European Journal of Biomedical AND Pharmaceutical sciences - ejbps

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Article Revised on 07/08/2017. Article Accepted on 28/08/2017. INTRODUCTION. Metal nanoparticles are intensely studied due to their unique optical, electrical ...
Research Article

ejbps, 2017, Volume 4, Issue 9, 718-721. John et al.

SJIF Impact Factor 4.382

2349-8870 European Journal Biomedical Europeanof Journal of Biomedical and PharmaceuticalISSN Sciences Volume: 4 Issue: 9 AND Pharmaceutical sciences 718-721 Year: 2017

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GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING CTENOLEPIS GARCINII (BURM.F.) C.B CLARKE Sakunthala M.1, Iniya Udhaya C.1 and Dr. John Peter Paul J.*2 1

Centre for Advanced Research in Plant Sciences (CARPS), Research Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai - 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Assistant Professor & Director, Centre for Advanced Research in Plant Sciences (CARPS), Research Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai - 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India. *Corresponding Author: Dr. John Peter Paul J. Assistant Professor & Director, Centre for Advanced Research in Plant Sciences (CARPS), Research Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College (Autonomous), Palayamkottai - 627 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Article Received on 18/07/2017

Article Revised on 07/08/2017

Article Accepted on 28/08/2017

ABSTRACT Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been an exploring research topic in recent days due to their advanced use in biomedical, chemical and related fields. Bioreduction of silver nitrate (AgNO 3) with help of novel plant extract is a great advantage in green synthesis of nanoparticles. In the present investigation, silver nanoparticles were rapidly synthesized using the aqueous extract of Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B Clarke. The aqueous extract was mixed with 1mM silver nitrate and incubated at room temperature. The nanoparticles obtained have been characterised and verified with various techniques like UV-Visible spectrum, FTIR spectrometry and XRD. EDX and SEM analysis revealed that the size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were in the range of 38-46 nm. KEYWORDS: Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Aqueous extract, Ctenolepis garcinii.

INTRODUCTION Metal nanoparticles are intensely studied due to their unique optical, electrical and catalytic properties. To utilize and optimize chemical or physical properties of nano-sized metal particles, a large spectrum of research has been focused to control the size and shape, which is crucial in tuning their physical, chemical and optical properties.[1,2] These approaches use hazardous chemicals, low material conversions, high energy requirements and wasteful purification. Therefore, there is a growing need to develop environmentally friendly methods for silver nanoparticles without using hazardous chemicals. The multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology mainly concern to synthesis and design nano materials and device within the range of 1-100nm.[3,4] The nano materials are generally synthesis by using physical and chemical methods but the products from these methods are toxic, environmentally hazardous and above all the whole procedure are costly. For alternative, environment friendly biosynthesis methods are chosen at present to synthesis nano-materials by two ways either using microorganisms or using plant extract methods.[5,6] Nano-sized drug delivery system of herbal drugs has a potential future for enhancing the activity and overcoming the problems associated with plant medicines which essential to treat more chronic diseases like asthma, diabetes, cancer and others.[7,8] Green

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synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging branch of nanotechnology. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is the favourite method of green, exploited to a vast extent because the plants are widely distributed, easily available, advancement over physical and chemical methods, safe to handle and with a range of metabolites and compatibility for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocols.[9,10] Metallic nanoparticles are emerging as new carriers which provide way to site-specific targeting and drug delivery by these nanoparticles. Silver (Ag) a noble metal, has potential applications in medicine due to its unique properties such as good conductivity, chemically stable, catalytic activity, surface enhanced Raman scattering and antimicrobial activity, Increases the oral bio-availability and to overcome the poorly water soluble herbal medicines. In this regard, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using of Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f) C.B. Clarke was carried out in the present study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of plant materials The plant material used in the present study is Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae. The synonym for Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke is Sicyos garcinii Burm. (Naud Ann, 1866), Bryonia garcinii (Burm. f.) Wilid. (Cogn.,

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1881)., Zehneria garcinii (Burm. f.) Stocks and Blastonia garcinii (Burm. f.) Cogn. in DC. (Gamble, 1919). Vernacularly this plant is called as Mossumossuke, Mochumochukay and Gudimuralu. The plants of Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke was collected from near to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, located in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India during the month of December, 2015 and identified and confirmed by the Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Gamble, 1919).

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray microanalysis spectroscopy (EDX, Sigma). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis was made using VEGA3 TESCAN SEM machine. After the preparation of the silver nanoparticles, thin films of the suspension of the silver nanoparticles were extra solution was removed using a blotting paper and then the film on the SEM grid were allowed to dry by putting it under a mercury lamp for 5 minutes, followed by SEM observations were carried out.

Formation of silver nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Ctenolepis garcinii The aqueous solution of 1mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) was prepared and used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. 25ml of Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke extract was added into 5ml of aqueous solution of 1mM silver nitrate for reduction into Ag+ ions. Here the filtrate acts as reducing and stabilizing agent for 1mM of silver nitrate. The formation of reddish brown colour was observed respectively and λ max at different time intervals were taken for 8 hours using a UV-Visible spectroscopy. Then the solution was stored in room temperature for 24 hours for the complete settlement of nanoparticles. After 24 hours centrifuge the reaction mixture, discard the supernatant. Add 1ml of distilled water to the pellet and wash by using centrifugation. Collect the pellet by using acetone/ethyl acetate/alcohol. Dry in the watch glass and store the nanoparticles.

RUSULTS AND DISCUSSION Synthesis of silver nanoparticles Reduction of silver ion into silver particles during exposure to the plant extract could be followed by colour change. Silver nanoparticles exhibited dark brown colour in aqueous solution due to the surface Plasmon resonance phenomenon. The appearance of the dark brown colour indicated the formation of silver nanoparticle synthesis in the reaction mixture, as it was well known that silver nanoparticles exhibit striking colours (yellow to dark brown) due to excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in the particles (Fig 1). It was reported that some amount of OH groups tended to promote the reduction of silver ions in some chemical methods.

Characterization of silver nanoparticles UV-Visible spectra analysis The reduction of pure silver ions was observed by measuring the UV-Visible spectrum of the reaction at different time intervals taking 2ml of the sample, compared with 2 ml of 1mM silver nitrate solution respectively used as blank. UV-Visible spectral analysis has been one by using An Elico spectrophotometer at a resolution of 1nm from 200 to 1100 nm. FT-IR analysis FT-IR spectrum in the range 4000 to 400cm-1 at a resolution of 4cm-1 using Perkin-Elmer spectrometer was used to detect the silver nanoparticles. The sample was mixed with KCl procured from Sigma. Thin sample disc was prepared by pressing with the disc preparing machine and placed in Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) for the analysis of the nanoparticles. XRD analysis X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of drop-coated films of the silver nanoparticles in sample was prepared for the determination of the formation of silver nanoparticles by XPERT-PRO software and X-ray diffractometer operated at a voltage of 40kv and a current of 30mA with Cu Kα radiation. SEM and EDX analysis The structure, composition and average size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, were analyzed by

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Initial Final Fig. 1: Formation of silver nanoparticles using Ctenolepis garcinii. UV-Visible spectrum UV-Visible spectra of the reaction media were taken at different time intervals explicit that the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) vibrations were found between 429 to 435.5nm with λ max at 435.5nm with absorption of 0.661 which was sky blue colour shifted. The light red colour shifted at 432.5nm with absorption of 1.415, followed by light green colour at 432.5nm with absorption of 1.651, brown colour at 429nm with absorption of 1.771, followed by orange colour 429nm with absorption 2.562 and dark red colour at 432nm with absorption of 2.492 was related to an increase the amount of silver nanoparticles (Fig 2).

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04-0783), which further proved the formation of crystal silver nanoparticles.[13] The peaks were identified as AgNPs according to XPERT-PRO software (PDF#030921). The XRD pattern thus clearly showed that the silver nanoparticles were crystalline in nature.[14] Counts Amster-SAg 200

Fig. 2: Visible spectrum of silver nanoparticles using Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke. FT-IR spectrum As illustrated in fig 3, FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of bands at 596.93, 652.86, 833.19, 989.41, 1229.54, 1383.83, 1553.55, 3309.62 and 3561.31cm-1. The bands at 596.93cm-1 corresponds to ketones (C-COC bend), 652.86cm-1 to phenols (OH deformation), 833.19cm-1 to 1, 3, 5-trisubst benzenes (CH deformation) the band at 989.41cm-1 was assigned to vinyl compounds (CH deformation), the band at 1229.54cm-1 was assigned to amines (C-C-N bending), 1383.83cm-1 corresponds to sulfonic chlorides (SO2 antisym stretch), 1553.55cm-1 to triazine compounds (ring stretch), 3309.62cm-1 corresponds to oximes (O-H stretch) and 3561.31cm-1 to aromatic amines, primary amines and amides (NH stretch). The positions of these bands were close to that reported for native proteins.[11,12] This evidence suggests that the protein molecules could possibly perform the function of the formation and stabilization of silver nanoparticles in the aqueous medium.

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Fig. 4: XRD analysis of silver nanoparticles using Ctenolepis garcinii. SEM and EDX analysis Throughout the scanning range of binding energies, no peak belonging to impurity was detected. The results indicated that the reaction product was composed of highly pure silver nanoparticles. A similar EDX spectrum was obtained for each sample analyzed (Fig 5). Scanning electron microscopy provided further insight into the morphology and size details of the silver nanoparticles. Comparison of experimental results showed that the diameter of prepared nanoparticles in the solution was about 38-46 nm. Showed the scanning electron micrographs of silver nanoparticles obtained from the proposed bio reduction method at various magnifications (Fig 6). Silver is a well known metal since ancient time due to its medicinal value and for its preservative properties. It is efficient antimicrobial agent compared to other salts due to their extremely large surface area which provides better contact with microorganisms. Silver nanoparticles have many applications, spectrally selective coatings for solar energy absorption and intercalation material for electrical batteries, as catalysts in chemical reactions, for biolabelling etc.[15]

Fig. 3: FTIR spectrum of silver nanoparticles using Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke. XRD studies XRD pattern taken using powder X-ray diffractometer instrument (XRDML) in the angle range of 10˚C-80˚C of the silver nanoparticles at 2θ, scan axis: Gonio. A number of Bragg reflections corresponding to 27.78, 32.19, 46.23, 54.82 and 57.51 sets of lattice planes were observed which can be indexed to face-centered cubic silver (Fig 4). The peaks matched with the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (file No.

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Fig. 5: EDX analysis of AgNPs using Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke.

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Fig. 6: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image of silver nanoparticles using Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm.f.) C.B. Clarke. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the bio-reduction of aqueous silver ions by the aqueous extract of Ctenolepis garcinii (Burm. f.) C.B. Clarke has been demonstrated. This green chemistry approach towards the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has many advantages such as ease with which the process can be scaled up and economic viability. Applications of such nanoparticles in medical and other applications make this method potentially use for the large-scale synthesis of other inorganic nano materials. Toxicity studies of silver nanoparticles open a door for a new range of antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Applications of the synthesized silver nanoparticles in bactericidal, fungicidal and cytotoxic applications make this method potentially for in vivo method. REFERENCE 1. Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor clusters, nanocrystals, and quantum dots, Science, 1996; 271: 933-937. 2. Bian F, Zhang X, Wang Z, Wu Q, Hu H, Xu. J Chin Phys Lett, 2008; 25(12): 4463-4465. 3. Bruchez M, Moronne M, Gin PS, Weiss S, Alivisatos AP. Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels, Science, 1998; 281: 2013-2016. 4. John Peter Paul J, Shri Devi SDK. Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gracilaria dura (AG.) J.AG. (Red Seaweed). American Journal of PharmTech Research, 2014; 4(3): 489-498. 5. Bala M, Ariya V. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus and its antibacterial action. Int J Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 2013; 3(2): 37-41. 6. Iniya Udhaya C, John Peter Paul J, Amster Regin Lawrence R. Seaweed mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Gracilaria fergusonii J.Ag.

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