EVALUATIVE BIBLIOMETRICS: THE USE OF PUBLICATION AND ...

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EVALUATIVE BIBLIOMETRICS: THE USE OF PUBLICATION AND CITATION ANALYSIS IN T H E EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY

Prepared by Francis Narin and the staff o f COMPUTER HORIZONS, INC. 1050 Kings Highway North Cherry H i l l , New Jersey 08034 Phone 609/779-0911

In Fulfillment o f Contract NSF C-627 with the NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION 1800 G Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20550

Computer Horizons, Inc. Project No. 704R March 3 1 , 1976

Cover Design Adapted from Cancer Referencing in the Biomedical Literature

FOREWORD

T h i s m o n o g r a p h i s t h e l a s t r e p o r t u n d e r C o n t r a c t NSF-C627, between t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundation and Computer Horizons, This report should acquaint I n c . o f C h e r r y H i l l , New J e r s e y . t h e r e a d e r w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e v a l u a t i v e b i b l i o m e t r i c s as a tool for research assessment. I t s h o u l d a l s o s e r v e as a r e f erence source for current evaluative applications. A t t h e o u t s e t of t h e p r o j e c t i n July of 1970, t h e c o n t r a c t o b j e c t i v e was t o e x p l o r e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f g e n e r a t i n g i m p o r t a n c e a n d u t i l i z a t i o n m e a s u r e s by c i t a t i o n i n d e x i n g o f 2 5 0 j o u r n a l s i n the physical sciences. In the ensuing 5 y e a r s t h i s b a s i c comp o n e n t o f t h e work h a s e v o l v e d i n t o a r i g o r o u s p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of c i t a t i o n influence covering nearly 2,000 journals, 9 major f i e l d s and 100 s u b f i e l d s o f s c i e n c e . The i n f l u e n c e d a t a and p r o c e d u r e s comprise C h a p t e r s V I I through X of t h i s r e p o r t .

In addition t o providing citation influence data, t h i s monograph a l s o summarizes t h e g e n e r a l s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t o f p u b l i cation- and- citation- based evaluation. T h i s summary, c o n t a i n e d i n Chapters I through V I , covers the applied t a s k s of general i n t e r e s t u n d e r C o n t r a c t NSF-C627, a s w e l l a s t h e p r e d e c e s s o r a n d r e l a t e d work o f o t h e r s c i e n t i s t s . The p u b l i c a t i o n and c i t a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s w i l l b e shown t o b e e f f e c t i v e e v a l u a t i v e t o o l s , i n general accord with i n t u i t i v e expectations. A t many p o i n t s i n t h e t e x t w h e r e t h e w o r k o f o t h e r s c i e n tists i s mentioned, a t a b l e o r f i g u r e has been included t o acq u a i n t t h e reader with t h e b a s i c works i n t h e f i e l d . These t a b l e s and f i g u r e s have been i n s e r t e d s o t h a t r e a d e r s w i l l n o t have t o r e f e r back t o t h e o r i g i n a l p a p e r s , which a r e s c a t t e r e d o v e r many y e a r s a n d a w i d e v a r i e t y o f d i s c i p l i n a r y l i t e r a t u r e s .

Normally, t h e r e s u l t s o f p u b l i c a t i o n and c i t a t i o n a n a l y s i s are clearly evident. I n s t i t u t i o n s and c o u n t r i e s and o t h e r agg r e g a t e s o f s c i e n t i s t s d i f f e r from o n e a n o t h e r by f a c t o r s o f two o r m o r e i n p u b l i c a t i o n s i z e , i n c i t a t i o n r a t e s , i n s u b j e c t emphasis o r i n o t h e r publication o r c i t a t i o n based measures. Bibliometric indicators usually correlate highly with the intuitive notions of knowledgeable s c i e n t i s t s . Through t h e p e r u s a l o f t h i s monograph it i s hoped t h a t t h e reader w i l l gain s u b s t a n t i a l i n s i g h t i n t o t h e techniques used i n e v a l u a t i v e b i b l i o m e t r i c s , i n t o t h e power and l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s , a n d i n t o how t h e y may b e a p p l i e d t o t h e a s s e s s m e n t of s c i e n t i f i c activities.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Much o f t h e w o r k r e p o r t e d i n t h i s m o n o g r a p h h a s b e e n p e r f;rnid b y t h e s t a f f o f C o m p u t e r H o r i z o n s , I n c . o v e r t h e l a s t 5 :.cars. C e r t a i n c o n t r i b u t i o n s are w e l l enough d e f i n e d t o b e r e c , ,-.n i z e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . q

The e i g e n v a l u e f o r m u l a t i o n o f j o u r n a l i n f l u e n c e , i t s i m ~ i . ? m e n t a t i o n ,c o m p u t a t i o n , a n d m a p p i n g a r e l a r g e l y t h e w o r k o f 3:. G a b r i e l P i n s k i , Research Advisor a t Computer Horizons, I n c . Much o f t h e w o r k i n t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r e a h a s b e e n d o n e P. C a r p e n t e r , S t a f f A n a l y s t a t Computer Horizons, I n c . ?!r. C a r p e n t e r a l s o d e v e l o p e d t h e c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s .

- . - !.lark L,

The s t a t i s t i c a l r e l i a b i l i t y f o r m u l a t i o n i n C h a p t e r I X i s R i c h a r d C. Anderson, S e n i o r A n a l y s t a t Computer Zorizons, Inc. t h e work of

D a n i e l G a r s i d e a n d Mark P . C a r p e n t e r made s u b s t a n t i a l z o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e development of t h e two- step and h i e r a r c h i c naps, and t o o t h e r techniques developed i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of t h i s contract. J . D a v i d s o n Frame, S t a f f A n a l y s t a n d S.B. K e i t h , A s s o c i a t e A n a l y s t performed t h e a n a l y t i c a l and c o m p u t a t i o n a l t a s k s related to t h e biomedical publication section of Chapter V I .

S p e c i f i c t h a n k s a r e d u e t o D r . B o d o B a r t o c h a , now D i r e c t o r , Division o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l Programs, National Science Foundation, who w a s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f t h i s c o n t r a c t . S p e c i a l t h a n k s a r e a l s o due t o Messrs. Emanuel Haynes and H a r r y P i c a r r i e l l o a t t h e N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e F o u n d a t i o n , who h a v e b e e n NSF p r o j e c t o f f i c e r s f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c o n t r a c t . I n a related study f o r the National I n s t i t u t e s of Health ( C o n t r a c t N01-OD-3-21091, Computer Horizons h a s been a n a l y z i n g the r e l a t i o n s h i p between biomedical funding and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of major N I H g r a n t e e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The b i o m e d i c a l j o u r n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and i n f l u e n c e c o m p u t a t i o n s , which are i n c l u d e d D r . Helen i n t h i s r e p o r t , were performed under t h a t contract. H . Gee i s t h e N I H p r o j e c t o f f i c e r . F i n a l l y , t h a n k s are due t o D r . J o y K. Moll, S t a f f A n a l y s t a t C o m p u t e r H o r i z o n s , I n c . f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n e d i t i n g t h i s monograph and t o Eleanor S. Davis f o r its typing and preparation. A complete list o f t h e r e p o r t s and papers w r i t t e n under C o n t r a c t NSF-C627 i s c o n t a i n e d i n C h a p t e r X I .

Francis Narin P r e s i d e n t , Computer H o r i z o n s , I n c . P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r , C o n t r a c t NSF-C627

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

PAGE INTRODUCTION

11.

111.

IV.

v.

A.

An Overview of Publication and Citation Analysis

B.

Structure o f the Monograph

1

SIZE OF T H E SCIENTIFIC ENTERPRISE

STRUCTURE OF THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY

CORRELATIONS WITH NON-LITERATURE MEASURES A.

Introduction

B.

General Comments o n the Twentyfour Studies

C.

Descriptions of Individual Studies Comparing Bibliometric and Nonbibliometric Measures 1. 2. 3.

Studies Using Correlation Measures Studies Usinq Other Quantitative Measures Studies Using Qualitative Measures

.

OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS A.

Basics of Publication and Citation Analysis 1. 2. 3.

4.

Type of Publication Time Spans Comprehensiveness of Source Coverage Multiple Authorships and Affiliations

T A B L E OF CONTENTS (Continued)

CHAPTER VI.

5. 6. 7. 8.

B.

C o m p l e t e n e s s o f Available Data S u p p o r t Acknowledgements Subject Classification Citation Counts

A n Example o f a n Evaluative Bibliometric A n a l y s i s Selection of Institutions Collecting D a t a o n NIH G r a n t s Use of R&D Price D e f l a t o r Concentration o f Funding Non-NIH Funding D a t a Base for P u b l i c a t i o n s Use o f F i x e d J o u r n a l S e t D a t a Processing Publication D a t a P r o b l e m s NIH F u n d s vs. Publication Output: A Cross-Sectional V i e w

C.

T h e Science Citation Index as a Publication and Citation D a t a Base

D.

Use o f the Science -C i t a t i o n Index 1. 2.

3.

4.

C o r p o r a t e Index f o r I n s t i t u t i o n a l P u b l i c a t i o n Analysis Source-I n d e x for Individual P u b l i c a t i o n Analysis C i t a t i o n Index for Citation Analysis Special Problems in Citation Analysis o n an Individual Author Basis a. b. c. d. e. f.

E.

Multiple Authorship Self-citations T h e Homonym P r o b l e m Field Variations in Citations S h o r t 'l'r?rmF l ~ ~ c t u a t i o n s C r o n y i s m : A Possible F u t u r e Problem

Major Data Bases

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

PAGE

CHAPTER VI. F.

Field Dependent Characteristics o f the Scientific Literature 1. 2. 3.

VII.

References and Citations Time Distributions and Growth Rates Concentration

THE INFLUENCE METHODOLOGY A.

Introduction

B.

Development of the Weighting Scheme 1. 2.

C.

The Citation Matrix Influence Weights

The Classification Scheme 1.

2. 3.

Overview o f the Classification Problem Major Fields Biomedical Classification a. b.

4. 5.

Classification into Subject/Specialty Areas Classification into Research Levels

Linking Areas Multidisciplinary Journals

D.

Hierarchies of Journals

E.

Application t o Physics Journals

T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S (Continued)

T,'III.

INFLUENCE M A P S

A.

Non-Biomedical Maps 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

B.

Influence M a p s for Biomedicine 1. 2.

IX

.

F i e l d Weighting and t h e Biomedical Structure Map Influence Maps f o r Individual Biomedical F i e l d s

RELIABILITY A.

Introduction

B.

Comparisons of Sets o f Papers from T w o J o u r n a l s 1.

X.

Biology Chemistry Earth & S p a c e Science Mathematics Psychology Engineering and Technology

S t a t i s t i c a l Parameters

C.

Comparison o f the P u b l i c a t i o n s o f Institutions

D.

C i t a t i o n s to Institutions

APPLICATION T O UNIVERSITY RANKING A.

Introduction

B.

P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a Base

C.

Correlations between P u b l i c a t i o n C o u n t s and Roose-Andersen Rankings

D.

F u r t h e r Correlation Analysis

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

PAGE REFERENCES

320

A.

Biblioqraphy

B.

Computer

320

Horizons

Reports and

A r t i c l e s Generated Under National Science C o n t r a c t C627 C.

Foundation

Related Reports and A r t i c l e : National Institutes of Health C o n t r a c t N01-OD-3-2109

GLOSSARY APPENDIX

APPENDIX

I

-

JOURNAL L I S T S , BY F I E L D A N D S U B F I E L D , WITH INFLUENCE MEASURES A- I.

Data Sources

A-11.

Computational Considerations

A-111.

Influence Measures Major F i e l d s

A-IV.

Influence Subfields

A-V.

Influence ,Tournals

A- VI.

Journal

I1 - I S 1

JOURNAL TITLES

Measures

Measures

for

for

the

the

for

Coverage

AEIBREVIATIONS A N D FULL

v i i i

L I S T O F FIGURES

FIGURE

2-1

Important P a p e r s o n t h e S i z e of t h e Scientific Literature

2-2

Comparative Anatomy Publication Between 1 5 4 0 and 1 8 6 0

2-3

Number of Abstracts Published Each Year i n P h y s i c s Abstracts

2- 4

Bradford P l o t of Health Services Articles Distribution

2-5

N u m b e r o f J o u r n a l s Founded as a Function of Date

2- 6

C u r r e n t Composition o f the W o r l d ' s Technical J o u r n a l Literature National Scientific S i z e vs. National Economic S i z e I m p o r t a n t P a p e r s o n the Structure o f the Scientific Literature T h r e e Dimensional Representation o f Intercorrelations o f Psychology Journals Bibliographic C o u p l i n g and C o C i t a t i o n Strength C o - C i t a t i o n Network for ,Frequently C i t e d P a p e r s in Particle P h y s i c s T w o - S t e p Model for 6 2 C h e m i s t r y J o u r n a l s in 1969 Hierarchy for 6 2 Chemistry J o u r n a l s in 1969 T w o - S t e p Cross-Field Model - 1969 Hierarchical Clustering o f the Configuration o f Business and Economics Journals

L I S T O F FIGURES (Continued)

FIGURE

PAGE

Important Papers o n Scientific Productivity Publication Frequency for Authors Age Versus Contributions t o Chemistry Comparative Distribution of Logarithm of "Weighted" Rate of Publication Correlation of Number of Citations with Number of Publications Percentages of Papers Cited Various Numbers of Times Publication Indices from Cartter Report (1966) Correlations in Sociology Staqes o f Publication and Citation Analysis Lorenz Curve Lorenz Curve for NIH Funding to 2 2 6 Recipient Institutions in 1972 Sample of Grouped Corporate Lists Publication Output vs. NIH Funds for 133 Universities Two-Step Referencing Map of the AlcoholiSm Research Literature P a r t of Harvard University Listinqs in 1973 Corporate -.- - Index SCI Source Index --- Structure

L I S T OF FIGURES (Continued)

FIGURE

PAGE

SCI C itation

-

Reference

Index Structure

Time D i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r 1973

Concentration of Publications J o u r n a l s f o r Major F i e l d s

i n

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A c o u s t i c s J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r O p t i c s J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r F l u i d s Journals

&

Plasma

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e n e r a l , S o l i d S t a t e and Nuclear Physics J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r C h e m i c a l Physics Journals

and Applied

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r Z o o l o g y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r E n t o m o l o g y

Journals

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r B o t a n y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r F o o d a n d A g r i c u l t u r e and Dairy and Animal S c i e n c e J o u r n a l s Influence

Map f o r E c o l o g y J o u r n a l s

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r M a r i n e B i o l o g y a n d Oceanography J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e n e r a l C h e m i s t r y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r O r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r I n o r g a n i c a n d N u c l e a r Chemistry Journals

L I S T OF FIGURES (Continued) FIGURE

PAGE

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry Journals I n f l u e n c e Map Journals

f o r Physical Chemistry

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A p p l i e d a n d P o l y m e r Chemistry Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A s t r o n o m y a n d Astrophysics Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e o s c i e n c e J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e n e r a l , A p p l i e d and Miscellaneous Mathematics Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r P r o b a b i l i t y a n d Statistics Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r P s y c h o l o g y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g and Computer S c i e n c e J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g and Aerospace Technology J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r N u c l e a r T e c h n o l o g y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map Journals

f o r Chemical Engineering

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r M e t a l s a n d M e t a l l u r g y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r M a t e r i a l s S c i e n c e Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r O p e r a t i o n s R e s e a r c h , Library and Information Science J o u r n a l s

x i i

L I S T O F FIGURES (Continued)

FIGURE

PAGE

Intluence Structure for Biomedical L i t e r a t u r e

the

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A l l e r g y a n d Immunology J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A n e s t h e s i o l o g y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r A r t h r i t i s / Rheumatism J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r C a n c e r J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r C a r d i o v a s c u l a r System J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r D e n t i s t r y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r D e r m a t o l o g y / Venereal Diseases Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r E n d o c r i n o l o g y Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e n e t i c s J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r G e r i a t r i c s / Gerontology Journals I n f l u e n c e Map f o r

Hematology J o u r n a l s

I n f l u e n c e Map f o r O b s t e t r i c s / Gynecology and F e r t i l i t y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r O t o r h i n o l a r y n g o l o g y and Ophthalmology J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r P a t h o l o g y J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r P e d i a t r i c s J o u r n a l s I n f l u e n c e Map f o r R a d i o l o g y a n d Nuclear Medicine J o u r n a l s

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) FIGURE

PAGE

Influence Map for Respiratory System Journals Influence Map for Veterinary Journals Influence Map for Biochemistry/Molecular Biology/Biophysics/Physiology Journals Influence Map for Cell B i o l o g y / ~ n a t o m y / E m b r y o l o y y / ~ i c r o s c o p y Journals Influence Map for Environmental and Public Health/Tropical Medicine and Parasitology Journals Influence Map for Gastroenterology Journals Influence Map for General and Internal MedicinejClinical Science Journals Influence Map for Neurological System Journals Influence Map for Nutrition and Dietetics Journals Influence Map for Orthopedics/Surgery/ Urology Journals Influence Map for Pharmacology and Pharmacy Journals Influence Map for Psychiatry Journals Influence Map for Virology and Microbiology Journals Distribution of 8 0 8 3 Citations from 1973 Papers to 3247 Papers Published in Phys Kev in 1970 Mean Influence/Publication

xiv

L I S T OF FIGURES (Continued)

Distribution of C i t e d N Times

Citations

1973 t o 1970 Influence vs. Influence

t~ P a p e r s

Lifetime

90% Confidence Curves f o r Determining Sample S i z e Confidence Levels f o r a Fixed Influence/ Publication = 20.0 C i t a t i o n s from 1973 t o t h e 1970 Publicat i o n s o f Groups o f U n i v e r s i t i e s S p e a r m a n R a n k C o r r e l a t i o n f o r Publication a n d I n f l u e n c e W e i g h t e d P u b l i c a t i o n Rank v s . Roose- Andersen Rank

L I S T OF TABLES

TAELE

PAGE

2 -1

J o u r n a l by Country Counts, 1901- 1913

2- 2

National Share of Journal A b s t r a c t s i n C h e m i c a l Abstracts .-

2- 3

T o t a l Number o f C u r r e n t S c i e n t i f i c and T e c h n i c a l S e r i a l s P u b l i s h e d as of 1961 NLL S e r i a l s o n O r d e r , 1965

December

Comparison o f P u b l i c a t i o n and A b s t r a c t Counts f o r 1972 C i t a t i o n t o P u b l i c a t i o n Measure f o r C i t a t i o n t o t h e U.S. C i t a t i o n t o P u b l i c a t i o n Measure Within Each Country C i t a t i o n t o P u b l i c a t i o n Measure from O u t s i d e Each Country Pairs of Couuled

P a p e r s Most S t r o n g l y

S i x Large Journals w i t h Impact Factors Greater than Five Twenty J o u r n a l s w i t h H i g h e s t Impact Factors Clusters Journals

for a Set of

81 Physics

Classification of References i n 3 0 ~ r t i c l e si n P h ysi ca l Review, P u b l i s h e d on T h e o r e t i c a l High Energy Physics from 1968 t o 1972, I n c l u s i v e

A

Papers Comparing B i b l i o m e t r i c Non- Bibliometric Measures

and

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

TABLE

Predictors o f Academic Rank Department Quality by Citation Count: 1957-1958 Biochemistry Doctorates Comparison o f Peer and Citation Ranking o f Economics Journals Intercorrelations of Indices of Eminence Scientific Output and Recognition Correlations between the Cartter Ratings and Publication Counts for 20 Journals Correlations between the RooseAndersen Ratings and Publication Counts for 20 Journals Distribution o f 125 Sampled Departments by Kated Quality o f Graduate Faculty (Sample Size Greater than Five) Factor Analysis o f Department Quality Indicators Product-Moment Correlations Among Selected Characteristics of 125 Departments in Biology, Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry (Sample Size Greater than Five) Publication Frequency for ARS Scientists Correlation between Merit and Publication Indices for ARS Scientists

L I S T O F TABLES (Continued)

TABLE

PAGE

Publication

Weights

f o r Sociology

111

Quality of Scientific Articles ,. Rate of Citation

113

A l t e r n a t i v e Methods o f P a p e r s f o r 1967- 1968

115

Association between C i t a t i o n Frequency, between Judges

R a t i n g JATP

Judge Ratings, and Agreement

Agency S u p p o r t Acknowledgements i n 20 L e a d i n g J o u r n a l s f r o m 5 M a j o r F i e l d s - 1969 and 1972 Changes

in

N I H Funding

Concentration

Total Biomedical Research Funding by F e d e r a l and P r i v a t e Agencies t o 229 I n s t i t u t i o n s S c i e n c - e C i t a- t i o n I n d e x 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 7 4 C o m p a r a t i v e S t a t i s t i c a l Summary So cial S .c-i .e. n c-e C i t a t i o n Index -. 1972- 1974 Comparative S t a t i s t i c a l S u m -n a r y M a j o r F i e l d C o v e r a g e b y SCI

i n 1973

C o u n t r y B r e a k d o w n o f 1 9 7 2 Publications o n 1 9 7 3 SCT - -- C -o r p o r a t e Tape C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Major Abstractinq and Indexing Services P u b l i c a t i o n Type T a b u l a t i o n 1 9 7 3 C- o r.-p .o-- r --a t e- I n d e x

from

F i e l d and Subfield Publication Reference Counts

and

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

TABLE

Reference Time Distributions for Major Fields Immediacy of Referencing for Major Fields Fifty Largest, and Fifty Most Influential, Physics Journals List of Subfields Cross Citing Between 3 Key Journals Referencing Rank Order Among Prototype Journals in 1973 Referencing from Prototype Journals in 1973 Cross Citing Between 3 Multidisciplinary Journals Influence Measures for 3 Multidisciplinary Journals Influence Measures for Physics Journals Influence Measures fop 16 Selected Journals Variance Data for 16 Journals X 2 Test Showing 1973 t o 1970 Influence Measures to be 1:10 of Total ~ i f e t i m e Influence Measures Aggregation of Physics Departments 1973 Citations t o 1970 Physical Review Publication for Groups o f Universities Group Pairs with Significantly Different Citation/Publication Means--Physical Review

xix

LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

TABLE

9-7

PAGE

1973 Citations t o the 1 9 7 0 Journal of the American Chemical Society of Groups o f Universities University Group Pairs with Significantly Different Citation/Publication Means--Journal of t h e American Chemical Society Publication D a t a Base Spearman Rank Correlations Between Publication Rankings and RooseAndersen Rankings Cross Field Correlations for RooseAndersen Score Cross Field Correlations for Total Number of Publications Cross Field Correlation for Influence per Publication

APPENDIX I LIST OF TABLES TABLE

PAGE

A-1

Influence Measu.res for the Major Fields

A-2

Influence Measures for the Subfields

A- 3

Journal Assignments & Influence Measures (1973 Data)