bonplondianus Baillon [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Churchuri. Naturally growing; small erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Cryptochilus lutea Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Cryptolepis buchananii R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Kankrashringi, Karilata. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; two plants; fruiting; tropical. 18

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. [Hypoxidaceae]; Local Name: Talmuli. Naturally growing; geophytic herb; few plants; flowering; tropical. Curculigo recurvata Dryander [Hypoxidaceae]; Local Name: Dhoti sara. Naturally growing; geophytic herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Curcuma amada Roxb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Am-ada, Phacheng. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Curcuma aromatica Salisb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Ban Haledo, Ban Hardi, Jangli Halud. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Curcuma caesia Roxb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Kala haldi, Nilkanta. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Curcuma longa L. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Halud, Hardi. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Curcuma zedoaria (Chirstmann) Roscoe [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Kala haldi, Sathi. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. [Cuscutaceae]; Local Name: Sarnalata, Akashveli. Naturally growing; total stem parasite; few plants; fruiting; subtropicl and tropical. Cyathea spinulosa Wall. ex Hook. [Dicksoniaceae]; Local Name: Tree fern. Introduced; tall stemmed fern; two plants; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Cycas pectinata Hamilton [Cycadaceae]; Local Name: Cycas. Introduced; erect palm-like; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Cycas revoluta Beddome [Cycadaceae]; Local Name: Cycas. Introduced; erect palm-like; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Cymbidium aloefolium (L.) Swartz [Orchidaceae]. Naturally growing; epiphyte; few clumps; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Citronella, Gandari. Introduced; tufted erect perennial; many plants; flowering only; tropical. 19

Cymbopogon pendulus (Nees ex Steudel) J. F. Watson [Poaceae]; Local Name: Citronella, Gandari. Naturally growing; tufted erect perennial; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Durba, Dubo. Naturally growing; prostrate with runners; many plants; flowering; subtropicl and tropical. Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forsskal [Boraginaceae]. Naturally growing; small perennial herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Cyperus iria L. [Cyperaceae]. Naturally growing; rosette annual; few plants; flowering; tropical. Cyperus kyllinga Endl. [Cyperaceae]; Local Name: Nirbish. Naturally growing; small annual; many plants; ffruiting; subtropicl and tropical. Cyperus rotundus L. [Cyperaceae]; Local Name: Mutha. Introduced; rhizomatous rosette herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Sitsal, Sati sal. Introduced; one tree; vegetative only; tropical. Dalbergia sissoo DC. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Sissoo. Naturally growing; few trees; fruiting; tropical. Datura innoxia Mill. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Krishna-Dhutra. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Datura metel L. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Krishna-Dhutra. Introduced; short lived undershrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Datura stramonium L. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Sada Dhutra. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Datura suaveolens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Dhutra. Introduced; shrub; two plants; flowering; tropical. Daucas carota L. [Cruciferae]; Local Name: Gajar. Introduced; cultivated annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Deeringia amaranthoides (Lamarck) Merrill [Amaranthaceae]; Local Name: Chhorachhuri Saag. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Dendrobium anceps Swartz [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; tropical. 20

Dendrobium aphyllum (Roxb.) C.E.C. Fisher [Orchidaceae]. Naturally growing; epiphyte; many plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Dendrobium crepidatum Lindley ex Paxton [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Dendrobium densiflorum Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Dendrobium fimbriatum Hook. [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Dendrobium jenkinsii Wall. ex Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; subtropical. Dendrobium moschatum (Buch.-Ham.) Swartz [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Dendrobium nobile Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Dendrobium stuposum Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Dendrobium sulcatum Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Desmodium gangeticum DC. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Salparni, Salpani. Introduced; suffrutescent undershrub; many plants; fruting; tropical. Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Turi chandal, Ban chandal. Introduced; short-lived undershrub; few plants; fruting; tropical. Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. [Fabaceae]. Naturally growing; tufted protrate herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees [Acanthaceae]. Naturally growing; small bushy annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Dioscorea alata L. [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Ghartarul, Kham Alu, Chupri Alu. Introduced; geophyte climber; one plant; flowering only; tropical. Dioscorea bulbifer L. [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Gittha Tarul, Kukur Tarul, Ban Alu. Introduced; geophyte climber; one plant; flowering only; tropical. 21

Dioscorea deltoidea Wall ex Kunth [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Bhyakur. Introduced; geophyte climber; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Dioscorea esculenta (Loureiro) Burkill [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Tarul, Kanta Alu, Dhan Alu. Introduced; geophyte climber; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Dioscorea pentaphylla L. [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Mithe Gittha, Bantarul, Bhegur, Kanta Alu. Introduced; geophyte climber; few plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill [Dioscoreaceae]; Local Name: Kukur Tarul. Introduced; geophyte climber; few plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Diospyros malabarica (Desrousseaux) Kosteletsky [Ebenaceae]; Local Name: Gaab. Introduced; geophyte climber; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffrey [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Bon Kakra. Introduced; annual climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Dipteris conjugata Reinwardt [Dipteridaceae]. Introduced; rare and endemic; one plant; subtropical. Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.f. [Dipterocarpaceae]; Local Name: Garjan. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Dischidia bengalensis Colebrooke [Asclepiadaceae]. Growing naturally; epiphytic climber; many; much variable; flowering; tropical – subtropical Docynia indica (Wall.) Decaisne [Rosaceae]; Local Name: Mehel. Introduced; few young plants; small tree; vegetative only; temperate. Drosera burmannii Vahl [Droseraceae]; Local Name: Surjasisir. Naturally growing; small rosette annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Drymaria diandra (Blume) Duke [Caryophyllaceae]; Local Name: Avijal, Nasya Pati. Naturally growing; perennial training herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Duabanga grandiflora (Roxb.) Walp. [Sonneratiaceae]; Local Name: Lampate. Introduced; oneyoung tree; vegetative only; tropical. Dysoxylum excelsum Blume [Meliaceae]; Local Name: Gandha Lahasune. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. 22

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Kesut. Naturally growing; small annual, trostrate – semierect; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Eleagnus conferta Roxb. [Elaegnaceae]; Local Name: Goeli, Malindo. Introduced; bushy shrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume [Elaeocarpaceae]; Local Name: Jalpai. Introduced; one tree; vegetative only; tropical. Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum. [Elaeocarpaceae]; Local Name: Rudraksha. Introduced; medium tree; few plants; produce beads; tropical. Elephantopus scaber L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Deshigajban, Gajialata. Naturally growing; perennial rosette herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Elettaria sp. Maton. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Alach. Introduced; geophytic herb; few plants; vegetative only; subtropical. Eleutherine bulbosa (Miller) Urban [Iridaceae]; Local Name: Raktapiyaj. Introduced; geophytic rosette herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. [Asteraceae]. Naturally growing; small rosette herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Enydra fluctuans Lour. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Hinche. Naturally growing; perennial prostrate marsh herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Equisetum diffusum D. Don [Equisetaceae]; Local Name: Kurkure Jhar, Ashalah. Introduced; stems erect, perennial; many plants; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Eranthemum griffithii (Anderson) Bremekamp & NannengaBremekamp [Acanthaceae]. Introduced; small shrub; one plant; flowering only; tropical. Eria bractescens Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; vegetative only; temperate. Eria pumila Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Eryngium foetidum L. [Apiaceae]; Local Name: Bilati dhania. Introduced; perennial rosette herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 23

Erythrina variegata L. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Phaledo, Madar. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Banmara. Introduced; bushy shrub; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Eupatorium triplinerve Vahl [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Ayapan. Introduced; procumbent perennial; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Euphorbia hirta L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Pusidudh, Dudhe Jhar. Naturally growing; prostrate to semierect small annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Euphorbia nerifolia L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Manasa Sij. Introduced; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsc [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Lalu pate, Poinsettia. Introduced; shrub; few plants; flowering; subtropical to tropical. Euphorbia royleana Boissier. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Sheonri. Introduced; shrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Euphorbia tirucalli L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Lanka Sij. Introduced; shrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Eurayle ferox Salisb. [Nympheaceae]; Local Name: Makhana. Introduced; aquatic rhizomatous; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Ficus benghalensis L. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Bot, Bahar. Naturally growing; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Ficus benjamina L. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Sami. Introduced; four young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Ficus cunia Roxb. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Jogidumur, Khaniun. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ficus glomerata Roxb. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Dumri. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Ficus hirta Vahl. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Kashreto, Kashari. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ficus hispida L.f. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Kak-Dumur, Koksa. Naturally growing; small tree; many; fruiting; tropical. 24

Ficus hookeriana Corner [Moraceae]; Local Name: Nebharo. Naturally growing; one young tree; vegetative only; subtropical and tropical. Ficus krishnae C. DC. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Krishna Bot. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Ficus religiosa L. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Asathwa, Pipal. Naturally growing; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Brown [Sterculiaceae]; Local Name: Seto Odal, Phirphire, Labshi. Naturally growing; one tall tree; fruiting; tropical. Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. [Flacourtiaceae]; Local Name: Boinchi. Introduced; shrub; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeuschel [Flacourtiaceae]. Local Name: Panial. Introduced; small tree; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Flemingia strobilifera (L.) R. Br. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Bolu, Ghora chabuk. Naturally growing; undershrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Flikingeria fugax (Rchb.f.) Seidenfaden [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; fruiting; subtropical to temperate. Flueggea virosa (Willdenow) Voigt [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Darim pate. Naturally growing; small shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Foeniculum vulgare Hill. [Apiaceae]; Local Name: Sounp, Mouri. Introduced; tall cultivated annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Gardenia jasminoides Ellis [Rubiaceae]; Local Neme: Mini-Gandharaj. Introduced; small bushy shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Gardenia radicans Thunberg [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Gandharaj. Introduced; bushy shrub; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Ginkgo biloba L. [Ginkgoaceae]; Local Name: Ginkgo. Introduced; small tree; three plants; vegetative only; subtropical to temperate. Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis [Urticaceae]; Local Name: Bhyangrey Shishnu. Introduced; bushy shrub; two plants; vegetative only; subtropical and temperate. Glinus oppositifolius (L.) A. DC. [Aizoaceae]; Local Name: Gimasaag. Naturally growing; small prostrate herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 25

Gloriosa superba L. [Liliaceae]; Local Name: Ulatchandal, Bishalanguli, Langarey Tarul, Bikhful. Introduced; Geophytic climber; many plants; produce seeds; tropical to subtropical. Glycosmis pentaphylla DC. [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Ban jamir, Ashseora. Introduced; shrubs; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Gnetum gnemon [Gnetaceae]. Introduced; tall shrub; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Goodyera procera (Ker Gawler) Hook. [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; terrestrial, scapose; few plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Gossypium arboreum L. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Tula. Introduced; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Namuti. Naturally growing; small prostrate annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Grewia asiatica L. [Tiliaceae]; Local Name: Falsa. Introduced; small tree; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Schult. [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Gurmar. Introduced; shrubby climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Gynocardia odorata R. Brown [Flacourtiaceae]; Local Name: Chalmogra, Ramphal. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Hedychium coccineum Smith [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Lal Dolonchapa. Introduced; rhizomatous, erect; many plants; flowering only; temperate. Hedychium coronarium J. Konig [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Dolonchapa. Introduced; rhizomatous erect; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Hedychium thyrsiforme Smith [Zingiberaceae]. Introduced; rhizomatous erect; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Heliconia humilis Jacq. [Musaceae]. Introduced; tall rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical Heliconia metallica Planch & Linden. [Musaceae]. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. 26

Heliconia psittacorum Sesse & Moc. [Musaceae]. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Heliconia rostrata Ruiz & Pav. [Musaceae]. Introduced; tall rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Heliotropium indicum L. [Boraginaceae]; Local Name: Hatisnur. Naturally growing; small erect annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook. [Helminthostachyaceae]. Introduced; rhizomatous; few plants; producing spikes; tropical Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Anantamul. Introduced; small wiry climber; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Hibiscus mutabilis L. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Sthal Padma. Introduced; large shrub; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Jaba sada / lal, Jabakusum. Introduced; shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Hibiscus schizopetalus Hook.f. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Jhumko Jaba. Introduced; shrub; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) G. Don [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Kurchi, Karingi, Indrajajau. Naturally growing; small tree; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Homalomena rubescens (Roxb.) Kunth [Araceae]. Introduced; small rhizomatous herb; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Houttuynia cordata Thunberg. [Saururaceae]; Local Name: Anstani. Introduced; small stoloniferous herb; many plants; flowering only; subtropical and tropical. Hoya parasitica (Roxb.) Wight [Asclepiadaceae]. Naturally growing; epiphytic climber; few plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Hybanthus aenespermus (L.) Mueller [Violaceae]. Introduced; small erect herb; few plants; flowering; tropical. Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunberg) Seringe [Hydrangeaceae]; Local Name:Bokshi Phul. Introduced; shrub; one plant; flowering only; subtropical. 27

Hydrocotyle himalaica P. K. Mukherjee [Apiaceae]; Local Name: Golpatta. Introduced; perennial herb with runners; few plants; flowering; subtropical to temperate. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lamarck [Apiaceae]. Naturally growing; annual with runners; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Kulekhara. Introduced; suffrutescent herb; numerous plants; flowering only; tropical. Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poiteau. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Ban Tulsi. Naturally growing; tall annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) Aiton [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Dudhe lahara, Shyamlata. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Ilex godajam (Colebrooke) Hook.f. [Aquifoliaceae]; Local Name: Hatisur. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeus. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Kush, Siru. Naturally growing; perennial with sobol; innumerable; fruiting; tropical. Indigofera astragalina DC. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Ban Neel, Neel. Naturally growing; much bushy annual; few plants; fruting; tropical. Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. [Convolvulaceae]; Local Name: Jal Kalmi. Introduced; perennial runner; numerous plants; flowering only; tropical. Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth [Convolvulaceae]; Local Name: Kaladana. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; flowering only subtropical and tropical. Ipomoea quamoclit L. [Convolvulaceae]; Local Name: Labangalatika, Tarulata, Kamlata. Naturally growing; annual climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Jasminum grandiflorum L. [Oleaceae]; Local Name: Jui Ful. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; flowering only; tropical. Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb. [Oleaceae]; Local Name: Jui Ful. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; flowering only; tropical. Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton [Oleaceae]; Local Name: Beli Ful. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. 28

Jatropha curcas L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Sada Bharenda, Bag bharenda, Hatticane. Introduced; large shrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Jatropha gossypifolia L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Lal Bharenda. Introduced; small shrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Justicia adhatoda L. [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Basak, Asuru. Introduced; shrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Justicia gendarussa L.f. [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Jagat Madan, Ankhlay. Introduced; undershrub; numerous plants; flowering only; tropical. Kaempferia galanga L. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Bhuichampa, Chandramuli, Ekangi. Introduced; small rhizomatous herb; numerous plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical and. Kaempferia rotunda L. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Bhuichampa. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. [Crassulaceae]; Local Name: Patharkuchi. Introduced; biannual herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Knema erratica (Hook.f. & Thomson) Sinclair [Myristicaceae]; Local Name: Ramguwa. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Kopsia fruticosa A. DC. [Apocynaceae]. Introduced; four young trees; flowering only; tropical. Lagerstroemia regine Roxb. [Lythraceae]; Local Name: Jarul. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. [Anacardiaceae]; Local Name: Jiol, Halounde. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Lantana camara L. var. aculeata Moldenke [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Saibani lata, Ban phanra. Naturally growing; much bushy shrub; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Lasia spinosa (L.) Thw. [Araceae]; Local Name: Kanta kachhu, Amaro. Naturally growing; perennial, rhizomatous; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Lawsonia inermis L. [Lythraceae]; Local Name: Mehendi, Henna. Introduced; shrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. 29

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale [Leeaceae]; Local Name: Kakjangha, Banchalita. Introduced; suffrutescent undershrub; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Leea macrophylla Hornemann agg. [Leeaceae]; Local Name: Buletra, Dholoa Mudra. Introduced; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don [Acanthaceae]. Naturally growing; suffrutescent herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Leucas cephalotes Spreng. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Ghalghasa. Introduced; erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Leucas indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Dandakalash, Guma. Naturally growing; erect annual; numerous plants; produce seeds; tropical. Limonia acidissima L. [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Kath Bel, Kont-bel. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Lippia geminata H.B.K. [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Ban Nebu. Introduced; weak undershrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Litchi chinensis Sonn. [Sapindaceae]; Local Name: Lichu, Litchi. Introduced; two young trees; flowering only; tropical. Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) Robinson [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Kukurchita, Kawala. Introduced; few trees; fruiting; tropical. Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Persoon [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Bonsum, Kut Mero. Naturally growing; many trees; fruiting; tropical. Ludwigia octavalvis (Jacq.) Raven. [Onagraceae]; Local Name: Ban Lavanga. Naturally growing; tall aquatic annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Luffa aegyptiaca Miller [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Dhundal, Gomra, Gheraula. Naturally growing; large annual climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) P. Miller [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Chhoto tomato, Gol Bhera. Introduced; small bushy annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Lycopodium cernuum L. [Lycopodiaceae]; Local Name: Naagbeli. Naturally growing; small perennial herb; few plants; sporulating; tropical to subtropical. 30

Lygodium flexuosum (L.) SW. [Lygodiaceae]; Local Name: Bhutraj. Naturally growing; wiry twiner; few plants; sporulating; tropical. Lygodium microphyllum (Cavan) R. Brown [Lygodiaceae]; Local Name: Bhutraj. Naturally growing; wiry twiner; few plants; sporulating; tropical. Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Mueller [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Malata. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical to subtropical. Madhuca longifolia (Koen. ex L.) Mac Bride [Sapotaceae]; Local Name: Mahua. Introduced; one young plant, yet to flower; tropical. Maesa indica (Roxb.) A.DC. [Myrsinaceae]; Local Name: Billaune. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Magnolia grandiflora L. [Magnoliaceae]; Local Name: Himchampa. Introduced; one tree; vegetative only; subtropical and temperate. Malaxis ophrydis (König) Ormerod [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; terrestrial, scapose; few plants; flowering only; tropical to temperate. Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Lanka jaba. Introduced; bushy shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Mangifera indica L. [Anacardiaceae]; Local Name: Aam. Introduced tree; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Manihot esculenta Crantz [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Simal Tarul. Introduced; shrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Maranta arundinacea L. [Marantaceae]; Local Name: Ararut. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Marsilea minuta L. [Marsileaceae]; Local Name: Susni saag. Naturally growing; runner; few plants; sporulating; tropical. Melastoma malabathricum L. [Melastomataceae]; Local Name: Datrangi, Futki, Chulesi. Naturally growing; undershrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Melia azedirach L. [Meliaceae]; Local Name: Bakaina, Ghora Neem. Naturally growing; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Melilotus alba Desr. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Sada Banmethi. Naturally growing; small annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. 31

Mentha arvensis L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Pudina. Introduced; perennial herb with succers; many plants; flowering; tropical. Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Pudina. Introduced; perennial herb with succers; few plants; flowering; tropical. Mentha piperita L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Mint, Babari. Introduced; perennial herb with succers; many plants; flowering; tropical to subtropical. Mentha spicata L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Pudina. Introduced; perennial herb with succers; few plants; flowering; tropical. Mesua ferrea L. [Clusiaceae]; Local Name: Nagkesar, Nagesar. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Michelia champaca L. [Magnoliaceae]; Local Name: Champ. Introduced; one tree; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Micropera obtusa (Lindley) T. Tang & F.T. Wang [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Mimosa himalayana Gamble [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Arare. Naturally growing; tall suffrutescent, shrubby; many; fruiting; tropical. Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla [Fabaceae]. Naturally growing; much bushy annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Mimosa pudica L. [Mimosaceae]; Local Name: Lajjabati, Buhari Jhar. Naturally growing; bushy annual; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Mimusops elengi L. [Sapotaceae]; Local Name: Bakul. Introduced tree; one young sapling; vegetative only; tropical Mirabilis jalapa L.[Nyctaginaceae]; Local Name: Sandhyamalati. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Momordica charantia L. [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Karela. Introduced; annual climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Momordica dioica Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Bankarela. Naturally growing; geophytic climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Monochoria vaginalis (Burman f.) Kunth. [Pontederiaceae]. Introduced; aquatic rosette herb; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Monstera deliciosa Liebmann [Araceae]; Local Name: Kanchirna. Introduced; lianas epiphyte; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. 32

Morinda angustifolia Roxb. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Haldikath, Hardikath. Introduced; shrub; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Morus alba L. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Tunt, Sanu Kimbu. Introduced; small tree; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Alkushi. Naturally growing; shrubby annual twiner; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Karipata. Introduced; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Kamini. Introduced; large shrub; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Musa paradisiaca L. [Musaceae]; Local Name: Kala. Introduced; tall rhizomatous; two clumps; vegetative only; tropical. Mussaenda roxburghii Hook.f. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Katmatia Saag, Dhobini Phul. Naturally growing; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Myristica fragrans Houtt. [Myristicaceae]; Local Name: Nutmeg, Jai Phal. Introduced tree; two young plants; vegetative only; tropical. Nandina domestica Thunberg [Berberidaceae]; Local Name: Nandina. Introduced; undershrub; one plant; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. [Ranunculaceae]; Local Name: Chhagalbati. Introduced; suffrutescent climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Kadam. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Nepenthes khasiana [Nepenthaceae]; Local Name: Kalashpatri. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; vegetative only; subtropical. Nephrolepis auriculata (L.) Trimen [Nephrolepidaceae]; Local Name: Paniamala. Introduced; short bushy fern; many plants; sporulating; subtropical. Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Bon Tamak. Naturally growing; small rosette annual; numerous; fruiting; tropical. 33

Nicotiana tabacum L. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Tamak. Introduced; large rosette annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Nigella sativa L. [Ranunculaceae]; Local Name: Kalojira. Introduced; cultivated erect annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. [Nyctanthaceae]; Local Name: Seuli, Sephali, Rudilo, Parizaat. Introduced; supershrub; two plants; produce seeds; tropical. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Salisb. [Nymphaeaceae]; Local Name: Lal Saluk. Introduced; rhizomatous aquatic; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Ocimum basilicum L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Babui Tulsi, Misti Tulsi, Babriphul. Introduced; woody annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Ocimum campechianum P. Mill. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Raban Tulsi. Introduced; shrub; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Ocimum canum Sims [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Kshudra Tulsi. Introduced; small annual; two plants; produce seeds; tropical. Ocimum gratissimum L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Ram Tulshi. Introduced; shrubby; two plants; produce seeds; tropical. Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Karpur Tulsi. Introduced; shrubby; one plant; produce seeds; tropical. Ocimum sanctum L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Radha Tulsi, Sada Tulsi. Introduced; bushy biannual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Ocimum tenuiflorum L. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Krishna tulsi, Kalo Tulsi. Introduced; bushy biannual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC. [Apiaceae]. Introduced; tall stoloniferous, perennial; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Oldenlandia corymbosa L. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Khetpapra. Naturally growing; small diffuse annual; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. [Ophioglossaceae]; Local Name: Gibre Saag. Introduced; small geophyte; few plants; sporulating; tropical. Opuntia ficus-indica Mill. [Cactaceae]; Local Name: Fanimanasa, Nagphana. Introduced; shrub; one34 plant; flowering only; tropical.

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. [Bignoniaceae]; Local Name: Totola. Naturally growing; two small trees; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Osbeckia nepalensis Hooker [Melastomataceae]. Naturally growing; undershrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Oxalis corniculata L. [Oxalidaceae]; Local Name: Amruli, Amrul Saag. Naturally growing; few plants; fruiting; subtropical and tropical. Oxalis corymbosa DC. [Oxalidaceae]. Growing naturally; small herb with bulb; many; flowering only; tropical to temperate. Oxalis latifolia Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth [Oxalidaceae]. Growing naturally; small herb with bulb; many; flowering only; tropical to temperate. Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merrill [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Gandal, Padrilarang, Gandha Bhadali. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. [Pandanaceae]; Local Name: Anna Gandhaa, Payaspata. Introduced; undershrub; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Pandanus sanderi Hort. Sand. [Pandanaceae]; Local Name: Keya. Introduced; shrub; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Pandanus unguifer Hook.f. [Pandanaceae]; Local Name: Keya. Introduced; small bushy shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Paphiopedilun insigne (Wall. ex Lindl.) Pfitzer [Orchidaceae]; Local Name: Ladies’ Slipper Orchid. Introduced; small rosette terrestrial; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Papilionanthe teres (Roxb.) Schltr. [Orchidaceae]. Naturally growing epiphyte; many plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Passiflora edulis Sims. [Passifloraceae]; Local Name: Garandal. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; fruiting; subtropical to temperate. Passiflora foetida L.[ Passifloraceae]. Naturally growing; annual climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Passiflora quadrangularis [Passifloraceae]. Introduced; liana; one plant; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. 35

Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Rung Chita; Slipper flower. Introduced; small shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Pereskia aculeata Mill. [Cactaceae]. Introduced; shrub; two plants; flowering; tropical. Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Chiov. [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Chagulbanti. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; flowering only; tropical. Pericampylus glaucus (Lam.) Merr. [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Pipal pati lahara, Barakanta. Introduced; geophytic climber; two plants; flowering; btropical to subtropical. Persea glaucescens (Nees) Long [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Kawla, Bhale Kaulo. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Persicaria capitata (D.Don) H.Gross [Polygonaceae]; Local Name: Ratnaulo. Introduced; prostrate perennial herb; few plants; flowering only; subtropical to temperate. Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross [Polygonaceae]. Naturally growing; shrubby; few plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Phaius tankervilleae (Banks ex I’Héritier) Blume [Orchidaceae]. Introduced; tall terrestrial; many plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Phalaenopsis manii Richb.f. [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only;subtropical. Phaulopsis imbricata (Forsskal) Sweet [Acanthaceae]. Naturally growing; diffuse annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Hardwicke) Mabberley [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Ram Basak, Chua. Introduced; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Phoebe attenuata (Nees) Nees [Lauraceae]; Local Name: Angare. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Pholidota articulata Lindley [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; tropical to subtropical. Pholidota imbricata Hook. [Orchidaceae]. Naturally growing; epiphyte; many plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. 36

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Labali, Shirakul. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Phyllanthus amarus Schum. & Thonn. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Bhui-amla. Naturally growing; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Phyllanthus emblica L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Amloki, Amla. Introduced; few young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Phyllanthus fraternus Webster [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Bhuiamla. Naturally growing; tall annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Phyllanthus reticulatus Poiret [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Panjuli. Naturally growing; weak shrub; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Phyllanthus urinaria L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Hazarmani. Naturally growing; small erect annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Physalis divaricata D. Don [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Ban tepari, Jangali phok phokey. Naturally growing; annual erect; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill [Myrtaceae]; Common Name: All Spice. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Pinus kesiya Gordon [Pinaceae]; Local Name: Khasia pine. Introduced; one tree; flowering; subtropical. Piper betle L. [Piperaceae]; Local Name: Pan. Introduced; shrubby root climber; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Piper longum L. [Piperaceae]; Local Name: Pipul, Pipal. Introduced; weak perennial with runners; many plants; fruting; tropical. Piper nigrum L. [Piperaceae]; Local Name: Gol Marich. Introduced; shrubby climber; many plants; fruting; tropical. Piper retrofractum Vahl [Piperaceae]; Local Name: Choi, Chabya. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; fruting; tropical. Pistia stratiotes L. [Araceae]; Local Name: Topa Pana. Introduced; perennial, floating rosette; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Plantago erosa Wall. [Plantaginaceae]; Local Name: Jangli Isabgul. Introduced; rosette annual; many plants; fruting; tropical. Plectranthus barbatus Andrews [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Coleus, forskohlii. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. 37

Plumbago zeylanica L. [Plumbaginaceae]; Local Name: Chita, Chitu. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; fruting; tropical. Podocarpus neriifolius D. Don [Podocarpaceae]; Local Name: Plum pine. Introduced; two trees; vegetative only; tropical to subtropical. Pogostemon patchouli Pellet. [Lamiaceae]; Local Name: Patchouli. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Polygonum plebeium R. Brown [Polygonaceae]; Local Name: Nunia Saag. Naturally growing; prostrate annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Karanja. Introduced; one young tree; flowering only; tropical. Portulaca oleracea L. [Portulacaceae]; Local Name: Bara lonia, Nundhiki, Kulfi. Naturally growing; small annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Pothos scandens L. [Araceae]. Naturally growing; epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Pouzolzia hirta (Blume) Hasskarl [Urticaceae]. Introduced; weak perennial; few plants; flowering only; tropical to temperate. Premna mucronata Roxb. [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Tumari, Giniri. Naturally growing; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Psidium guajava L. [Myrtaceae]; Local Name: Piyara, Ambok. Introduced; three small trees; fruting; tropical. Pterocarpus santalinum [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Lal Chandan. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Punica granatum L. [Punicaceae]; Local Name: Dalim, Darim. Introduced; shrub; one plant; fruting; tropical. Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Putranjiva, Jiaputa. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Pyrus communis L. [Rosaceae]; Local Name: Lishi, Naspati. Introduced tree; two young plants; vegetative only; temperate. Quercus sp. [Fagaceae]; Local Name: Oak. Introduced; One tree; vegetative only; temperate. 38

Raphanus sativus L. [Brassicaceae]; Local Name: Mula, Muli. Introduced; cultivated rosette annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth.ex Kurz [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Sarpagandha, Chandra. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Gandhanakuli, Bara Chandrika. Introduced; shrub; two plants; produce seeds; tropical. Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume [Orchidaceae]. Introduced epiphyte; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Ricinus communis L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Aranda, Rerhi. Naturally growing; tall short living shrub; many; fruiting; tropical. Rubia charifolia G. Don [Rubiaceae]. Introduced; suffrutescent climber; few plants; vegetative; subtropical. Rubia manjith Roxb. [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Manjisthha, Majito, Manjit. Introduced; suffrutescent climber; few plants; vegetative only; subtropical to temperate. Rumex maritimus L. [Polygonaceae]; Local Name: Halhalay, pahari palang. Introduced; rosette annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees [Acanthaceae]; Local Name: Chhotosibjata. Naturally growing; small diffuse annual; manyplants; fruiting; tropical. Ruscus aculeatus L. [Liliaceae]; Common Name: Butcher’s Broom. Introduced; erect perennial; few plants; flowering; subtropical. Saccharum spontaneum L. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Kaas. Naturally growing; suffrutescent shrubby; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Salix tetrasperma Roxb. [Salicaceae]; Local Name: Boishaki, Bhosi. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Salvinia cucullata Roxb. ex Bory [Salviniaceae]. Introduced; floating perennial; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Salvia natans (L.) Allioni [Salviniaceae]. Introduced; floating perennial; numerous plants; sporulating; tropical. Sansevieria trifasciata Hort. ex Prain [Liliaceae]; Local Name: Chitoi, Murba. Introduced; rhizomatous succulent; few clumps of many cultivars; flowering; tropical. 39

Santalum album L. [Santalaceae]; Local Name: Swet Chandan. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Sapindus rarak DC. [Sapindaceae]; Local Name: Ritha. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Asok. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merrill [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Multivitamine. Introduced; shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Sauropus compressus [Euphorbiaceae]. Naturally growing; undershrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Schima wallichii (DC.) Korthals [Theaceae]; Local Name: Chilauney. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical to subtropical. Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.) Gagnepain [Marantaceae]; Local Name: Pati. Introduced; rhizomatous tall perennial; few clumps; floweing; tropical. Scoparia dulcis L. [Scrophulariaceae]; Local Name: Ban Dhane, Ghuma, Atibala, Mithapata. Naturally growing; small suffrutescent herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Sesbania grandiflora Pers. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Bakphool. Introduced; small tree; one plant; flowering; tropical. Sesbania sesban Merr. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Jayanti. Introduced; tall shrub; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Sesemum indicum L. [Pedaliaceae]; Local Name: Til. Introduced; annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Setaria palmifolia (Koen.) Stapf. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Dhotisara. Naturally growing; tall annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Shorea asamica [Dipterocarpaceae]; Local Name: Asamsal. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Shorea robusta Gaertn. [Dipterocarpaceae]; Local Name: Sal. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Sida acuta Burm.f. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Berela, Kureta. Naturally growing; erect annual; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. 40

Sida cordata (Burman f.) Borssum-Waalkes [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Berela. Introduced; perennial with weak branches; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Sida cordifolia Wight & Arnott [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Swet Berela. Introduced; erect annual; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Sida rhombifolia L. var. rhombifolia [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Peet Berela. Introduced; erect perennial herb; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Sida rhombifolia L. var. rhomboidea (Roxb.) Mast. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Swet Berela. Introduced; diffuse annual; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Simaruba glauca DC. [Simarubaceae]; Local Name: Lakshmitaru, Paradise Tree.Introduced; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Smilax ovalifolia Roxburgh [Smilacaceae]; Local Name: Kumarika, Kukur Dainey. Introduced; suffrutescent large climber; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Solanum viarum Clarke [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Pako-saag, Boksi Kanra. Naturally growing; bushy annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. Solanum nigrum L. [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Kakmachhi, Kalobehi. Naturally growing; erect annual; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Sada kantikari. Introduced; erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Solanum torvum Swartz [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Gothbegun. Introduced; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Rakhalsasha, Nabilari. Introduced tree; two young saplings; vegetative only; tropical. Spathodea campanulata Beauv. [Bignoniaceae]; Local Name: Parul. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Spinacia oleracea L. [Chinopodiaceae]; Local Name: Palak, Palang. Introduced vegetable; small rosette annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. 41

Spiranthes sinensis (Persoon) Ames [Orchidaceae]. Naturally occurring; small terrestrial; few plants; fruiting; tropical to temperate. Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz [Anacardiaceae]; Local Name: Amra, Amaroo. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Stachytarpheta indica Vahl [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Jarbas, Jarbo. Naturally growing; undershrub; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Stellaria wallichiana Haines [Caryophyllaceae]; Local Name: Karnaful jhar. Naturally growing; small diffuse herb; many plants; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Stephania elegans Hook.f. & Thomson [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Tamarke Lahara, Tambarki. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Tamarke Lahara, Tambarki. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Stephania japonica (Thunberg) Miers. [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Nad Nemukha, Tambarki. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Madhupatra / Madhuparni. Introduced; undershrub; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Streblus asper Lour. [Moraceae]; Local Name: Seora. Naturally growing; small tree, densely branched; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Strychnos nux-vomica L. [Loganiaceae]; Local Name: Kuchila. Introduced; small tree; two young plants; vegetative only; tropical. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry [Myrtaceae]; Local Name: Labonga. Introduced; two young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels [Myrtaceae]; Local Name: Jaam. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Syzygium kurzii (Duthie) Balak. [Myrtaceae]; Local Name: Jamun. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Tacca integrifolia Ker Gawler [Taccaceae]. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; few plants; vegetative only; tropical – subtropical. 42

Tagetes patula L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Ganda, Sayapatri. Introduced; erect annual; neumerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Talinum patens Willd. [Portulaccaceae]; Local Name: Dalda gaachh. Introduced; perennial herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Tamarindus indica L. [Caesalpiniaceae]; Local Name: Tentul, Titri, Imly. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Tectona grandis L.f. [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Segun. Introduced; one young tree; vegetative only; tropical. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Ban-nim, Sarphonka. Introduced; shrub; few plants; produce seeds; tropical. Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Mashani. Introduced; suffrutescent climber; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wt. & Arn. [Combretaceae]; Local Name: Arjun. Introduced; one tree; fruiting; tropical. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb. [Combretaceae]; Local Name: Bahera, Barra. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Terminalia chebula Retz. [Combretaceae]; Local Name: Haritaki, Harra. Introduced; two trees; flowering only; tropical. Terminalia myriocarpa Haurck & Muell - Agr. [Combretaceae]; Local Name: Paani saaj. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Tetracera sarmentosa (L.) Vahl [Lauraceae]. Introduced; shrubby climber; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Tetrastigma bracteolatum (Wall.) Planchon [Vitaceae]. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Tetrastigma campylocarpum (Kurz) Planchon [Vitaceae]. Introduced; one liana; vegetative only; tropical. Tetrastigma planicaule (Hook.f.) Gagnepain [Vitaceae]; Local Name: Paani Lahara. Introduced; liana with flattened stem; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planchon [Vitaceae]. Introduced; shrubby climber; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. 43

Theobroma cacao L. [Sterculiaceae]; Local Name: Coco. Introduced; small tree; four young plants; vegetative only; tropical. Thuja orientalis L. [Thujaceae]; Local Name: Jhau. Introduced; shrub; two plants; produing; tropical. Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. [Acanthaceae]. Introduced; one shrubby climber; fruiting; tropical. Thunbergia grandiflora Roxb. [Acanthaceae]. Introduced; liana; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda [Poaceae]; Local Name: Jharo, Amliso. Introduced; tall shrubby; few clumps; fruiting; tropical to subtropical. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Gulancha, Gurchi, Garjo. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill [Menispermaceae]; Local Name: Padmagulancha. Naturally growing; shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Toona ciliata Roemer [Meliaceae]; Local Name: Toon, Tooni. Introduced; one immature tree; flowering only; tropical. Tragia involucrata L. [Euphorbiaceae]; Local Name: Jal Bichuti. Introduced; suffrutescent climber; one plant; fruiting; tropical. Trichosanthes capitata [Cucurbitaceae]. Naturally growing; geophytic climber; two plants; fruiting; tropical. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Jangli patal. Introduced; small geophytic climber; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. [Cucurbitaceae]; Local Name: Indreyani, Makal. Naturally growing; large geophytic climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Tridax procumbens L. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Targanda. Naturally growing; procumbent annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Methi. Introduced; cultivated erect annual; many plants; produce seeds; tropical. 44

Triumfetta pilosa Roth [Tiliaceae]; Local Name: Ban Okra. Naturally growing; erect annual; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [Tiliaceae]; Local Name: Ban Okra. Naturally growing; erect annual; many plants; fruiting only; tropical. Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill [Asclepiadaceae]; Local Name: Antamul. Introduced; small shrubby climber; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Typha elephantina Roxb. [Typhaceae]; Local Name: Hogla. Introduced; rhizomatous with tall leaves; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott. [Araceae]; Local Name: Kharkon, Ghatkol. Naturally growing; geophytic herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Uncaria macrophylla Wallich [Rubiaceae]; Local Name: Bhainsi Kanra. Introduced woody climber; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Uraria picta Desv. [Fabaceae]; Local Name: Sankarjata. Introduced; erect annual herb; two plants; flowering only; tropical. Urena lobata L. [Malvaceae]; Local Name: Ban Okra. Naturally growing; erect much branched annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Urtica dioica L. [Urticaceae]; Local Name: Lekh Sisnu. Introduced; shrub; two plants; vegetative only; tropical. Urtica parvifloa Roxb. [Urticaceae]; Local Name: Sishnu. Introduced; small shrub; one plant; vegetative only; subtropical. Vallaris solanacea Kuntze [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Haparmali, Chamariki vel. Introduced; shrubby climber; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Vanilla planifolia Andr. [Orchidaceae]; Local Name: Vanilla. Introduced shrubby epiphyte; few plants; vegetative only; tropical. Vernonia cinerea Less. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Sahadebi, Chhoto kuksime. Naturally growing; erect annual; few plants; ffruiting; tropical. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash. [Poaceae]; Local Name: Bena, Khaskhas. Naturally growing; perennial with sobol; few clumps; flowering only; tropical. Vitex negundo L. [Verbenaceae]; Local Name: Nisinda, Nirgundi, Simali. Introduced; shrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. 45

Wedelia calendulacea (L.) Less. [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Bhringaraj. Introduced; much branched diffuse perennial; numerous plants; fruiting; tropical. Withania somnifera Dunal [Solanaceae]; Local Name: Aswagandha. Introduced; undershrub; few plants; fruiting; tropical. Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. [Apocynaceae]; Local Name: Dudhi, Khirra. Introduced; two trees; fruiting; tropical. Xanthium indicum Koenig ex Roxburgh [Asteraceae]; Local Name: Okra. Introduced; erect annual; many plants; fruiting; tropical. Xylocarpus sp. [Meliaceae]; Local Name: Loha Kath. Introduced tree; one sapling; vegetative only; tropical. Zamia furfuracea Aiton [Zamiaceae]. Introduced; small compact palm like; one plant; producing cone; tropical. Zamia integrifolia A. Gray ex DC. [Zamiaceae]. Introduced; small compact palm like; one plant; vegetative only; tropical. Zanthoxylum budrunga (Roxb.) DC. [Rutaceae]; Local Name: Sil Timbur, Bazimali, Budrang. Introduced; two young trees; vegetative only; tropical. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Bon Ada. Introduced; rhizomatous tall herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Zingiber officinale Roxb. [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Ada, Aduwa, Adrak. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; many plants; flowering only; tropical. Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith [Zingiberaceae]; Local Name: Mahabaribach. Introduced; rhizomatous herb; few plants; flowering only; tropical. Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. [Rhamnaceae]; Local Name: Kul, Bayer, Ber. Introduced; two trees; vegetative only; tropical. Zizyphus oenoplia (L.) Mill. [Rhamnaceae]; Local Name: Ban Kul. Introduced; one scrambler; flowering only; tropical.

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