Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Building - IEEE Xplore

Download PDF
3 downloads 267 Views 602KB Size Report
Comment
Page 1 ... energy management in a building and presents the design of energy efficient lighting ... building that is well design thermally, the effect of lighting.
2010 International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling and Simulation

(QHUJ\(IILFLHQW/LJKWLQJ6\VWHP'HVLJQIRU%XLOGLQJ 

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© 2010 IEEE DOI 10.1109/ISMS.2010.59

282

7$%/(,

WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI EULJKWQHVV DQG FRORXU DFURVV WKH ZKROH YLVXDOILHOG+RZDVSDFHLVSHUFHLYHGRUKRZDYLVXDOWDVNLV DFFRPSOLVKHG GHSHQGV QRW RQ LOOXPLQDWLRQ DORQH EXW RQ LWV LQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHHQFORVLQJIRUPRIWKHURRPDQGZLWKWKH SDWWHUQFRORXUDQGVXUIDFHWH[WXUH 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ WHUPV WKDW DSSO\ LQ OLJKWLQJ GHVLJQ (IILFDF\LVRQHRIWKHNH\FKDOOHQJHVLQOLJKWLQJGHVLJQLW¶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

6\PERO 1 $

'(7$,/62)/80(10(7+2'6

7HUPV 1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHVUHTXLUHG )ORRUDUHDWRLOOXPLQDWH

(

5HTXLUHGOX[

)

,QLWLDOODPSOXPHQ

Q 0) 8) / : +

/DPSSHUOXPLQDU\ 0DLQWHQDQFHIDFWRU 8WLOL]DWLRQIDFWRU 5RRP¶VOHQJWK 5RRP¶VZLGWK 5RRP¶VKHLJKW

8QLWV 

P  OX[  OP    

P P P

 )RUPXODIRUOXPHQPHWKRG 1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHV $× (      1= ) × Q × 0) × 8) 5RRPLQGH[ 5, QHHGWREHGHWHUPLQHILUVWEHIRUHSURFHHG ZLWK FRHIILFLHQW RI XWLOL]DWLRQ 7KH IRUPXOD IRU URRP LQGH[ DV / ×:      5, = + / + : )LJVKRZVWKH*8,WRGHWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV UHTXLUHG IRU D VSHFLILF URRP 8VHU QHHGV WR HQWHU DOO WKH UHTXLUHGSDUDPHWHUVWKHQWKHVRIWZDUHZLOOGLVSOD\WKHLGHDO QXPEHURIOXPLQDULHVUHTXLUHGIRUDURRP

/,*+7,1*'(6,*1

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

 )LJXUH *8,WRGHWHUPLQHWKHQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV

6HFRQG SDUW RI WKH VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW LV ODPS UHSODFHPHQW 'HWDLOV RI ODPS UHSODFHPHQW PHWKRG VXPPDUL]HGLQWDEOH 7$%/(,, 6\PERO 1 Q (, /( :+ /& /% /5 /& /3



283

'(7$,/62)/$035(3/$&(0(170(7+2'6

7HUPV 1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHV 1XPEHURIODPSVSHU OXPLQDULHV (OHFWULFDOLQSXW /DPSHIILFDF\ $QQXDOWRWDOZRUNLQJKRXUV &RVWRIODPSVSHUN:K /DERXUFRVWSHUOXPLQDU\ /DPSOLIHUDWLQJ &RVWRIODPSSHUN:K /DPSSULFH

8QLWV   :DWW OP:DWW KRXUV 50 50 KRXUV 50 50

)LJ  VKRZV WKH *8, IRU ODPS UHSODFHPHQW 7KLV VRIWZDUH ZDV DSSOLHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH WRWDO FRVW VDYLQJ WKDW FDQ EH DFKLHYHGLQD\HDU 

,QLWLDO,OOXPLQDQFH(LQLWLDO ( LQLWLDO =

1 LQLWLDO × Q LQLWLDO × (, LQLWLDO × /( LQLWLDO    $UHD

 1HZ,OOXPLQDQFH(QHZ 1 QHZ × Q QHZ × (, QHZ × /( QHZ  $UHD 3HUFHQWDJH,QFUHDVHRI,OOXPLQDWLRQ ( QHZ =

§( − ( LQLWLDO  LQFUHDVH = ¨¨ QHZ ( LQLWLDO ©

· ¸ ×    ¸ ¹

 

 

 ,QLWLDODQQXDOHOHFWULFLW\FRVW (& LQLWLDO =



1 LQLWLDO × Q LQLWLDO × (, LQLWLDO × :+ × /&     × 

 1HZDQQXDOHOHFWULFLW\FRVW 1 × Q QHZ × (, QHZ × :+ × /& (& QHZ = QHZ   ×   3HUFHQWDJHVVDYHRIDQQXDOHOHFWULFLW\FRVW § (& LQLWLDO − (& QHZ · ¸ ×    VDYH = ¨¨ ¸ (& LQLWLDO ¹ ©  ,QLWLDOODERXUFRVW 1 × /% × :+ /%&LQLWLDO = LQLWLDO   /5 LQLWLDO  1HZODERXUFRVW 1 × /% × :+ /%& QHZ = QHZ   /5 QHZ  ,QLWLDOWXEHFRVW 1 ×Q × /3LQLWLDO × :+ 7& LQLWLDO = LQLWLDO LQLWLDO  /5 LQLWLDO 1HZWXEHFRVW 1 × Q QHZ × /3QHZ × :+ 7& QHZ = QHZ  /5 QHZ 7RWDOLQLWLDOFRVW 7RWDO LQLWLDO = (&LQLWLDO + /%&LQLWLDO + 7& LQLWLDO   7RWDOQHZFRVW 7RWDO QHZ = (& QHZ + /%&QHZ + 7& QHZ   $QQXDOFRVWVDYLQJ VDYH DQQXDO = 7RWDO LQLWLDO − 7RWDO QHZ    

)LJXUH *8,IRUODPSUHSODFHPHQW

 ,,, 5(68/76 ',6&866,21

 

$ (IIHFWRI/DPS¶V/XPHQ 7DEOH VKRZV WKH WDEXODWHG GDWD IRU ODPS¶V OXPHQ DQG QXPEHURIOXPLQDULHVUHTXLUHGIRUDVSHFLILFURRPDUHD

 

7$%/(,,, $UHD$ P       

 

/80,1$5,(65(48,5(')2563(&,),&$5($$1'/$03¶6 /80(1

/DPS¶V/XPHQ) OP       

/XPLQDULHV1 XQLWV       

 



 

7DEOH  VKRZV WKH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOW IRU QXPEHU RI OXPLQDULHV UHTXLUHG IRU D VSHFLILF DUHD ZLWK GLIIHUHQFH RI ODPS¶V OXPHQ 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DUHD RI URRP $  QXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV 1 DQGODPS¶VOXPHQ ) ZDVVKRZQ LQ)LJ7KHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWODPS¶VOXPHQYDOXHVVKRZQLQ JUDSK ZKLFK DUH OP OP OP OP OP DQGOP 

   

 

   )LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHVDQGDUHD

284

& /DPS5HSODFHPHQW 7DEOH  VKRZV WKH H[DPSOH RI GDWD UHSODFHPHQW ZRUNVKHHW,WLVFRQVLVWVRIWKHVSHFLILFDWLRQRIWKHURRPWKH RYHUDOO FRVWV VXFK DV ODERXU FRVW DQG WXEH FRVW  UHTXLUHPHQWRILQLWLDOOLJKWLQJGHVLJQDQGSURSRVHGOLJKWLQJ GHVLJQIRUWKHURRP

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

7$%/(9

,QIRUPDWLRQ 3DUW6SDFH,QIRUPDWLRQ $UHD PîP  $QQXDOWRWDOZRUNLQJKRXUV &RVWRIODPSSHUN:K /DERXUFRVWSHUOXPLQDU\ 3DUW,QLWLDO'HVLJQ /DPSOLIHUDWLQJ 1XPEHURIODPSSHUOXPLQDU\ 1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHV (OHFWULFDOLQSXW /DPSSULFH /DPSHIILFDF\ 3DUW1HZ'HVLJQ /DPSOLIHUDWLQJ 1XPEHURIODPSSHUOXPLQDU\ 1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHV (OHFWULFDOLQSXW /DPSSULFH /DPSHIILFDF\

% (IIHFWRIURRP¶VGLPHQVLRQV 7DEOH  VKRZV WKH HIIHFW RI URRP¶V GLPHQVLRQ WR WKH QXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV 7$%/(,9

/80,1$5,(65(48,5(')2563(&,),&5220,1'(;

'LPHQVLRQ/î: PîP  î î î î î

5RRP,QGH[     

'$7$2)/$035(3/$&(0(17

/XPLQDULHV1 8QLWV      

*LYHQ'DWD  P KRXUV 50 50  KRXUV XQLWV XQLWV : 50 OP:  KRXUV XQLW XQLWV : 50 OP:

 )LJ  VKRZV WKH UHVXOW RI FRVW VDYLQJ WKDW FDQ EH DFKLHYHG E\ UHSODFLQJ WKH LQLWLDO OLJKWLQJ GHVLJQ ZLWK WKH SURSRVHGOLJKWLQJGHVLJQ

 )LJ  VKRZV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ URRP LQGH[ 5,  DQG QXPEHU RI OXPLQDULHV 1  ,W VKRZV WKDW WKH URRP LQGH[ LV GLVSURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV *UDSK5,YV1



5RRP,QGH[5,









 







1XPEHURIOXPLQDULHV1 8QLWV









)LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHVDQGDUHD

)LJXUH 5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHVDQGDUHD



)RUWKLVFDVHWKHDUHDRIWKHURRPZDVVHWWRPEXW WKHGLPHQVLRQRIWKHURRPFDQEHYDULRXV,WH[SODLQHGWKDW LIWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHOHQJWKDQGZLGWKDUHODUJHWKH YDOXHRIURRPLQGH[ZRXOGEHVPDOO+HQFHLWZLOOLQFUHDVH WKHQXPEHURIOXPLQDULHV 7KHUHIRUH LQ RUGHU WR PLQLPL]H WKH QXPEHU RI OXPLQDULHV RU ODPSV WKH GLIIHUHQFH RI URRP¶V GLPHQVLRQ EHWZHHQOHQJWKDQGZLGWK VKRXOGEHOHVVRUVDPH,QRWKHU ZRUGWKHURRPVKRXOGEHGHVLJQHGLQVTXDUHGLPHQVLRQ 

)URP WKH UHVXOW REWDLQHG LW VKRZV WKDW WKH PDLQ IDFWRU WKDWFDQOHDGWR WKHFRVWVDYLQJLV WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH ODPS VXFK DV HOHFWULFDO LQSXW OXPHQ DQG ODPS HIILFDF\ 'LIIHUHQW ODPS UHTXLUHG GLIIHUHQW HOHFWULFDO LQSXW EDVHG RQ ODPS¶V OXPHQ ,I WKH OXPHQ LV LQFUHDVH WKH DPRXQWV RI HOHFWULFDO LQSXW DOVR LQFUHDVH /DPS HIILFDF\ LV DQRWKHU IDFWRUWKDWPXVWEHFRQVLGHULQRUGHUWRUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURI OXPLQDULHV /DPS HIILFDF\ LV UHIHUV WR OXPLQRXV HIILFDF\ /XPLQRXVHIILFDF\LVDILJXUHRIPHULWIRUOLJKWVRXUFHV,WLV WKH UDWLR RI OXPLQRXV IOX[ LQ OXPHQV  WR SRZHU LQ ZDWWV  $V PRVW FRPPRQO\ XVHG LW LV WKH UDWLR RI OXPLQRXV IOX[ HPLWWHGIURPDOLJKWVRXUFHWRWKHHOHFWULFSRZHUFRQVXPHG

285

5()(5(1&(6

E\ WKH VRXUFH DQG WKXV GHVFULEHV KRZ ZHOO WKH VRXUFH SURYLGHVYLVLEOHOLJKWIURPDJLYHQDPRXQWRIHOHFWULFLW\ 

 >@ 6XVDQ0HUHGLWK³%H\RQG/LJKW%XOEV/LJKWLQJWKH:D\WR6PDUWHU (QHUJ\0DQDJHPHQW´(PHUDOG%RRN >@ &UDLJ 'L/RXLH ³$GYDQFHG /LJKWLQJ &RQWUROV (QHUJ\ 6DYLQJV 3URGXFWLYLW\7HFKQRORJ\DQG$SSOLFDWLRQV´WKH)DLUPRQW3UHVV,QF  >@ *DU\ 6WHII\ ³$UFKLWHFWXUDO /LJKWLQJ 'HVLJQ´ -RKQ :LOH\  6RQV ,QF >@ 'DYLG (GOHU ³0HWULF +DQGERRN 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HVLJQ 'DWD´ $UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVV >@ 0LOOV (  7KH ELOOLRQ *OREDO /LJKWLQJ (QHUJ\ %LOO 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ (QHUJ\(IILFLHQW /LJKWLQJ >@ *DU\ 6WHII\ ³ $UFKLWHFWXUDO /LJKWLQJ 'HVLJQ´ -RKQ :LOH\  6RQV ,QF >@ 6DOO\6WRUH\³3HUIHFW/LJKWLQJ,QVSLULQJ6ROXWLRQVIRU(YHU\5RRP´ &UHDWLYH+RPHRZQHU >@ *UHJRU\-:DUG³7KH5DGLDQFH/LJKWLQJ6LPXODWLRQDQG5HQGHULQJ 6\VWHP´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RPSXWHU *UDSKLFV DQG ,QWHUDFWLYH7HFKQLTXHV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVWDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ &RPSXWHUJUDSKLFVDQGLQWHUDFWLYHWHFKQLTXHV >@ 'DYLG (GOHU ³0HWULF +DQGERRN 3ODQQLQJ DQG 'HVLJQ 'DWD´ $UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVV >@ 0LOOV(DQG'9RUVDW]&RPSDFW)OXRUHVFHQWV)DFH7RXJK &RPSHWLWLRQ1HZVOHWWHURIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO$VVRFLDWLRQIRU(QHUJ\ (IILFLHQW/LJKWLQJ$SULOSS >@ 3HWHU 7UHJHQ]D DQG 'DYLG /RH ³7KH GHVLJQ RI OLJKWLQJ´ (  )1 6SRQDQLPSULQWRI5RXWOHGJH      

,9 &21/86,216 ,Q WKLV SURMHFW WKH PDLQ REMHFWLYH LV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PLQLPXP UHTXLUHG ODPSV LQ D VSHFLILF SODFH ZLWKRXW UHGXFLQJWKHTXDOLW\RIOLJKWLQJZDVVXFFHHGHG%HVLGHVWKDW WKHEHQHILWVRIOLJKWLQJHIILFLHQF\LQWHUPVRIPLQLPL]LQJWKH RSHUDWLRQ FRVWV DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ RU LPSURYLQJ LOOXPLQDWLRQ OHYHOZHUHDQDO\]HG ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRUHGXFHWKHXVDJHRIHOHFWULFLW\7KXVLW ZLOO UHGXFH WKH XVHU¶V DQQXDO RU PRQWKO\ H[SHQVHV IRU HOHFWULFLW\ELOO%HVLGHVWKDWLW¶VDOVRLPSRUWDQWWRGHFLGHWKH LGHDOOLJKWLQJFRQGLWLRQ IRUD FHUWDLQURRP7KLVLVEHFDXVH WR SUHYHQW DQ\ SUREOHP WKDW FDQ KDSSHQ WR SHRSOH VXFK DV H\HWURXEOH EHFRPHGLP  ,W FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH LGHDO YDOXH RI ODPSV DQG OXPLQDULHV IRU EHVW OLJKWLQJ GHVLJQ ZDV HVWLPDWHG GHSHQGV RQWKHURRPV¶VL]HGLPHQVLRQDQGLOOXPLQDQFHOHYHO,IWKHUH LV PRUH OXPHQ WKDW DYDLODEOH LQ WKH ODPS LW ZLOO SURYLGH PRUHEULJKWQHVVWRWKHURRP %DVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV REWDLQHG IURP WKH SURSRVHG VRIWZDUHLWDOVRFDQEHFRQFOXGHGWKDWVTXDUHGLPHQVLRQVRI URRP LV WKH PRVW VXLWDEOH GHVLJQ IRU DQ HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQW OLJKWLQJV\VWHP7KLVLVGXHWRFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHVTXDUHURRP ZLOO UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI OXPLQDULHV XVHG 7KXV LW ZLOO UHGXFHWKHDPRXQWRIHOHFWULFLW\FRVWDQGRWKHUFRVWV        



286