Energy Efficiency: Services & Renewable Energy

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... sense but it does. Here, offices are assumed to operate between. 08:00 and 17:00, so morning is more important. 11. ◦ Double-Glazing & Shading (Penthouse).
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◦ Dwellings (block of 4 apartments)

 Single HCB walls do not comply with minimum energy requirements  Tech. Doc. F U-value of 1.57 W/m²K improves 6-9%  Better U-values have potential because more than 50% of walls are single  Double glazing has low benefit given that dwellings have low percentage of glazing to wall ratio

Energy Efficiency:  Wall & roof insulation  Double-glazing & shading

Services & Renewable Energy     

Air to water heat pump water heater Solar-assisted thermodynamic heat pump water heating Infra-red heaters for space heating Photovoltaics Solar water heating

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◦ Hotel (Boutique hotel)

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◦ Offices (Farsons new block)

 Lower % Improvements than dwellings  However, compliance to Tech. Doc. F still Mandatory  Reason: Perimeter area to to floor area ratio is small

 With better

insulation cooling dropped by 36% and heating by 44%, when compared to single-wall HCB construction

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◦ School (Siggiewi primary)

◦ Roof insulation

 Most schools already built to Tech. Guide F  Schools mostly benefit from winter time  Retrofitting is simple and effective  Students felt warmer in insulated classes  More technical analysis under way

 For all cases, roofs affect only the top floor  Tech. Guide F U-value of 0.59 W/m²K is adequate  Retrofitting of existing buildings is recommended (e.g. in HA properties)  The new update to the EPBD will put more emphasis on retrofitting

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◦ Existing Policies

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◦ Shading in office (Farsons)

 Roof insulation scheme caters only for 15.15% of cost of insulation for retrofitting  No wall insulation scheme  All schemes have not been upgraded so far

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2  Sector-focused incentives (e.g. wall insulation for dwellings)  Better enforcement of minimum energy requirements according to Tech. Guide F  Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited

 For days with

similar air temp., shading reduced wall temp. by up to 5 °C. ◦ Note:  Operative temp. is

combination of air temp. and wall temp. This is what human beings sense

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◦ Double-glazing & Shading (offices) ◦ Note: West shading seemed not to make sense but it does. Here, offices are assumed to operate between 08:00 and 17:00, so morning is more important.

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◦ Double-Glazing & Shading (Penthouse)

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◦ Existing Policies

◦ Shading in office (Farsons)  Shading starts making sense from 20% window to wall ratio (especially for summer)  Better U-values for glass has little effect, compared to shading

 Improving glazing in poorly insulated buildings makes no effect

 Double glazing is currently set as the minimum energy requirement in Technical Guide F  Double glazing grants from REWS, which covers 15.15% of value of the double-glass but not the frame  No scheme for shading  All schemes have not been upgraded so far

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2

 Sector-focused incentives (e.g. double-glazing for wall with large windows only including support for insulated support frame (e.g. UPVC)  Scheme to encourage shading  Add minimum external shading of (e.g. 50%) in Tech. Doc. F for new and renovated buildings  Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited

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◦ Air to Water Heat Pump for Water Heating

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◦ Air to Water Heat Pump for Water Heating

 Favourable winter conditions with high COP. This is equivalent to 70% savings of energy consumed on water heating

 Superior insulation properties even when left outside in January.

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◦ Air to Water Heat Pump for Water Heating

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◦ Air to Water Heat Pump for Water Heating

 For dwellings AWHP can save up to 18% of primary energy. This is equivalent to 70% of energy consumed on water heating

 Ideal for restaurants

◦ Caution:  Never operate a heat pump in re-heating mode where the temperature setting is too high. In this case, the COP could be very low, even less than 1.  Best to have a large storage, use the hot water and then reheat the full cold tank again, or use a timer.

◦ Heat pumps contribute towards the RE target of the country

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◦ Not all heat pumps produce good results. It depends on the technology and the local climate. ◦ Good heat pump systems could still operate poorly if left to cycle in stand-by conditions. ◦ Overall, heat pump water heaters have the potential of reducing electrical energy consumed by electric boiler by up to 70% ◦ Certain sectors having high consumption of hot water could benefit from heat pump systems (e.g. restaurants) ◦ Heat pumps are the second best option after solar heaters. Homes without roofs could benefit from this technology.

◦ Exceptional COP in winter  Low ambient temperature  Low solar radiation

 Oversized panels system for summer leading to low COP.  Best to operate it during the summer nights 19

◦ Existing Policies

 No incentives given to heat pumps  No restrictions made on use of electric boilers (least efficient water heating systems)

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2

 Sector-focused incentives (e.g. restaurants, sports complexes and homes with no roof access), to benefit from heat pump water heater grants.  Ensure that the scheme imposes the installation of a timer or other control to avoid cycling around the set temperature  The scheme to consider the added benefit of producing RE when a heat pump is installed.  Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited

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◦ IR Heater can attain higher temp. than electric resistance heater (thus users will reduce temp. setting and save energy) ◦ IR could have better distribution ◦ than an AC unit. ◦ AC unit could consume more because it circulates the air

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 No awareness on new heating modes  No schemes for financial support  Tech. Doc. F focuses on HVAC

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2  IR heaters to be used more widely especially where noise and allergens are to be avoided (circulating air like in ACs moves dust particles around)

 Useful for large halls, where many people congregate  Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited

◦ Testing since 1993 on stand-alone systems with battery storage, grid-tied systems, vertical systems, tracking systems, comparison between different actual systems around Malta and Gozo & degradation. ◦ Production of PV for different inclinations ◦ Electrical generation for each month 20

Power (W)

◦ Existing Policies

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30º

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15º

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0º 5

90º

0 9:00

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10:12

11:24 12:36 Time

13:48

15:00

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◦ Degradation 0.91 ± 0.05 %/yr ◦ Silent system that could stop operating with no one realizing it ◦ Relatively low efficiency when compared to other options such as solar water heaters

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◦ Existing Policies  Strong capital grants and feed-in tariffs  Communal PV farms for dwellings without access to rooftops  No solar rights except that pertaining to sanitary law  Updated NREAP focuses on PV to attain RE target by 2020  MCCAA PV installation standards published

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2  PV on facades and roads  Better protection for solar rights

◦ Degradation 0.91 ± 0.05 %/yr ◦ Silent system that could stop operating with no one realizing it ◦ Relatively low efficiency when compared to other options such as solar water heaters ◦ Output well known over the years

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◦ A test on actual operation of a SWH shows that it has the potential of producing up to 1,600 kWh thermal/year. ◦ A real-life operational test from Nov 2012 to May 2017 showed that SPF for a solar heater is very similar to a heat pump and on many occasions is much higher (on the days that no electric back-up boosting is required). ◦ The real output would be closer to 1,000 kWh/annum per SWH system. ◦ SWH is the only cost-effective RE storage system.

 Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited 27

◦ High energy yield ◦ The solar heater does not consume more electricity for its back-up heater than a heat pump

Date Test Mode (2012/2013) 14 - 16 Nov 120litres at 16.00h 24 - 28 Nov

120litres at 18:00h

3 - 9 Jan

120litres at 12.00h 60l at 6.00h, 60l at 18.00h 60l at 5.30h, 60l at 17.30h 60l at 6.00h, 60l at 18.00h 60l at 6.00h, 60l at 18.00h 60l at 6.00h, 60l at 18.00h

10 - 17 Jan 11 - 18 Feb

25 Feb - 5 Mar 11 - 17 Mar 25 Mar - 1 Apr

HP(kWh/day)

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◦ Solar fraction is high ◦ Efficiency is low, which means that the full potential of the SWH has not been reached (given that only 4 showers were made per day)

SWH(kWh/day)

1.73 2.50 2.11

2.07

2.43

2.70

3.38

3.65

3.03

2.55

3.23

2.09

2.95

0.91 29

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◦ A test in a housing block (Tal-ftieh) showed that average consumption of hot water is 30 litres per person per day ◦ A solar heater can offset 18% primary energy from a dwelling ◦ Vertical SWH are a viable option for facades ◦ Requires stronger incentives to cater for additional preparations of site

◦ Existing Policies    

Grant of 400 Euro per household Grant has remained effectively unchanged for too long Overall effect is that less SWH are installed No requirements for mandatory SWH in new buildings

◦ Future Action towards ZEROCO2  Ensure high quality products and installations  Diversify (e.g. hybrid PV/solar thermal panel)  Mandatory percentage of hot water from SWH in sectorial buildings (e.g. homes for the elderly, apartments)

 Stakeholders feedback on more proposals solicited 31

Policies

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Over the past 10 years, a number of policies favouring energy efficiency and renewables have been introduced, however they require careful reconsideration to achieve ZEROCO2 The forthcoming RE, EPBD and EE recast directives after 2020 are bringing more stringent conditions and one needs to be prepared as of now

Technologies

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A number of technologies have been proven to be suitable for Malta A number of weakness have been identified and solved Many technologies are not sufficiently cost effective

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◦ Investigating Crystalline Silicon Cell-based Solar Photovoltaic Module Degradation in the Maltese Climate, Carl Fenech, Charles Yousif, Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Malta, Malta, Proceedings of the Sustainable Energy 2016: The ISE Annual Conferene, Valletta, Malta, pp. 16-21, 2016, ISBN No. 978-99957-853-1-4 ◦ Modelling of Shaded and Unshaded Shallow-Ground Heat Pump System for a Residential Building Block in a Mediterranean Climate, M Bottareli, C Yousif, Proceedings of the 34th UIT Heat Transfer Conference, Ferrara, Italy, 5-7 July 2016 ◦ Assessing Energy Efficiency of a Typical Residential Apartment Block Charles Yousif, Proceedings of Intelligent Buildings: The 24th Annual Engineering Conference, Chamber of Engineers, Golden Bay, Malta, 5th May 2016, published in Engineering Today, Issue 54, August 2016, pp. 18-27

Action



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Incentives (direct grants, tax rebates, etc…) need to be introduced Incentives should be targeted to sectors where the particular technology will have best results Certain EE and RE technologies can afford to become mandatory for new and renovated buildings

Stakeholders feedback on more proposals is solicited

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◦ The Effect of Different Glazing Apertures on the Thermal Performance of Maltese Buildings, Trevor F. Caruana and Charles Yousif, Proceedings of the 2016 International Sustainable Built Environment Conference (SBE2016) Europe and the Mediterranean Towards a Sustainable Built Environment, 16-18 March 2016, Valletta, Malta, pp 435-442, ISBN 978-99957-0-9358 34

◦ The ‘Reduce and Save’ Project: An Island-wide Resource Management Awareness Initiative Undertaken in the Framework of the Eco-island Vision for the Island of Gozo, Malta, Paul Refalo, Luciano Mule’ Stagno, Robert N. Farrugia, Charles Yousif, Tonio Sant, Anthony Zammit, Joseph Portelli, Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress 2014, London, UK, 3-8 August 2014. Published in the Book Mediterranean Green Buildings and Renewable Energy pp. 811-820, Springer Publishers http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-30746-6_63

◦ Low-Cost, High Gains in the Maltese Built Environment: a Case Study of an Energy Efficient Social Housing Project ◦ C. Yousif, V. Buhagiar, A. Camilleri, C. Fernandez Vazquez ◦ Peer Reviewed publication: Proceedings of the International Conference Sustainable Development: Civil Engineering and the Built Environment, Kamra tal-Periti and the European Council of Civil Engineers, 5th May 2011, Malta, pp.107-114, ISBN 978-99957-0-031-7

◦ Energy Efficiency Survey of the Ganado Advocates Head Office, ,Antonino Fabio Agosta, Giovanni Luca Dierna, Marco Gileppo, Baldassarre Capodici, Federica Geremia, Charles Yousif and Jotham Scerri Diacono, Proceedings of the Sustainable Energy 2014: The ISE Annual Conference, Qawra, Malta, 20th March 2014, pp. 82-89, ISBN 978-99957-0-668-5, Institute for Sustainable Energy, University of Malta.

◦ Spatial Misfits in a Multi-level Renewable Energy Policy Implementation Process on the Small Island State of Malta ◦ Julia R. Kotzebue, Hans Th.A. Bressers and Charles Yousif ◦ Peer reviewed publication, Energy Policy Journal, Volume 38, Issue 10, October 2010, pp. 5967-5976, Elsevier Publishers 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.052

◦ Solar Photovoltaic Systems Performance in Malta: Potential versus Real Contribution to the 2020 RE Target ◦ L. Mule Stagno, C. Yousif and E. Vaquero Palacios ◦ Proceedings of the 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 59 September 2011, Hamburg, Germany, pp. 4381-4384, ISBN 3-93633827-2 35

◦ Energy Performance Rating of Dwellings in Malta ◦ Charles Yousif, Ignacio Gómez Royuela, Francisco Javier Rey Martinez ◦ Proceedings of the 6th Dubrovnik Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, 25-29 September 2011, Dubrovnick, Croatia—SDEWES11-0578 36

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Testing of an Air Source Heat Pump Water Heater in Malta, S. Morentin Gutiérrez, C. Yousif and R.N. Farrugia, Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress XI, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 25-30 September 2010, Future technology Press, pp 508-513 Pumped Solar Heating System with Vertical Flat-plate Collector, Ó. Martín, R.N. Farrugia and C. Yousif, Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress XI, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 25-30 September 2010, Future technology Press, pp. 1756-1761

◦ Impact of Domestic Solar Water Heating on an Energy Audit of a Residence in Malta, R. FARRUGIA, C. YOUSIF & M. VILLAMERIEL TEJEDOR, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Heating, Cooling and Buildings, EUROSUN2008, 7-10 October 2008, Lisbon, Portugal, Ref. No. 244. Feasibility Study of the First Energy-Efficient Housing Project in Malta, Ann-Marie Camilleri, Charles Yousif and Vincent Buhagiar, Proceedings of the 11th IAEE European Conference, August 25-28, 2010, Vilnius, Lithuania http://www.iaee2010.org/sites/default/ufiles/charles.yousif_0.pdf

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Performance Analysis of Water-in-Glass Evacuated-Tube Solar Heating Systems in Malta, C. Yousif, C. Fernandez Vazquez, V. Buhagiar, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress on Heating, Cooling and Buildings, EUROSUN2008, 7-10 October 2008, Lisbon, Portugal, Ref. No. 028.

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Energy Study in a Maltese Household, R. Farrugia, C. Yousif & M. Villameriel Tejedor Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress X, Glasgow, Scotland, 19-25 July 2008, pp. 757-762. 37

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Analysis of Photovoltaic Projects in a Mediterranean Island F.A. Ribeiro* and C. Iskander Yousif * Loughborough University, UK Proceedings of the 19th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference & Exhibition, Paris, France, 7-11 June 2004, pp. 2842-2845.

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Energy Technology Options for a Better Environment R.N. Farrugia, M. Fsadni and C. Iskander Yousif Proceedings of the “Chamber of Engineers Conference on the Environment May 2003



Comparison Study Between the Performance of Tracking and Stationary Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Malta C. Iskander Yousif Proceedings of the "PV in Europe from PV Technology to Energy Solutions" Conference & Exhibition, Rome, Italy, 7th-11th October 2002, pp. 1065-1068

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◦ Upright, Optimally-inclined and Tracking Grid-connected PV Systems Performance in Malta ◦ C. Yousif, J.M. Franco Esteban, D. Salvador Lopez and L. Santana Zurita ◦ Proceedings of the 22nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference & Exhibition, Milan, Italy, 3-7 September, 2007, pp. 3205-3208.

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Interfacing a Solar Photovoltaic System with the National Electricity Grid in Malta C. Iskander & E. Scerri Proceedings of the Fifth World Renewable Energy Congress, Florence, Italy, 20th to 25th September, 1998. Renewable Energy, Vol. 1, pp. 577-580, Pergamon Press.

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Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications in Malta C. Iskander & E. Scerri "An Energy Policy for the Year 2000", 3rd Biennial Conference, Malta Council for Science & Technology, Valletta, Malta, 4th-5th June, 1996

High Concentration PV System, Oscar Pereles, Andreas Bett, Eckhard Lupfert, Andreas Haberle, Jesus Fernandez, Gerhard Srobl, David Faiman, Robert Soler, Charles Yousif, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Solar Concentrators for the Generation of Electricity or Hydrogen, 12-16 March 2007, San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain,

◦ Barriers and Incentives for the Widespread Application of Renewable Energy in Malta, R.N. Farrugia, M. Fsadni, E.A. Mallia and C. Yousif, Proceedings of the World Renewable Energy Congress – IX, 19th-25th August 2006, Florence, Italy. ◦ Investigation of Domestic Solar Water Heating Installations in Malta ◦ S.P. Borg, *C. Yousif and *R.N. Farrugia, Proceedings of "Renewable Energies in Malta and Beyond" Seminar, 19th September 2005, Salina, Malta, published by the Institute for Energy Technology, University of Malta, pp.30-38. 38

INTERREG EUROPE Programme Sharing solutions for better regional policies Programme part financed by the European Union European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) Co-financing rate: 85%/75% EU Funds; 15%/25% National Funds Investing in your future

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