Engineering Proceeding Book

International Engineering, Science and Education Conference (INESEC) Engineering Proceeding Book

Engineering Proceeding Book

Editorial Board Bilal Gümüş M. Emin Asker Kemal Akkılıç Rojan Gümüş Musa Yılmaz Hibetullah Kılıç

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Copyright © 2016

International Engineering, Science & Education Group, Diyarbakır, Turkey

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All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, under the terms of a license issued by the Copyright International Engineering, Science & Education Group(INESEG), Diyarbakır, Turkey, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, International Engineering, Science & Education Group(INESEG), or emailed to [email protected] Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

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Acknowledgement Thanks to Rectorate of Dicle University (Talip Gül) for the support with the Conference Center and to DUBAP for maintaining the workshop. We would also like to express our gratitude to the sponsors for their generous contributions.

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Preface Dear readers and delegates at INESEC (International Engineering, Science and Education Conference), it is a pleasure for us to present you with this Book of Proceedings, consisting of selected scientific contributions accepted for publication at the INESEC conference. There has been a long discussion in the past concerning the issue of peer reviewing entries at the Annual INESEC conference. This is indeed a challenging issue and a full coverage of all sessions may not be feasible in the near future, as it would for example demand for extensive reviewing resources. For this reason, the idea to identify 316 full paper tracks at INESEC (International Engineering, Science and Education Conference) was developed, where peer reviewing would be offered. The additional stage depended, however, heavily on the appointment of track chairs, taking care of the full paper review. We would like to thank our track chairs for their insightful and timely contributions Dicle University. It has to be noted that the track scientific committees were supported by reviewers for their organizing committees track. INESEC conference received over 416 submissions from countries and regions so far, reviewed by national and international experts; the papers will be submitted for publication in a variety of different indexed journals covers different topics.

Best Regards, On the behalf of Organizing Committee, INESEC 2016

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CONTENTS CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... VI RETINAL VESSEL SEGMENTATION VIA IMPROVED STRUCTURE TENSOR COLORING .........................................1 DETERMINATION OF EPILEPSY FROM EEG SIGNALS USING SPECTRAL METHOD AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 RECOGNITION OF SLEEP APNEA FROM ECG RECORDINGS BY USING WAVELET TRANSFORM AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS ...................................................................................................................................... 19 APPROPRIATE WASTES FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTING AND ORGANIC WASTE QUANTITIES FOR BATMAN CITY . 27 PROTON CHANGE MEMBRANE (PEM) FUEL CELLS ......................................................................................... 36 APPLICATIONS TO FUEL CELL VEHICLES .......................................................................................................... 45 EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SHADING ON SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS ............................ 54 COMPARISON OF MONOCRYSTAL, POLYCRYSTAL AND THIN FILM PANELS .................................................... 65 EXAMINATION OF STRUCTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT SYSTEM PERFORMANCE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS .............................................................................................................................. 73 EPILEPSY SEIZURE DETECTION IN EEG SIGNALS USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES ..................................................................................................................................................... 80 POWER FLOW STUDY FOR A MICROGRID BY USING MATLAB AND POWERWORLD SIMULATOR ................... 86 A MS-EXCEL MODULE TO TRANSFORM AN INTEGRATED VARIABLE INTO CUMULATIVE PARTIAL SUMS FOR NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE COMPONENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DETERMINISTIC TREND PARTS ..................... 92 SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON A DISTRIBUTED PLATFORM .................................................................................. 99 DETERMINATION OF EDREMIT (VAN, TURKEY) TRAVERTINE LITHOTYPES BY GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES ....................................................................................................................................................... 107 ADSORPTION OF REACTIVE BLACK 39 BY ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSİS BARKS .............................................................................................................................. 116 SPEEED CONTROL OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FED BY MATRIX CONVERTER ........... 123 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN THE WORLD AND THE SITUATION ANALYSIS IN TURKEY .................................................................................................................................................................... 131 SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE WORLD: THE EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION .. 139 FABRICATION AND INVESTIGATION UV AU-ZNXCD1-XS-MO-STRUCTURES .................................................... 148 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY INDICATORS OF TURKEY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FACTORS BETWEEN 1998-2015 ......................................................................... 151 A RECOMMENDATION METHOD FOR PREDICTING RELATIONS IN DRUG-DISEASE NETWORKS .................... 157 PV PANEL SUPPORT REFRIGERATED VEHICLE ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN ....................................................... 164 YAPAY SINIR AĞLARI KULLANILARAK DIYARBAKIR ILINDEKI GÜNEŞ RADYASYONUNUN TAHMIN EDILMESI 171 INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF SHORT TERM ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON ENERGY PRODUCTION IN PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS; DICLE UNIVERSITY SOLAR POWER PLANT EXAMPLE ............................................. 180

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THE SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR POWER PLANTS THROUGH THE BLUESOL SOFTWARE AND AN INVESTIGATION ON THE ACCURACY OF SIMULATION RESULTS .................................................................... 186 EXAMINATION OF PVGIS AND SUNNY DESIGNWEB PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM WEB-BASED SIMULATION PROGRAMS AND EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF RESULTS ................................................................. 193 CUT-OFF GRADES OPTIMIZATION BY MEANS OF MEMETIC ALGORITHMS WITH UNCERTAIN MAKET CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 200 MISSING VALUE ESTIMATION IN A ROBOTIC ARM DATASET BY USING EXTREME LEARNING MACHINE....... 209 INVESTIGATION OF THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF HIGH INSULATION BUILDING MATERIALS BY USING LIGHT-WEIGHT AGGREGATES ....................................................................................................................... 219 MODEL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE AUTHORIZATION OF USER ACTIONS IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTUNG CLUSTERS .............................................................................................................................. 229 ANALYSIS AND EFFECT DIFFERENT FILE SYSTEMS ON FILE CARVING IN DIGITAL FORENSIC EXAMINATION .. 241 INVESTIGATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS .................................... 247 INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN MILLING OF 1040 STEEL WITH HONING COATED TOOL ......... 255 MODELING OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN DRILLING OF AL/SİC COMPOSITE MATERIALS WITH FUZZY LOGIC 262 DETERMINATION OF TOOL WEAR WITH VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS IN THE DRILLING PROCESS OF GLASSFIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIAL (EPGC 201) ..................................................................... 269 POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER DESIGN USING BAT ALGORITHM ..................................................................... 277 REMOVAL OF NAPROXEN FROM DRINKING WATER BY COAGULATION AND EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ..... 284 ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF A NEWLY SETTLED OLD LAND SLIDE AREA ......................... 297 ALTERNATIVE CURRENT (AC) SUPPLY UNIVERSAL MOTOR BASED ON COMPUTER CONTROLLING RATE ON COMPUTER .................................................................................................................................................. 308 CHANGING OF DIRECTIN OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR ROTATION BY USING THE COMPUTER SUPPORTED PIC CONTROLLER ............................................................................................................................................... 317 A NEW APPROACH FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION:CONVOLUTIONAL NEURAL NETWORK.............................. 328 LASER SCANNING METHOD DIYARBAKIR SUR INTERIOR OF THE CASTLE DOCUMENTATION........................ 335 EXAMINING THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED IN GREEN BUILDINGS AND INVESTIGATING THE CERTIFICATION SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................................. 342 EXPERIMENTALLY EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF WATER DEPTH ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR STILL DISTILLER ..................................................................................................................................................... 348 IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON GLCM AND KNN .............................................................................. 357 A PRESTUDY OVER DETERMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROUND SOIL MOISTURES AND RADARSAT-2 IMAGE IN DICLE RIVER BASIN ................................................................................................. 363 VECTOR CONTROL OF SYNCHRONIZED INDUCTION MOTOR ........................................................................ 372 FROM MICROGRID TO SMART GRID: A REVIEW OF CAMPUS PROJECTS....................................................... 379 SNAPSHOT OF INTEGRATION DISTRIBUTED GENERATION INTO THE SMART GRID ....................................... 388 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF VISIBILITY PHENOMENA ON A GRANULAR LOOSE BED UNDER INFLUENCE OF SUB SONIC SWIRL JET ............................................................................................................................. 394

MULTILAYER PROGRAMMING AND DELPHI DATASNAP SOLUTIONS ............................................................ 400 MAIL SENDING PROCEDURES IN PHP APPLICATIONS ................................................................................... 408 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CONTROL OF LED LAMP DRIVER BASED ON ROBUST CONTROLLER .............. 413 MACHINE LEARNING BASED MISSING VALUE ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESOLUTION PHOTOVOLTAIC DATASET .................................................................................................................................................................... 419 HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY POTENTIAL OF CUNGUS STREAM ......................................................................... 431 WORKER PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS IN SEWAGE WORKS .............................................................................. 438 MONITORING LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING LANDSAT 8 SATELLITE IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY OF SANLIURFA - TURKEY ................................................................................................................................... 445 VECTORIZATION OPERATIONS IN OPEN CEZERI LIBRARY ............................................................................. 454 DETERMINING THE IDEAL EXPOSURE TIME FOR HYPERSPECTRAL CAMERAS ............................................... 462 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS PRODUCED WITH PARTICLE REINFORCED ADHESIVELY ................................................................................................... 470 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ADHESIVE JOINTS BONDED EPOXY ADHESIVE INCLUDED AL2O3 NANOPARTICLE ...........................................HATA! YER İŞARETİ TANIMLANMAMIŞ. AN ANALYSIS ON THE BENDING BEHAVIOURS OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR KARBON/EPOXY COMPOSITE SHAFTS AT DIFFERENT ORIENTATION ANGLES .......................................................................................................... 486 INVESTIGATION OF THE TORSIONAL BEHAVIOURS OF HOLLOW CIRCULAR KEVLAR/EPOXY COMPOSITE SHAFTS AT DIFFERENT ORIENTATION ANGLES ............................................................................................. 493 MICROSOFT KINECT WITH ITS RECENT APPLICATIONS ................................................................................. 500 POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ITS ECONOMIC DIMENSION ........................................ 509 AN EFFICIENT ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS BASED ON RBF NEURAL NETWROK ...................................................................................................................................... 520 IMU BASED, VISUAL SERVOING TELEROBOTIC SYSTEM ................................................................................ 528 ANALYSIS OF OTDR MEASUREMENT DATA WITH WAVELET TRANSFORM.................................................... 535 THE COST AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 28,56 KWP GRIDCONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS AT GAZIANTEP CONDITION ............................................................................................................................... 540 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR ELECTRICTY ENERGY GENERATION ...................................................... 549 EVALUATION OF MAINTENANCE PLANING MODELS IN INDUSTRIES ............................................................ 558 EFFECT OF STOREY HEIGHT ON THE COST OF THE CONSTRUCTION FOR RC BUILDINGS................................ 564 EFFECT OF STEEL PROFILE CHANGING TO STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ...................................................... 571 OPTIMAL PID CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR INTEGRATING PROCESSES ............................................................ 578 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN INVERTED PENDULUM STABILISATION BASED ON PID CONTROLLERS ..... 585 THE ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION OF OUR COUNTRY AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM WIND ENERGY ............................................................................ 592 THE ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF CURRENT SITUATION OF OUR COUNTRY AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES IN GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM SOLAR ENERGY ........................................................................... 591

DETERMINATION OF RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF APERTURE COUPLED RECTANGULAR MICROSTRIP ANTENNA WITH ANFIS ................................................................................................................................. 603 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIVE MICROSTRIP ARRAY ANTENNA ......................................................... 610 HIGH GAIN DOUBLE BAND MICROSTRIP ARRAY ANTENNA DESIGN ............................................................. 617 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF OPTIMUM HEAT INSULATION THICKNESS IN ENERGY SAVING ........................................................................................................................................................ 624 DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL INSULATION THICKNESS IN COOLING FOR DIYARBAKIR CITY ....................... 632 EFFECT OF HYSTERESIS BAND CONTROLLERS USED IN DIRECT TORQUE CONTROL METHOD ON MOTOR PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................................................................ 633 BATMAN ÜNIVERSITESI TEKNOLOJI FAKÜLTESI DERSLIKLERINDE IÇ HAVA KALITESININ INCELENMESI ........ 634 BATMAN ILINDE ISITMA SEZONUNDA KULLANILAN FARKLI YAKIT TÜRLERININ EMISYON DEĞERLERININ ARAŞTIRILMASI ............................................................................................................................................ 635 EFFECT OF DIYARBAKIR BAZALT ON STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF CONCRETE ......................................... 636 EVALUATION OF MASONRY MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS IN DIYARBAKIR SUR REGION WITH RESPECT TO TURKISH EARTHQUAKE CODE ...................................................................................................................... 645 FAILURE ANALYSIS OF WET PATCH BONDED ................................................................................................ 655 THE EFFECT OF REINFORCED ADHESIVES ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESIVELY BONDED CONNECTIONS ....... 661 INVESTIGATION OF HARDNESS AND MICROSTRUCTURES OF B4C/AL COMPOSITES IN DIFFERENT REINFORCING RATES .................................................................................................................................... 667 RESEARCH OF POWER LOSSES ON ENERGY TRANSMISSION LINE ................................................................. 674 THE EFFECT OF THE THERMOPLASTIC STARCH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) BASED POLYMER COMPOSITES ............................................................................... 683 UTILIZATION OF EGGPLANT (SOLANUM MELONGENA) STALKS AS A FILLER IN MANUFACTURING OF COMPRESS MOLDED PP BASED COMPOSITES .............................................................................................. 689 EFFECTS OF FACE MILLING PARAMETERS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS, TOOL WEAR, CHIP MORPHOLOGY AND VIBRATIONS IN MACHINING AISI 1050 STEEL ............................................................................................... 695 DETERMINING JOINT ANGLES OF ROBOT ARM BY ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK ...................................... 707 SELF SUPPLYING WATERLINE SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................ 716 SCOURING AT REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS AND SOLUTION PROPOSALS .................................... 722 A NEW MULTI-CHANNEL ALGORITHM OF JOIN THE NETWORK FOR SINGLE HOP MULTI-NODE SENSOR NETWORKS .................................................................................................................................................. 730 STORING NUCLEAR ENERGY WASTES IN GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTS ...................................................... 737 THE EXAMINATION OF EDGE DETECTION IMAGE ENHANCEMENT METHODS USED IN MAMOGRAPHY IMAGES .................................................................................................................................................................... 743 5 AXIS CNC PRECISION TIRE SIDE MACHINING ............................................................................................. 751 COMPARISON OF PARAMETERIZATION METHODS USED FOR B-SPLINE CURVE INTERPOLATION ................ 757

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OBJECT DISCRIMINATION AND SORTING WITH IMAGE PROCESSING ON TWO AXIS SERVO MOTOR SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................................................... 771 DATA SECURITY OF SCADA SYSTEM ............................................................................................................. 780 INTUITIVE APPROACH IN SCADA SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 789 POSITION DETERMINATION BY USING IMAGE PROCESSING METHOD IN INVERTED PENDULUM................. 796 LABVIEW MODEL OF MEMRISTOR WITH NONLINEAR DOPANT DRIFT ......................................................... 802 FRIEND RECOMMENDATION SYSTEM IN ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS .......................................................... 808 A GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR COMMUNITY DETECTION IN MULTI-RELATIONAL SOCIAL NETWORKS ............ 815 CONTROL LEDS STRIP OVER WI-FI NETWORK USING ARDUINO ................................................................... 823 THE EFFECT OF DERIVATIVE GAIN TO SYSTEM STABILITY IN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR SYSTEMS . 829 LOAD-FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION WITH HEURISTIC TECHNIQUES IN A HYBRID AC MICROGRID ................. 837 LEAF RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON COLOR AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES BY USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES...................................................................................................................................... 847 INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF CAPACITOR ON CONTROLLED BUCK LED DRIVER ......................................... 855 THE DESIGN OF OPTIMAL PI-PI CASCADE CONTROLLER FOR SSSC BY GENETIC ALGORITHM ........................ 862 MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS UNDER VARIOUS TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 873 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION .......................................... 881 ELECTROANCEPHALOGRAPHY AND BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE.............................................................. 888 A RESEARCH ON EYE TRACKING AND EYE TRACKING SYSTEMS .................................................................... 897 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE AND WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT IN BATMAN AND SIIRT ... 907 PERFORMANCE DETERMINANT PARAMETERS OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS ................................. 916 A 10-GS/S 3 BİT FLASH ADC İN 180 NM CMOS ............................................................................................. 922 DETERMINATION OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL (ELECTRICAL-VESMETHOD) FEATURES OF THE KARST CAVITY IN THE ESENTEPE REGION OF BATMAN PROVINCE .......................................................................... 928 EFFECT OF USING WASTE MARBLE DUST AND GLASS FIBER ON CARBONATION DEPTH OF CONCRETE ........ 940 THERMAL AND OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME QUARTET MIXED HYDROGEN-BONDED LIQUID CRYSTALS ..................................................................................................................................................... 948 ASSSESSMENT OF THE SOIL SECTIONS VIEWED BY SEISMIC METHOD WITH THE OBTAINED MODELS USING PLAXIS SOFTWARE ON SOIL SETTLEMENT: BATMAN CITY (ÇAMLITEPE NEIGHBORHOOD) FIELD APPLICATION .................................................................................................................................................................... 955 ASSESSMENT AND DETERMINATION OF ENGINEERING PARAMETERS WITH GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS OF ÇAMLITEPE DISTRICT (BATMAN) OF GROUND .............................................. 967 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF PILOT BASED CHANNEL ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR CONVOLUTIONAL CODED OFDM SYSTEMS IN FREQUENCY SELECTIVE FADING CHANNELS ....................................................... 984 PD CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR INTEGRATING TIME DELAY SYSTEMS ............................................................ 993

THE EFFECT OF EMOTION BASED ON AUDIO-VISUAL STIMULI ONTO EEG SIGNALS .................................... 1002 RISK ANALYSIS IN HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS: A CASE OF STERILIZATION DEPARTMENT IN TURKEY ... 1010 DEFORMATION OF THIN PLATES USING FINITE GRID METHOD .................................................................. 1018 EFFECTS OF NEAR-FAULT AND FAR-FAULT GROUND MOTIONS ON SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF 5-STORY R/C BUILDING ................................................................................................................................................... 1025 ICING PREVENTION METHODS OF SUPERSTRUCTURES ON THE HIGHWAYS ............................................... 1031 ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEM INTERHARMONICS ..................................................................................... 1039 POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM UNDER FAULT CONDITIONS .................................. 1043 EVALUATION OF DATA RECOVERY PERFORMANCE ACCORDING TO DISK FORMATTING TYPES IN DIGITAL FORENSICS ................................................................................................................................................. 1048 CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL AND KONOWLEDGE LEVEL OF CONSUMERS IN BITLIS CITY ABOUT FOOD POISONING .................................................................................................................................................................. 1053 GRAPHIC CODING BASED APPROACH FOR DETERMINING HEART BEAT NUMBER WITH WAVELET ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................................. 1069 K-MEANS CLUSTERING AND PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE WITH LABVIEW .................................................................................................................................................... 1078 EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSIONS IN A DIESEL ENGINE POWERED GENERATOR FUELLED WITH VEGETABLE BIODIESEL ............................................................................................................................... 1087 ATIK HAYVANSAL YAĞ KÖKENLI BIYOYAKITIN JENERATÖRLÜ BIR DIZEL MOTORUNDA KULLANILABILIRLIĞININ ARAŞTIRILMASI ................................................................................................... 1093 BIOETANOL-BIYODIZEL YAKITININ BIR JENERATÖRLÜ DIZEL MOTORDA KULLANIMININ ARAŞTIRILMASI .. 1099 NUMERICAL ANALYSES OF COMPOSITE PIPES JOINTED WITH DIFFERENT ORIENTATION ANGLES USING PATCHES SUBJECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE ............................................................................................... 1106 BURST FAILURE AND STRESS ANALYSES OF MULTI-LAYERED COMPOSITE PIPES JOINTED WITH TUBULAR SINGLE-LAP JOINT SUBJECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE ................................................................................. 1116 PUMICE AGGREGATES, WASTE MARBLE DUST AND TRAGACANTH DOPED COMPOSITE MATERIAL STRENGTH PROPERTIES ............................................................................................................................................... 1125 PUMICE AGGREGATES, WASTE MARBLE POWDER DOPED AND TRAGACANTH EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL NONE OF CEMENT BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS AS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ............... 1143 PUMICE AGGREGATES, WASTE MARBLE POWDER DOPED TRAGACANTH AND CEMENT BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND FREEZING- CORRECT BEHAVIOR .......... 1158 DETERMINATION OF THE CELLULAR REGIONS BY USING PERIMETER AND HISTOGRAM ALGORITHMS FOR CERVICAL CANCER IMAGES TAKEN FROM ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE ................................................... 1171 INDIUM DOPING ON THE STRUCTURAL, SURFACE AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CDS THIN FILMS PREPARED BY ULTRASONIC SPRAY PYROLYSIS METHOD ............................................................................................. 1176

ESTIMATION OF MOLD DISPLACEMENT OF PRECAST CONCRETE UNDER VIBRATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS .................................................................................................................................. 1183 ASSESSMENT OF DIYARBAKIR PROVINCE IN TERMS OF THE INVESTMENT IN SOLAR POWER PLANT ......... 1193 EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCINED CLAY ADDITIVE MORTAR1199 FAST DIGITAL WATERMARKING METHOD BASED ON CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM FOR IMAGES ........ 1207 MODULO BASED DATA HIDING METHOD IN WAVELET DOMAIN ............................................................... 1214 FEATURE SELECTION FOR PHISHING WEBSITE BY USING NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER ................................... 1221 PV SYSTEM INCREMENTAL CONDUCTANCE MPPT METHOD APPLIED FLYBACK CONVERTER UNDER VARIABLE TEMPERATURE AND IRRADIANCE.............................................................................................................. 1227 THE SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS OF LED ROADWAY LIGHTING ............................................................... 1236 THE USE OF LED LUMINAIRE FOR TUNNEL LIGHTING ................................................................................. 1242 SOLUTION FOR EXISTING SOIL HOUSETOPS OF TRADITIONAL BITLIS HOUSES ........................................... 1249 3D MEDICAL IMAGE PROCESSING BY USING FILTERING METHODS ........................................................... 1256 INFLUENCE OF THE SOLAR ECLIPSE ON THE POWER AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS OF THE BIG SOLAR FURNACE IN PARKENT OF UZBEKISTAN ..................................................................................................... 1264 SOLAR RESOURSES OF UZBEKISTAN’S SAMARKAND REGION .................................................................... 1274 DYNAMIC MODELING OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERY WITH TEMPERATURE EFFECT ........................................ 1278 ACTIVE CONTOUR BASED EDGE DETECTION ON CONCAVE OBJECTS.......................................................... 1284 DESIGNING A FAST 3D SCANNER USING A LASER LINE............................................................................... 1291 COMPARISON OF AIR GAP FLUXES BETWEEN A LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR HAVING A SECONDARY WITH LAMINATED AND UNLAMINATED CORE .................................................................................................... 1301 THREATS AND MEASURES IN WEB APPLICATIONS ..................................................................................... 1311 FRICTION WELDING OF DISSIMILAR AISI 304 AND AISI 8640 STEELS .......................................................... 1317 PRODUCTION OF INTERMETALLIC FGM ..................................................................................................... 1325

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International Engineering, Science and Education Conference, 01-03 December 2016, Diyarbakir/Turkey

MONITORING LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING LANDSAT 8 SATELLITE IMAGERY: A CASE STUDY OF SANLIURFA - TURKEY Hakan OGUZ Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Forestry, Dept. of Landscape Architecture [email protected]

ABSTRACT: Land Surface Temperature (LST) is one of the essential parameters in climate change, evapotranspiration, urban climate, vegetation monitoring and other thermal analyses. The new instrument which was called Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) carried on board of the new generation of Landsat 8 captures the temperature of the Earth‘s surface in two bands, band 10 and band 11 with spatial resolution of 100m. The main objective of this study was to retrieve LST for Sanliurfa province in Turkey using Landsat 8 imagery acquired on August 22nd 2016. In this study, Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE) method has been employed in ArcGIS Model Builder to calculate LST. The user just inputs Band4, Band5, Band10 and a couple of parameters then the tool outputs the final LST image automatically. The tool first makes the conversions to top of atmosphere (TOA) radiance and reflectance. Then NDVI is calculated based on NIR and RED bands reflectances. Land surface emissivity is calculated based on NDVI Thresholds Method (NDVI-THM) which was developed by Sobrino et al. (2008). Finally the tool calculates land surface temperatures in degrees Celsius. Key words: ArcGIS, emissivity, GIS, LST, model builder

INTRODUCTION

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter in climate change, evapotranspiration, urban climate, vegetation monitoring and environmental studies. LST can be defined as the temperature of the earth‘s skin. Nowadays, it is possible to retrieve land surface temperature for large areas with the help of remote sensing (Li et al. 2013). A lot of methods have been developed by now but single-channel (SC), split-window (SW) and radiative transfer equation (RTE) are the most used methods among them. In the last 30 years, several studies have been made on thermal analysis using MODIS, ASTER, Landsat TM/ETM and Landsat 8 data (Li et al 2013, Barsi et al 2003, Cristobal et al 2009, Jiménez-Muñoz & Sobrino 2008, Jiménez-Muñoz et al 2009, Oguz 2013, Oguz 2015, and Oguz 2016). In this particular study, a tool developed by Oguz (2016) in ArcGIS Model Builder was used to retrieve LST from Landsat 8 satellite imagery using the RTE method. Tool requires band4, band5, and band10 as input to retrieve the LST automatically. This tool might be quite useful for people who are interested in thermal studies.

METHODS Input Data In this study, Landsat 8 satellite imagery was used as input data. The temporal resolution of Landsat 8 is 16 days and can be downloaded from USGS webpage for free (USGS 2016). The operational land imager (OLI) and thermal infrared sensor (TIRS) are the two sensors on the instrument. OLI has 9 bands with 30m spatial resolution (except for panchromatic band) while the TIRS has two thermal bands with 100m spatial resolution as illustrated in Table 1 below (LDUH 2016).

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Band Number Band 1 Band 2 Band 3 Band 4 Band 5 Band 6 Band 7 Band 8 Band 9 Band 10 Band 11

Table 1. Band Characteristics of Landsat 8 Band Width Description 0.435 - 0.451 0.452 - 0.512 0.533 - 0.590 0.636 - 0.673 0.851 - 0.879 1.566 - 1.651 2.107 - 2.294 0.503 - 0.676 1.363 - 1.384 10.60 - 11.19 11.50 - 12.51

Coastal/Aerosol Blue Green Red NIR SWIR-1 SWIR-2 Pan Cirrus TIR-1 TIR-2

Resolution (m) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 15 30 100 100

Study Area Sanliurfa was selected as the study area since it is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey. Sanliurfa is located in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey and the city depends heavily on agriculture and animal husbandry. Sanliurfa is also a major tourism destination since it is one of the oldest settlements in the world with 11000 year-old history. The city has a population of about 1.9 million according to 2015 census. The weather in Sanliurfa is hot and dry in summers while cool and moist in winters. The average long term annual temperature and precipitation were 18.4 °C and 458 mm respectively (TSMS 2016). Landsat 8 scene with Path/Row: 173/34 acquired on 22nd August 2016 was downloaded from USGS (2016) website. Figure 1 below illustrates the location of the study area with satellite image.

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Figure 1. Location Map of the Study Area The Method In this study, the RTE method was used since it was found as the most accurate method by Yu et al (2014).

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(1) [

[

] [

]

]

where Ts is the land surface temperature, is the effective band wavelength, lsen is the thermal radiance at sensor level, lu is the upwelling atmospheric radiance, ld is the down-welling atmospheric radiance, is the atmospheric transmissivity, is the land surface emissivity, and c1 and c2 are constants. [ where

]

(2)

corresponds the radiance of plank‘s law.

Land surface emissivity is calculated from Landsat 8 VNIR bands based on Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) for a given pixel (Sobrino et al 2008). [

]

(3)

where NDVIs and NDVIv correspond to NDVI values for bare soil and vegetation respectively. Emissivity values were calculated based on FVC value as follows: FVC = 0 = 0.979-0.04 0 FVC 1 = 0.971 (1 - FVC) + 0.987 FVC FVC = 1 = 0.99 where corresponds to reflectance in the red band (Skokovic et al 2014). The flow diagram of the model is illustrated in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2. Flow Diagram of the Tool

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International Engineering, Science and Education Conference, 01-03 December 2016, Diyarbakir/Turkey RESULTS AND FINDINGS

This tool was developed by Oguz (2016) using Model Builder in ArcGIS 10.3. The tool requires three bands as input which are band 5 (NIR), band 4 (RED) and band10 (TIR) as seen in Figure 3 below to calculate LST from Landsat 8 imagery.

Figure 3. Input Module of the LST Tool The final LST map of Landsat 8 scene is calculated automatically as shown in Figure 4 below. 43 ºC and 18 ºC were found to be the highest and lowest temperatures in the scene respectively. Ataturk Dam and Harran Plain were the coolest areas while bare land was found to be the hottest area in the scene.

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Figure 4. Spatial Distribution of LST in the Scene The final LST map for the city of Sanliurfa was illustrated in Figure 5 below. 41 ºC and 18 ºC were found to be the highest and lowest temperatures in the city respectively.

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Figure 5. Spatial Distribution of LST in the City As illustrated in Figure 5 above, the hottest parts of the city was found to be the bare land depicted as red color. Blue toned color represents water and agricultural land covered with green vegetation. This tool can also be integrated into the ArcGIS Toolbox as shown in Figure 6 below.

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Figure 6. The LST Tool Integrated into ArcGIS ArcToolbox

CONCLUSION

It is well known that LST is quite important in thermal analysis. It is not easy to retrieve accurate LST for the global change studies. Therefore, the RTE method has been employed in this study due to accuracy of the model. This tool might help people interested in thermal analysis.

REFERENCES Barsi, J.A., Schott, J.R., Palluconi, F.D., Helder, D.L., Hook, S.J., Markham, B.L., Chander, G., & O‘Donnell E.M. (2003) Landsat TM and ETM+ thermal band calibration. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 29(2), 141–153. Cristóbal, J., Jiménez-Muñoz, J.C., Sobrino, J.A., Ninyerola, M. & Pons, X. (2009) Improvements in land surface temperature retrieval from the Landsat series thermal band using water vapor and air temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114(D8), D08103. Jiménez-Muñoz, J.C., Cristóbal, J., Sobrino, J.A., Sòria, G., Ninyerola, M. & Pons, X. (2009) Revision of the single-channel algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat thermal-infrared data, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 47(1). 339–349. Jiménez-Muñoz, J.C. & Sobrino J.A. (2008) Split-window coefficients for land surface temperature retrieval from low-resolution thermal infrared sensors, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 5(4), 806– 809. LDUH (2016) Retrieved October 14 2016 from https://landsat.usgs.gov-/documents/Landsat8DataUsersHandbook .pdf Li, Z.L., Tang, B.H., Wu, H., Ren, H., Yan, G., Wan, Z., Trigo, I.F. & Sobrino J.A. (2013) Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives, Remote Sensing of Environment, 131, 14-37. Oguz, Hakan. (2013) LST calculator: A program for retrieving Land Surface Temperature from Landsat TM/ETM+ imagery Environmental engineering and management journal 12(3):549-555. Oguz, Hakan. (2015) A Software Tool for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from ASTER Imagery, Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 21, 471-482. 452

International Engineering, Science and Education Conference, 01-03 December 2016, Diyarbakir/Turkey Oguz, H. (2016) Automated Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 Satellite Imagery: A Case Study of Kahramanmaras – Turkey, St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, Sofia, 598-604, ISBN: 978-95407-4140-6 Skokovic, D., Sobrino, J.A., Jimenez-Munoz, J.C., Soria, G., Julien, Y., Mattar, C. & Cristobal, J. (2014) Calibration and Validation of land surface temperature for Landsat 8 - TIRS sensor, European Space Agency Documents. Sobrino, J.A., Jimenez-Munoz, J.C., Soria, G., Romaguera, M., Guanter, L., Moreno, J., Plaza, A. & Martincz, P. (2008) Land Surface Emissivity Retrieval from Different VNIR and TIR Sensors, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 46, 316–27. TSMS (2016) Retrieved November 1 2016 from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceleristatistik.aspx?m=SANLIURFA USGS, (2016) Retrieved October 13 2016 from http://landsat.usgs.gov /landsat8.php Wikipedia (2016) Retrieved November 12 2016 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanliurfa Yu, X., Guo, X., & Wu, Z. (2014) Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS—Comparison between Radiative Transfer Equation-Based Method, Split Window Algorithm and Single Channel Method, Remote Sensing, 6, 9829-9852.

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