sciousness: A practical scale. Lancet 2, 81-84. Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against. Mycoplasma agalactiae.
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Veterinary Record (2001)
148,531-536 M. Caramelli, DVetMed, PhD, G. Ru, DVetMed, PhD, C. Casalone, DVetMed, E. Bozzetta, DVetMed, P. L. Acutis, DVetMed, Centro per le
Encefalopatie Animali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del
Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy A. Calella, PharmChem, PhD, G. Forloni, BSc, PhD, Laboratorio di Biologia delle Malattie
Neurodegenerative, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche 'Mario Negri' Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy
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Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae M. CARAMELLI, G. Ru, C. CASALONE, E. BOZZETTA, P. L. AcUTIS, A. CALELLA, G. FORLONI An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine. SCRAPIE is an infectious neurodegenerative disease occurring naturally in sheep and goats. It is the best characterised of a group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), progressive fatal diseases associated with the accumulation of a pathological isoform of a host-encoded sialoglycoprotein (PrPSc). The group includes bovine spongiform
encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and The Veterinary Record, April 28, 2001
new variant CID (nvCJD), which is caused by a BSE-like agent (Will and others 1996, Bruce and others 1997, Hill and others 1997). The epidemic of BSE and the risk that BSE might have been introduced into sheep and goat populations (Foster and others 1993), producing a progressive disease clinically similar to scrapie, have highlighted the importance of maintaining
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mil-M-14MMIRSI
ISS.
Area of CNS
Frontal cortex Parietal cortex Olfactory tubercule Septal nudei Caudate nudeus Accumbens septi nucleus Putamen Claustrum Amygdala Hippocampus Nudeus dorsomedialis thalami Nudeus ventralis lateralis thalami Medial geniculate nucleus Lateral geniculate nucleus Habenula Hypothalamus Mammillary body Rostral colliculus Central grey substance Oculomotor nudeus Substantia nigra Vermis cerebelli Cerebellar hemisphere Cochlear nucleus Vestibular nuclear complex Pontine nudei Nudeus of hypoglossal nerve Dorsal motor nudeus of the vagus Nudeus of the solitary tract Nucleus of the spinal tract of V Cuneate nucleus Fadal nudeus Olivary nudeus Dorsal hom Ventral horn
Code l 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
their diagnosis confirmed (censored animals), and their age distribution, these demographic data were compared with a second census carried out in May, just before the flock was slaughtered. Attack rates have been calculated by species and birth cohorts; scrapie cases have been defined as animals showing neurological signs confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot for PrP on the central nervous system (CNS); the population at risk included all animals over one year of age at the beginning of the outbreak. In order to calculate mortality rates, the scrapie cases and censored animals have been combined. The data were analysed by using Epi Info (Dean and others 1995). In order to identify differences in the incidence of the disease between sheep and goats, the crude mortality and attack rates for the two species were compared by a chi-squared test. Within each species the same statistical test was used to compare the occurrence of scrapie by birth cohort. P
