Evaluation of aqueous extract of Salvadora persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra in treatment of gastric ulcer. Waheed Filimban1, Naser ElSawy2,3, Eslam A Header4,5 Mohamed El-Boshy2* 1
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences,Umm al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. 3 Department of Anatomy and Embryology Faculty of Medicine Zagazig University, Egypt. 4 Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. 5 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Home Economics Minufiya University, Egypt. 2
Corresponding Author: Mohamed El-Boshy, Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm al Qura University, Makkah,Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box: 715. Email:
[email protected] Mobil: 00966563025297
Abstract: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of aqueous extracts of Miswak (Salvadora persica) and liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), on the healing of acute gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rats. The length of gastric ulcer, volume, PH and stomachs histopathological examination was carried out. A total thirty six adult male albino rats were divided into 6 equal groups. Group (1) was used as a control and fed on the ration only. The groups (2-6) were fed on the ration and given aspirin orally to induce gastric ulcer. Gp.2, served as positive control, Gp, (3-4) administrated orally, aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica at a dose of 200 and 400mg/kg b.wt for 7 days. Gp. (5-6), treated orally for 7 days with Glycyrrhiza glabra (200 and 400) mg/kg b.wt. Results revealed that oral administration of the two plant aqueous extracts showed decreases the length of gastric ulcer and increased curative ratio, however, Glycyrrhiza glabra showed highly significant decreased of gastric ulcer length, as compared with Salvadora persica. There was a significant difference in the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra aqueous extract on the pH of gastric juice whereas, there was non-significant differences between both tested doses of Salvadora persica at doses of 200 mg/kg b.wt., compared to the
control (+ve) group. Oral administration of aqueous plant extracts decreased histopathological changes in the stomach layers and mucosa especially with Glycyrrhiza glabra. In conclusion, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica have a favorable effect for treatment of a gastric ulcer and could be used as a food additives for patients with peptic ulcers. Key words: Salvadora persica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gastric ulcer, Antioxidant, Histopathology
Introduction: Gastritis is the inflammation of the mucosal surface of the stomach. It can range from a mild, asymptomatic form to sever ulceration, which, if untreated, may lead to perforation (Webster-gandyet al., 2012). Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) refers to painful sores or ulcers in the mucosal lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum, secondary to pepsin and gastric acid secretion. The predominant causes of PUD are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (Ramakrishnan and Salinas 2007). Peptic ulcer is the general term applied to an eroded mucosal lesion in the central portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Areas affected include the lower portion of the esophagus, the stomach and the first portion of the duodenum, the “duodenal bulb” (Goroll, 2009). Gastric ulcers are less common than duodenal ulcers and more patient’s age of both sexes. It occurs usually along the lesser curvature of the stomach and its size vary from millimeters to centimeters. However, gastric ulcers are more prone to develop into malignant, not improving, worsening; resulting in death disease (Alperset al., 2002). The causes of gastric ulcer disease include physical and psychogenic factors that involved an imbalance between the gastric acid and pepsin secretions and the
degree of tissue resistance to the secretions (Mahan and Stump2008). In ulcer, large amount of gastric acid formation, and the strong gastric enzyme pepsin are secreted. Various topical irritants interfere with normal function of this tissue, including aspirin, alcohol, certain drugs, caffeine or bile acids that may come in contact with the mucosa (Guyton, 2000). The influence of psychogenic factors in the development of ulcer is highly variable such as stress factors, including career and personal strivings are at a peak. Stress ulcers also occur in conjunction with emergency injuries such as burns or long-term rehabilitation processes (Goroll, 2009). These symptoms may couple with nausea, vomiting or hemorrhage from the digestive tract. Foods can also cause mechanical or thermal irritants such as vegetable and fruit seeds or peels and hot or cold foods (Mahan and Stump2008). However, the patient's appetite is normal, and may be tended to eat to avoid any pains so over weight may be expected. Nowadays, antibiotics or substances have antibacterial action could improve peptic ulcers (Garrow et al., 2000). The traditional medicine using herbal plants is prevalent among rural population in many developing countries. Medicinal plants contain many active constituents which are used for treatment of various diseased conditions Awaad et al., (2013). These constituents represent a natural source of drugs that have greater safety or lesser toxicity than chemicals when used for therapy (Visavadiya et al., 2009). The Salvadora persica (Salvadoraceae) tree is a large much-branched, evergreen shrub or a tree, found in the dry and arid regions of Africa and Asia. Herbal medicines are the oldest remedies known to mankind; these generally contain more than one herb in the combination. Historically, the first known oral hygiene tool was the chewing stick, the Miswak, sticks from the roots of Salvadora persica. Miswak sticks, have been used for centuries as a traditional method of cleaning teeth (Sofrata
et al., 2008, Mehanna and Reid, 2010, Akhtar et al., 2011). Throughout the world, species of plants have been used as sources for chewing sticks out of which the roots of the shrub S. persica is the most common one, its, widespread in many parts of the world from East Africa through to the Asian subcontinent (Hyson, 2003). Root extracts exhibited rapid and strong bactericidal effect against oral pathogens as well as against other Gram-negative bacteria, while Gram-positive bacteria mainly displayed growth inhibition or remained unaffected Akhtar et al., (2011) and Sofrata et al (2011). Recently
Al-Sohaibani, and Murugan, (2012), Barros et al, (2013)
reported
Miswak
that
has
anti-inflammatory,
antiviral,
antioxidant,
immunomodulatory and antitumor properties.
Glycyrrhiza glabra (named in traditional Chinese medicine Glycyrrhiza uralensis), family Leguminoseae, is a plant which grows in Egypt and other countries of the world (Siracusa, et al., 2011). Its roots are widely used as a cold beverage, in preparing some pharmaceutical preparations such as hematinic pills and to disguise the bitter taste of other remedies (Song and Hu 2009). The extract of this plant is useful in the treatment of patients with Addison`s disease, chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, bronchitis, cough, arthritis, rheumatism, hypoglycemia and hypotension (Gupta et al., 2008, Tanaka et al., 2008, Visavadiya et al., 2009, Siracusa, et al., 2011). Aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra was proved to possess an anti-ulcer effect as it decreases aspirin -induced gastric irritation and ulceration in rats Sancar
et al.,
(2009). Licochalcone was isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhizain flata, which has various uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries as an inhibitor of cell growth of microorganisms in some contaminated
foods which is a predispose factor for
peptic ulcer (Tsukiyama et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the curative effect of S. persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra in treatment of gastric ulcers is doubtful. Therefore the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of Arak (Salvadora persica) and licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) aqueous extract on aspirin-induced gastric ulceration in male albino rats. 2. Materials and methods: Materials Plants: Salvadora persica and liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) were purchased from the local market of KSA and classified in the Botany Department Faculty of Sciensces. Aspirin: Aspegic (Mmiriya Pharmaceutical Industries, Cairo) prepared by dissolving one vial in 25ml distilled water to obtain aspirin concentration 200mg/ ml. Diet: The rats were fed on basal ration composed of wheat bran, soya bean powder 44%, fish meal, molasses, fibers 3.3%, sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, methionine and ash with net protein 22% and fats 4.7% (Dennis et al, 2009). Rats: Thirty six adult male albino rats (175+5g. Bw.) of Sprague Dawley Strain were obtained from animal house of the faculty of medicine, Um Al Qura University. Each rat was housed in an individual stainless steel cage under optimal controlled conditions in the Animal House of the Faculty of Medicine (Umm al Qura University). The diet and water were provided ad libitum for all the experimental
period. The rats were acclaimed for 10 days.The experimental protocol was approved by institutional animal ethical committee. 2.2. Methods: 2.2.1. Preparation of aqueous extracts: The Miswak (Salvadora persica) and liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) were ground using a porcelain grinder to pass through a sieve-mesh pores of 1mm diameter. The extract of plants was prepared by mixing 1gm powdered with 100 ml deionized water. The mixture boiled for 10 minutes and filtered after cooling using filter paper to remove the particulate matter (0.2mm) then the filtrate was freely dried (Lyophilized) and reconstituted in 1.5 ml of deionized water (100 mg/kg bw) (Sofrata, et al, 2007). 2.2.2. Experiment design The thirty six rats were divided into 6 equal groups. The first group (GP.1) was fed on the basal diet only as a negative control. GP.2-5 were given oral aspirin at a dose of 200mg/kg B.Wt., for induction of acute gastric ulcer, according to the dose carried out by (Agarwal et al 2002). GP.2 was kept as positive (+ve) control. GP.3-4 were orally treated with
Salvadora persica extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg Bw
respectively. GP.5-6 were orally administrated with Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg Bw respectively. All rats were fasted for 12-14hrs before the rats anesthetized and sacrificed. Measurement the volume of gastric juice: The stomach and duodenum were exposed and a fistula made with a poly ethane tube inserted into the stomach from a small incision made in the duodenum and esophagus was clamped to prevent reflux and loss of the gastric mucosa. The gastric juice collected in graduated tubes and measured after centrifuging (Niida, et al, (1991).
Measure the length of gastric ulcer and gastric juice: The stomachs were tied around both openings (cardiac & pyloric sphincters) and injected with distilled water (3ml). The stomachs opened longitudinally, and examined under dissecting microscope for ulcer after washing with saline. The length of gastric ulcer was measured and expressed as mean +SE for each group. The curative ratio was then calculated for each treated group, according to the method described by Akhtar and Ahmad (1995) using the following equation: Curative ratio (CR) = (LC - LT / LC) x 100. LC = length of ulcer in control positive group. LT = length of ulcer in treated group 2.2.5. Determination of pH: Determination of pH according to the method A.O.A.C (1995). 2.2.7. Oxidative stress and antioxidant studies The lipid peroxidation, malnoaldhyde (MDH) glutathione (GSH),
and antioxidant system, reduced
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) with total antioxidant capacity
(TAC), were determined by using ELISA commercial kits, (Kaymen Co. USA) according to the enclosed pamphlet. Histopathological study: Specimens from stomachs were collected from rats of all experimental groups at the end of the experimental period, fixed at 10% neutral buffered formalin (pH=7.0), dehydrated in ethyl alcohol and cleared in xylol and sectioned into
4-6
microns thickness and stained with heamtoxylin and eosin for examining (Bancroft and Gamble, 2008).
Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was achieved by using statistical package for the social science program version 20 (SPSS, version, 20). The mean and standard errors were calculated for each variable. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by least significant difference for multiple comparisons. The significance of differences was accepted at p < 0.05 3- Results:
The present study was designed to clear out the effect of aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra on healing acute gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rats. The length of gastric ulcer in rats. The effect of S. persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra on the length of gastric ulcer in rats were displayed in table 1. The curative ratios of ulcerated rats with oral administration of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at a dose of 400 and 200mg/kg Bw. (83.49 & 67.90), versus S. persica at a dose of 400 and 200mg/kg Bw, (67.97 & 38.86) respectively. Oral administration of Glycyrrhiza glabra and S. persica extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg Bw., caused significantl decreased in the length of gastric ulcer 1.130.04 and 2.20 0.34mm respectively (Table 1).
Table 1. Effect of aqueous extract Slvadora persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra on the length of gastric ulcer (mean ±SE) in the experimental rats.. Groups
Control –ve Control +ve
1 2 3
Treated Groups
4 5 6
Aspirin and extracts
Doses (mg/kg Bw.)
Gastric ulcer length (mm.)
CR (%)
-
-
0.00***
-
Aspirin (Asp.) (Asp.) + S. persica (Asp.) + S. persica (Asp.) + G. glabra (Asp.) + G. glabra
200 200 400 200 400
6.870.18
a
-
b
38.86
2.200.34
c
67.97
2.100.36
c
69.90
d
83.49
4.200.22
1.130.04
CR: Curative Ratio = (LC - LT / LC) x 100.
The different letters in the same column are significantly different at P ˂0. 05
Volume of gastric juice The volume of gastric juice obtained from the positive control group (GP.2) was significantly higher (0.780.03ml) as compared with normal rats (0.190.01ml). All treated groups (GP3-6) showed highly significantly decreased in gastric juice as compared with a positive ulcer group (GP.2). Meanwhile, the lowest volume of gastric juice was reported in the S. persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract treated group at a dose of 400mg/kg Bw with decrease ratio 69.92 % and 74.9% respectively. (Table-2). Table.2 The effect of Salvadora persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra on the volume of the gastric juice (mean±SE, ml) in the experimental rats.
Groups GP.1 (–ve)
Treatment -
Doses
Volume of gastric juice
(mg/kg.Bw) -
0.190.01
-
a
-
GP.2 (+ve)
Aspirin (Asp.)
200
0.780.03
GP.3
(Asp.) + S. persica
200
0.410.07b
GP.4 GP.5 GP.6
(Asp.) + S. persica (Asp.) + G. glabra (Asp.) + G. glabra
0.240.034
200
c
0.310.04
0.200.002
47.43
d
400
400
DR (%)
69.92 60.002
d
74.89
DR: Decrease Ratio
The different letters in the same column are significantly different at P ˂0. 05
Table 3. The effect of
Salvadora persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra aqueous extract on the pH of
gastric juice (mean±SE, ml) in the experimental rats. Groups
Treatment
Doses
pH of gastric juice
(mg/kg.Bw)
IR (%)
GP.1 –ve
-
-
4.430.17a
-
GP.2 +ve
Aspirin (Asp.)
200
2.330.11c
-
GP.3
(Asp.) +S. persica
200
3.70.16b
37.02
GP.4
(Asp.) + S. persica
400
3.990.12a
41.60
GP.5
(Asp.) + G. glabra
200
3.800.15b
38.60
400
a
42.15
GP.6
(Asp.) + G. glabra
4.030.24
IR: Increase Ratio
The different letters in the same column are significantly different at P ˂0. 05
Gastric juice pH The oral administration of aspirin (GP.2) significant decreased the pH value of gastric juice, 2.33 as compared with 4.43 of normal rats. Data showed that oral administration of the Glycyrrhiza glabra and S. persica extracts significant increased gastric juice pH values when compared with a positive control group (GP.2). The higher gastric juice pH was observed in Glycyrrhiza glabra and S. persica a dose of 400 mg/ Kg.Bw (Table.3).
Antioxidant and oxidative stress The lipid peroxidation (MDA) was significantly higher in the aspirin-treated group as compared with the normal rats. The antioxidant markers, GSH, SOD and TAC were significantly decreased in the aspirin-treated group when compared with the control group. Moreover, the treatment with an extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica at a dose 400 mg/ Kg bw, improve the antioxidant markers and lipid peroxidation towards the normal group values. (Table- 4) Table 4- The effect of Salvadora
persica and Glycyrrhiza glabra aqueous extract on the antioxidant
and oxidative stress (mean±SE) in the experimental rats. Groups
GSH
SOD
TAC
MDA
µmol/L
U/ml
µmol/L
mmol/dl
GP.1 (-ve control)
12.68±0.61a
6.42±0.19a
5.98 ±0.16a
14.15 ±0.62c
GP.2 (+v Aspirin)
6.92±0.34d
5.82±0.24a
3.41±0.11c
24.55±1.05a
GP.3 (Asp+ S. persica 200)
8.01±0.12c
6.68±0.25a
4.42±0.12b
19.21±1.03b
GP.4 (Asp+ S. persica 400)
11.8±0.41a
6.39±0.32a
5.92±0.20a
15.62±0.91c
GP.5 (Asp+ G. glabra 200)
10.15±0.38b
6.31±0.26a
4.62±0.22b
18.01±1.02b
GP.6 (Asp+ G. glabra 400)
12.01±0.57a
6.55±0.26a
6.11±0.24a
15.12±.65c
GSH: Reduced glutathione, SOD: Super oxide dismutase, TAC: Total antioxidant capacity, MDA: Malnoaldihyide, BCA: Bactericidal activity.. Means in the same column not followed by the same letter differ significantly (P < 0.05)
Histopathological results: Microscopical examination of stomach from control untreated rats revealed the normal histological structure of the stomach, which consists of four layers; mucosa, submucosa, musculosa and serosa. The surface epithelial cells, which are mucus secreting cells formed a continuous epithelial sheet that covered the gastric surface and line pits of the gastric glands
Fig. 1: Stomach of rat form group 1 Fig. 2: Stomach of rat form group 1 (control -ve) showing the normal (control -ve) showing the normal histological structure. (H & E x100). histological structure but with higher magnification. (H & E x200)
Fig. 3: Stomach of rat form group 2 (control +ve) showing (i) mononuclear cells infiltration and hemorrhagic changes. (H & E x200)
Fig. 4: Stomach of rat from group 2 (control +ve) showing destruction of gastric glands (G), and detachment of mucosa (M). (H & E x 200).
Fig. 5: Stomach of rat from group 3 (Asp.) + Salvadora persica extract at doses of 200 mg/kg B.Wt. Showing marked necrosis (N) and sloughing of lamina epithelial associated with leucocytec cell infiltration in the necrotic glands (G). Mucosa (M) (H&E X 200)
Fig. 6: Stomach of rat from group 4 (Asp.) + Salvadora persica extract at doses of 400 mg/kg B.Wt. Showing focal necrosis (N) and desquamaton of gastric epithelium and glands (G) Mucosa(M). (H and E X 200)
Fig. (7): Stomach of rat form group 5 (Asp.)+ Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at doses of 200 mg/kg B.Wt, showing the normal histological structure in gastric glands.(H and E x200)
Fig.(8):Stomach of rat form group 6 (Asp.)+ Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at doses of 400 mg/kg B.Wt., showing the normal histological structure.(H& E x200)
. All the cells on the surface, gastric pits and gastric glands were intact and normal without evidence of erosion or hemorrhage in the gastric mucosa (Fig.1&2). Conversely, stomach of the rat from Gp. 2 showing necrosis of the glandular mucosa associated with sloughing of laminal epithelium these superficial erosions were multiple, small in size and not reaching the muscularis mucosa. The sub epithelial tissues showed hemorrhage and edema with increased number of the blood vessels Gastric glands are reduced in number which are abnormal in morphology and
distribution. There are mononuclear cells infiltrating the lamina propria (Fig.3). Also the stomach of this group showed destruction of the gastric glands, edema in lamina propria as well as mononuclear cell infiltration (Fig.3). Some areas showed hyperplasic gastric glands other areas showed gastric ulceration. Covering a bier like network of hyperplasia gastric pits with destruction of the upper part of gastric glands (Fig.4). In the stomach of rat form Gp.3 treated with aspirin and Salvadora persica extract at doses of 200 mg/kg B.Wt, showing marked necrosis and sloughing of lamina epithelial associated with leukocyte cell infiltration in the necrotic glands (Fig.5). In stomach of rat form Gp.4, treated with aspirin and Salvadora persica extract at doses of 400 mg/kg B.Wt, showing focal necrosis and desquamaton of gastric epitheluim and glands (Fig.6).In stomach of rat form Gp.5, treated with aspirin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at doses of 200 mg/kg B.Wt., showing the normal histological structure in gastric glands ,there was a renewal of epithelium to line the surface of the stomach and gastric pits again which accompanied with significant increase in the number of gastric glands (Fig.7). In the stomach of rat form group (6), treated with aspirin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract at doses of 400 mg/kg B.Wt, showing the normal histological structure areas and return of gastric glands to the normal pattern (Fig.8).
4. Discussion:
The oral administration of the Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica extract at a dose of 400mg/kg Bw., for 7 days caused a significant increase of pH levels and a higher significant decrease in the length of gastric ulcer with a significant decrease in the volume of gastric juice in rats treated with aspirin. In accordance with the present results with Sancar et al., 2009, and Rahnama et al, 2013 who
reported that Glycyrriza glabra reduced gastric mucosal damage and reduced the number and size of gastric ulcers. Moreover, Langmead and Rampton (2001) and Vigliani et al., (2002) reported that Glycyrriza glabra extracts compounds, glycyrrhized form, carbenoxolone, and enoxolone have antiulcer activity and reported that Glycyrriza glabra extracts allowed healing of gastric mucosa. Similarly, Sancar et al., (2009) and Rahnama et al., (2013) found that aspirin coated with licorice, reduced acid-pepsin secretion and promotion of mucosal protection by gastric mucin activity and reduced the number and size of ulcers. The identified and quantified through the use of liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of Glycyrrhiza glabra, and S Persica demonstrated the flavonoids, compounds are the predominant constituent (Siracusa et al. 2013 and Noumi et al, 2011, Ibrahim et al., 2015). Flavonoids possess both cytoprotective and anti-secretory activities (Awaad et al., 2013). They have a gastroprotective action in mammals by increasing endogenous prostaglandin levels, decreasing histamine secretion, inhibiting Helicobacter pylori and scavenging free radicals as well as
the antioxidant property (Olaleye and
Farombi, 2006, Awaad et al., 2013). The pathological finding in the rats treated with aspirin showed destruction of the gastric glands, and a detachment of mucosa . Histopathological studies approved protective effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica in healing the gastric ulcers. Oxidative stress is believed to initiate and aggravate peptic ulcers (Tandon et al., 2004 and Shetty et al, (2008) . They, observed an increase in rat gastric mucosal lipid peroxidation (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a decrease in catalase (CAT) levels in cold restraint stress- and indomethacin induced gastric ulceration respectively. In addition to, they observed an increase in serum LPO and a tendency to decrease in SOD and TAC levels were observed. Moreover, they concluded a
positive correlation between free radical-induced oxidative stress both in gastric and duodenal ulcers. Our results approved elevation serum level of lipid peroxidation, malnoaldehyde (MDA), and decreased antioxidant system GSH, SOD and TAC, in a peptic ulcer group. On the other hand, these parameters were improved towards the control in Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica treated rats. Morteza-Semnani et al., (2003) and Siracusa et al., (2011) documented Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts have been
antioxidant,
and anti-inflammatory
actions, which are essential
necessities of effective Chem-preventive agents. Similar, Ying-Kai et al., (2009) observed Glycyrrhiza glabra extract reduced oxidative stress in high-fat mice and enhance serum antioxidant system. Regarding to Salvadora persica, Mohamed and Khan (2013) found in the ethanol extract of Salvadora persica, three compounds, namely 2-furancarboxaldehyde, furan-2-carboxylic acid-3-methyl- trimethylsilyl ester and
D-erythro-pentofuranose-2-deoxy-1,3,5-tris-O-
were
identified
by
Gas
Chromatography –Mass Spectrum analysis. These furan derivatives as they contain hydroxyl groups could be possessed antioxidant activities. Also, Akhtar et al., (2011) and Mohamed and Khan (2013) concluded the Miswak extract has antioxidant enzymes with high level of peroxidase and low level of catalase and polyphenoloxidase. Moreover, Ibrahim et al., (2015) documented the
highest
antioxidant activities of Salvadora persica extracts from two different locations in Saudi Arabia. The microflora has been a key role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. Nariman et al., [2009], showed that chronic gastric ulcers were associated with a rise in the relative amount of parietal microflora. Glycyrrhiza glabra extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Gupta et al, 2008, Khanzadi and Thomas, 2010). Moreover, Sancar et al.,
[2009], Rahnama et al., (2013) concluded that, that licorice could be replacement during treatment for routine multiply chemical therapy in peptic ulcers where, licorice has a low-cost, highly tolerable and with minimal side-effects. Also, the broad spectrum antimicrobial effect of Salvadora persica extracts has been investigated with Sofrata et al (2011), Akhtar et al., (2011), Abier et al., (2011) and Barros et al, (2013).
5. Conclusion: In conclusion,
oral administration of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora
persica extracts have antioxidant activities and reduced gastric ulcer lesions, The, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Salvadora persica extracts have gastro-protective effects and could be used for healing gastric ulcer disease.
Conflict of interest The author declares that, he has no competing of interest Acknowledgment: The author acknowledges the Institute of Scientific Research and Revival of Islamic Heritage for research project fund (43309014).
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