The emission standards for other industrial operations covered in the Schedule will be ... of air are to be computed for Standard Air for reporting compliance to.
COMPREHENSIVE INDUSTRY DOCUMENT SERIES: COINDS/18/1984-85
EMISSION REGULATIONS
~ ~
'1IP,
CQJX@ CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD (Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India)
Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar Delhi - 110 032
Published By: Member Secretary, Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi; and Printed at:
Mis Sharma Printers and Stationers, Delhi - 110 093, Phone: 2297265,
~. (NILAY CHAUDHURI) CHAIRMAN
The emission standard
for Calcium Carbide, Copper, Lead and Zinc Smelting,
'Carbon Black, Fertilizer
(Phosphatid.
Oil Refineries
and Aluminillm Extractior
are given below in abstract. As prescribed
in the
Air (Prevention
ana Control
of Pollution)
Act,
1981
Section 17(l)(g), the emission standards for the air polluting industrial operations, as mentioned
above,
are evolved to be laid down by the State
Pollution
Control Boards.
The emission standards for other industrial operations covered
in the Schedule
will be evolved
subsequently.
The rationale
for evolving
these standards are given in the report. These
standards
are
again in January, data
obtained
applicable
till
December,
1988 based on experience
during this period.
1987 and will. be reviewed
and input from the monitoring
The stack
monitoring
shall be done as
prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board. The State
Boards may adopt
standards
given below depending on the location is in a protected A protected industrial
area.
area
of its proximity
are
more stringent
of the industries
than those
and specially
if it
They shall not, however, relax the standards.
is one that
location.
that
is already
A protected to national
polluted being in a metropolitan/
area also includes a sensitive
parks, forests,
historical
area because
monuments
and health
resorts.
While measuring
the
emission
humidity are to be recorded. as concentration
in- a stack,
the
temperature,
pressure,
and
The emission limits prescribEd are expressed
per unit volume of air under standard or normal conditions, _written as Nm3• The standard conditions for air in India, hereinafter
termed
of pollutants
as Standard
ssure, and zero percent
moisture.
of air are to be computed the prescribed limits.
Air, are 25°C temperature, Emissions measured
for Standard
Air for
760 mm Hg preioned after January 1, 198.5.)
150 mg/Nm3
Existing PlantS (Built and Commissioned before December 31, 1984)
250 mg/Nm3 (t ill December 150 mg/Nm3
31,
1986)
To
install
for
reactor
after-burners
December 1987.
off-gas,
by
In this group of fertilizers,
there
single super phosphate (SSP). complex' phosphatic
are fifty
one companies
manutacturing
There are only ten com~anies manufacturing
fertilizers.
The annual
production
of SSP in India
is 1.2 million tonnes compared to 2.2 million tonnes of the total production of phosphatIC fertilizers,
(Source
Fertilizer
Statistics,
Fertilizer
Association
of India, New Delhi, 1983-84). Complex fertilizer
include Diammonium phosphate
(DAP), Nitro-phQsphate,
Ammonium Phosphate Sulphate (APS) and Urea ammonium phosphate (UAP). Productioriwise
DAP tops the complex group.
Captive production
phoric acid from rock phosphate and sulphuric acid also exists; directly
purchase.
Many complex fertilizers
of phos-
some units
involve only granulation
and
mixing of different basic fertilizers.
The rock phosp~t~ is liberated
during acidification
in the concentration desired,
sulphuric,
Fluoride
is emitted
dust
generally has about 4 percent of the
of phosphoric acid. phosphoric from
or nitric
rock phosphate
Fluoride
in digestors
and
Depending on the type of fertilizer acid
becomes
the rock phosphate
or as vapour (Fluorine,
fluoride (as F-).
Hydrofluoric
the digesting
during dig~stion,
acid
or Silicon
acid.
either
as
Tetrafluoride)
Grinding of rock phosphate would create dust emissions.
Forty kilogram me (kg) of Fluoride (as F-) is the most that can be emitted per tonne
of rock phosphate
medium is demonstrated
processed.
Scrubbing
to perform at an efficiency
with mildly alkaline
level above 99.9 percent
in arresting fluoride in plants in India (Data provided below). emission can be less than 0.04 kg of F- ITe
The controlled
of rock phosphate
processed.
Fluoride
3.6 mg/Nm
emission
3 3
Total gas quantity
164,000 N m /hr
Phosphoric production
165 Te/day
acid
Rock phosphate ptocessed 3.6 x 164000 x 24 1000 x 1000 x 520
Efficiency control
Tqking
99.5
percent
is 0.2 kg/Te for total
fluoride
can De easily of
of
=
(40 - 0.03) x 100/40 : 99.925 percent
as the
stable
of mixed
De used
of rock phosphate
efficiency,
the
processed.
fertilizers,
granuldtion
in these
achieved.
150 mg/Nm3
cases
care
and mixing. whereby
Similarly, shall
shall
also
processed
total
Consequently, should be less than 25 mg/Nm3•
is not lost puring
a limit
.03 kg/Te
rock phosphate
In the case would
=
be taken
fluoride
emission
the measured
emission
so that
As such, good control an emission
in the case
limit
of grinding
be achieved.
of
the
product
techniques 150 mg/Nm3
of rock phosphate
The following
limits
"dopted:
Acidification
of rock phosphate
Granulation,
mixing and grinding
of Jock phosphate
25 mg/Nm3
as total
F-
150 mg/N m 3 of particular
maHer
are
The spectrum distillation
of operations
of refineries
units to plants having facilities
and blending.
needs to import almost of imported
reforming
on the emissions.
of crude for processing.
crude ranges between
basic
varies widely depending on
This has an effect
30 percent
between
for polymerization,
The sulphur in the feedstock
the source Qf the crude oil. content
in India ranges
India
The sulphur
1.8 and 2.0 percent
while that
in .the Bombay 'High crude is about 0.2 percent. The source of the crude 'controls the type of products that can be obtainep. 'Some of the less valuable products, to products
with a greater
such as heavy naptha,
are converted
sale value, such as diesel or kerosene because
of their special demand in India.
This conversion is accomplished
by crack-
ing, polY.merization and reforming.
The basic pollutant either
in oil refineries
is sulphur dioxide.
from the fuel or from the process.
This can be liberated
'IIle crude oil is distilled
and
the heavy fraction obtained is used as a fuel in the refining process. The emissions of sulphur dioxide because
of sulphur in the fuel is from
the follow ing processes: i)
Atmospheri'c Distillation
ii)
Vacuum Distillation
iii)
Viscosity Breaker Unit (Vis Breaker)
iv)
Cokirg ullit
v)
Cat Cracker feed heater
vi)
Reformer Heater
Fluid catalytic
cracker (FCC)
Sulphur recovery unit (SRU)
In cases
where
the process
pher ic and vacuum or 0.25
kg/Te
distillation,
of feed
units
(atmospheric
feed.
In those
cases
The
emissions
and
particul~te
of
The sulphur feed
the
at
the
CO boiler
the
recommended
dioxide
emission
Mathura
in the fuel.
Amine
shall
off
SRU. kept
gas, The
above
Mathura
conven~ion
the
required
outlet
areas.
One
is, therefore,
high
kg/Te
of
it -is required
carbon
containing
efficiency
cyclones.
py having
an after
control
cleaning
of
shall
sulphur
from
sulphur
this
dioxide
the
the
dioxide
as the shall
data
from the sulphur
standard,
through
unit
is
be
by the 90 kg/nr efficiency
in the feed.
recovery
in the
shall
maintained
concentration
of sulphur
combus-
sulphide
pass
recovery
The
be reduction
hydrogen then
spent
or 0.25 kg/Te
This works out to a conversion of 120 kg/Te
monoxide
chiefly
Adopting
sulphide
of
feed.
or an emission
ar~ twelve
for
hydrogen
this as the basis, the S02 emission
There
dioxide,
matter,
sulphur
As revealed
of sulphur
as 120 k~/Te of sulphur
distillation
as 0.25
was found to be 350 kg/hr
efficiency
98 percent.
or 17.5 Te/day of 94 percent
be
The scrubped
Refinery,
sulphur
Refinery.
for
of sl,Jlphur content
the
atmos-
is 198 kg/hr
for
high sulphur,
shall be controlled
procedure
scrubbing
are
by installing
monoxide
FCC
adopted
contains
The particulate
be controlled
carbon
fuel
from
emission
The standard
is, therefor~,
the
stack
is reduced.
matter.
shall
particulate tQr.
from
uncontrolled
Refinery).
vacuum) where
the sulphur content
of having a common
the normal
(Mathura
plus
that
catalyst,
ccnsists
Using
unit is adopted
in the feed.
refineries
in India.
Three of these
of these
is in Mathura
and
applicable
to these
refineries.
three
two
are located
in Bombay.
in sensitive
This standard
The ambient determine
air quality
should
be studied
the type of standards
applicable
data should be made available Control
Boards
by the
refineries
for
format
published
on
Monitoring
document
industrialisation Applicable
of
emission
the monitoring
a)
by the
Baroda, standards
three
year,
refineries.
to This
State PolJution
beginning
Pollution
Control
This is relevant Haldia,
for these
years
April
1986.
this shall also be sent, by June 1987
Central
Cochin,
next
and the relevant
one
Regulations.
the
in the other
to the Central
If more than one year's data is available, in the
for
Madras
refineries
and
Board, considering
in its the
Visakhapatnam.
will be evovled
after
data has been studied.
Emissions from power plants have already Regulations
(Part-I),
17/1983-84.
Comprehensive
The stack heights
been dealt with the Emission
Industry Document
should be calculated
Series, COIN DS/
as per the formula
given in the above regulation.
S02 Emission Limits 1.
Distilldtl.:-n (Atmospherk
plus Vacuum)
2.
Catalytic
Cracker
3.
Sulphur Recovery
2.5 kg/Te of feed Unit
120 kg/Te
of Sl,Jlphur in the feed.
ppm
Vis Breaker Unit FCC Charge Heater FCC
CO
kg/hr
90250
42198
175200
3540
3060
23 194-
6501250
355
750020000
3090
Boiler 'Sulphur Recovery Unit
The raw material oxide
which
for aluminium
has to be purified
can be extracted
There 'Two
are of
six
these
through
into
control
The
an
use
VERTICAL
aluminium
kiln.
plants.
per day cement is retained
at
draw
before
exhaust
aluminium
Hall-Heroult
process.
in the
method
it is possible
it through
hydroxide
Similar
steps
manufacturers
SODERBERG
the
This is aluminium
whil~
country.
the
others
to put the electrolytic
gases,
through
a pollution
the stack.
that
is precipitated
are collected to cement
is calcined
by electrostatic industries
in
a
precipitators
producing
200 tonnes
or more the emission limits for particulate for kiln emissions 250 mg/Nm3 (Reference, Emission Regulations (July 1984)
One, COIN DS/ 17/1983:"84).
Aluminium or for in
aluminium
The kiln emissions
as in cement
Part
and
distinct
by the classical
In all cases,
prior to releasing
purified
rotary
ANODES.
enclosure
device
electrolysis
primary
the
is bauxite.
in several
existing
use PREBAKED cell
manufacture
plants
power
'Emission
Document
generally
generation. Regulations
Series:
have captive Stack (July
height 1984)
COIDS/ 17/1983-84'.
boilers
for their
and emission Part
One,'
steam
requirement
standards
Comprehensive
are
given
Industry
2~3
Baking Furnace
Pre-baked
anodes
in order process
generally
to Improve
their
utilize
a fuel
dry strength.
for baking
the
The emission
is usually sulphur dioxide, generated
"
(Reference
In the
anodes
from the. baking
from the sulphur in the fuel.
The control of sulphur dioxide shall be through controlling I
green
the stack height
'Emission Regulations (July 1984) Part One: COINDS/17/ 1983-84)'.
manufacture
fluorspar
of aluminium
and aluminium
fluoride
by electrolysis are added.
of
in the carbon
control
of fluoride emissions is either
alkaline
medium or a dry scrubber
by a bag filter to control carry-over the stack.
liner.
(as
A negligible amount
The standard
methods 0.1
by a venturi scrubber with a mildly with a fluidized-bed of particulates,
reactor
Consequently,
followed
prior to release
In both these methods it is possible to get a collection
of at least 99.5 percent.
cryolite,
The flour ide emission
F-) is about 0.2 Te per Te of Aluminium produced. of this may be absorbed
alumina;
from
efficiency
an emission of 1.0 kg (of F-) per
Te of aluminium is kept as the standard. ~imultaneously,
the
efficiency
of the control
to keep the emission of particulates
device
would be adequate
to less than 150 mg/N m 3:
250
mg/Nm3
1 kg (F-)!Te duced
of
particulates
of aluminium
150 mg/N m 3 matter
of
pr.o-
particulate
2.
For plants where the sulphur dioxide emission the stack height, H in metres is given by H
3.
=
as Q(kg/hr)
14 (Q)0.3
For plants where the particulate matter emission the stack height, H in metres is given by H
4.
=
is estimated
IS
estimated as Q(tonnes/hr)
74 (Q)0.27
If by using the formula given in 2 or 3 above, the stack height arrived at, is more than 30 m then this higher stack should be used. ~
In no case should the height of the stack be less than 30 m, for plants ~iven in the Schedule of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, and located in industrial areas of cities.
