executive summary

PVNET Workshop Proceedings of the two Workshops "Towards a Shared European Vision on the Future of PV Research, Market and Industry", and “European RTD Strategies and Cross-Fertilisation for Photovoltaics” held at the University of Ljubljana, 12 to 14 February 2003

1

PREFACE This is the record of the second PVNET Workshop on “European RTD Strategies and Cross-Fertilisation for Photovoltaics” held in Ljubljana, Slowenia. This event was held in conjunction with the Joint Workshop of the three European Networks PVNET, PV-EC-NET, PV-NAS-NET and the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) "Towards a Shared European Vision on the Future of PV Research, Market and Industry". This technical part focused on research issues and RTD strategies among the different PV technologies as well as the identification of non-PV technologies which can give input into European photovoltaic research and strengthen the PV industry. The European Commission, through the Renewable Energies Unit of DG JRC’s Institute for Environment and Sustainability, is the scientific co-ordinator of a Thematic Network “Photovoltaic Network for the Development of a Roadmap for PV” (PVNET). This network brings together representatives of relevant research and development (R&D) and production areas in photovoltaics. Their main task is to stimulate communication within the whole PV community by organising expert meetings, workshops and symposia, and disseminating the information gathered therein. This Thematic Network is being carried out in the framework of the specific research and technological development programme "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development" within the 5th Framework Programme funded by the European Commission. The project started in December 2001 and will last until November 2003. The world market for PV has grown rapidly over the past several years, at about 25 % annually. It has grown even higher (average 30%) in the last six years. The average market growth of PV is comparable to the growth of the microelectronics market in its early stages of development. It reflects very strong growth in virtually all PV markets such as telecommunications, remote power, utilities and agriculture as well as in building integrated PV with grid-connection. The aim of this workshop was to discuss after the more policy oriented Joint Workshop the status and needs of the European Photovoltaic Research promoting new RTD collaborations between the interested parties. Therefore, the workshop had the following aims:  Look into possibilities how to continue and enlarge the networking activities.  What socio-economic barriers should be taken into account for existing and new PV technologies.  Identification of challenges and the bottlenecks for the present PV technologies  Identification of new short-, mid- and long-term RTD projects to overcome barriers.  Identification of areas where industrial standards and harmonisation are needed.  Identification of non PV technologies which can help and give input into European photovoltaic research and the strengthening of the PV industry.  Identification of common research issues among the different PV technologies.

2

The PVNET Consortium is grateful to those who participated in the workshop, presented so much fresh and unconventional work and participated in the lively discussions. It is our hope and commitment that this workshop will continue to grow into a platform for future, fruitful exchange of ideas to accelerate the development and manufacturing capabilities of terrestrial photovoltaic technology. Ispra, April 2003 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission – Joint Research Centre; Renewable Energies Scientific co-ordinator of PVNET

3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SCOPE OF THE WORKSHOP From 1995 to 2002 world wide annual shipment of photovoltaic modules increased from 79 to 520 MW, at an average of over 30% per year. This development is driven not only by the progress in materials and processing technology, but by market introduction programmes in many countries of the world. This leads to the search for new developments with respect to material use and consumption, device design and production technologies as well as new concepts to increase the overall efficiency. On the production side it is remarkable, that Japanese manufacturers increased their market share between 1995 and 2002 from approx. 21% to about one half of the world market today (254 MW in 2002). Compared to these numbers, the European share has fallen from 26% to approx. 21%. This development leads to the situation that Europe has to import large quantities of solar cells in order to meet their White Paper targets to install 3 GWp by 2010 if the situation does not change. At present solar cell manufacturing based on the technology of crystalline, single junction devices is growing by approx. 30% per year and this growth rate is increasing. Consistent with the time needed for any major change in the energy infrastructure, another 20 to 30 years of sustained and aggressive growth will be required for photovoltaics to substitute a significant share of the conventional energy sources. This growth will be possible if a continuous introduction of new technologies takes place, made possible by sound fundamental research. The scope of this workshop was to provide a forum to identify non-PV technologies, which can give input into European photovoltaic research as well as help to speed up the implementation of new production technologies into the PV industry. Another important aim was to identify common research issues and RTD strategies among the different PV technologies and have a look at possible new projects for the short, mid and long term. It is hoped that the results of this workshop will lead in the long run to an increase in research activities and funding possibilities in this field. WORKSHOP The workshop was held in conjunction with the Joint Workshop of the three European Networks PVNET, PV-EC-NET, PV-NAS-NET and the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) "Towards a Shared European Vision on the Future of PV Research, Market and Industry". Prof. Marko Topic opened the workshop and welcomed the participants in the name of the University of Ljubljana, and the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. This workshop was intended to continue the discussion about possible strategies and solutions to overcome barriers between different solar cell technologies as well as to develop lasting relations with other industries for the benefit of accelerating the development of photovoltaics. Twelve presentations were given, ranging from possibilities for follow-up activities of the different European PV Networks, socio-economic aspects of PV introduction to research oriented questions of the different solar cell technologies. Due to the character of the workshop to foster discussion and exchange of new ideas, no papers were collected, but the slides of the given presentations are attached.

4

Programme Joint Workshop of PVNET, PV-EC-NET, PV-NAS-NET and EPIA "Towards a Shared European Vision on the Future of PV Research, Market and Industry" University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia 12/02/2003 - 13/02/2003

Dr. Stefan Nowak, NET Switzerland Chairpersons:

Prof. Marko Topic, University of Ljubljana Dr. Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, European Commission, DG JRC

12 February 2003 Predavalnica 8:00 - 8:45

Registration (ROOM) Welcome address and opening ceremony Prof. Tadej Bajd, Dean of Faculty of Electrical Engineering

9:00 - 9:10

P-1 Dr. Zoran Stanèiè, State Secretary, Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Dr. Aleš Gnamuš, Ministry of Education, Science and Sport

Session 1

P-1

European Roadmaps and Visions PVNET-Roadmap

9:10 - 9:30

P-1 Dr. Hugo de Moor, ECN, The Netherlands PV-EC-NET Roadmap

9:30 - 9:50

P-1 Ir. Job Swens, NOVEM, The Netherlands PV in New Accession States

9:50 - 10:10 10:10 - 10:30

Dr. Stanislaw M. Pietruszko, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland Coffee The Price Evolution of PV systems in Europe – A Learning Curve Approach

10:30 - 10:50

P-1 Dr. Hugo de Moor, ECN, The Nederlands The European PV Industry view

10:50 - 11:10 Dr. Hubert Aulich, PV Silicon AG Erfurt, Germany

5

Sustainable Energy Systems and PV in Europe 11:10 - 11:30

P-1 Dr. Georges Deschamps, European Commission

11:30 - 11:50

Discussion Introduction to the GroupSystems® Exercise

11:50-12:00

P-1 P-1

Price Waterhouse Coopers. Introduction to the GroupSystems® Exercise

P - 20

12:00-12:50 12:50- 14:00

P - 21

Price Waterhouse Coopers. Lunch

P - 20 Session 2:

GroupSystems® Exercise

14:00 - 18:30

Price Waterhouse Coopers

20:00

Dinner (Restaurant Šestica)

P - 21 P - 20 P - 21

13 February 2003

8:30 - 12:00

Results of the GroupSystems® Exercise and Discussion

12:00 - 14:00

Lunch

6

P-2

2nd PVNET Workshop “European RTD Strategies and Cross-Fertilisation for Photovoltaics” University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia 13/02/2003 - 14/02/2003

Prof. Marko Topic, University of Ljubljana Chairpersons: Dr. Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, European Commission, DG JRC

13 February 2003 Predavalnica Session 3:

EU Funding Policies

(ROOM)

Follow-up of existing networks P–2

14:00 - 14:20 Thierry Langlois d'Estaintot, European Commission

P–2

14:20 - 14:40

Discussion

Session 4:

Socio Economic Aspects Socio-Economic Aspects in Photovoltaic Systems P–2

14:40 - 15:00

15:00 - 15:20

Dr. Antonio Joyce, Institute of Energy Technology Socio-Economic Aspects in PV-Systems, PV-Markets Grid-connected Decentralized

P–2

Dr. Miguel Artio Gracia, Isophoton P–2

15:20 - 15:40

Discussion

Session 5:

Technology overview I Organic solar cells with low molecular weight materials P–2

15:40 - 16:00 Mr. Mirko Vogel, Hahn-Meitner Institute Polymer solar cells

P–2

16:00 - 16:20 16:20 - 16:40

Dr. Jonathan Halls, Cambridge Display Tech Coffee Technology overview – Thin Film Silicon P–2

16:40 - 17:00 Prof. Ruud Schropp, University of Utrecht Micromorph Silicon

P–2

17:20 - 17:40 Dr. Johannes Meier, University Neuchatel Silicon Solar Cells

P–2

17:40 - 18:00 18:00 - 18:30

Dr. Arthur Weeber, ECN Discussion

20:00

Dinner (Restaurant Sokol)

P–2

7

14 February 2003 Session 6:

Technology overview II Compound thin film solar cells I

9:00 - 9:20

P-8 Dr. Probst Volker, Shell Solar Compound thin film solar cells II

9:20 - 9:40

P-8

9:40 - 10:00

Dr. Michael Powalla, ZSW Discussion

10:00 - 10:20

Coffee

Session 7:

Glass and TCO Glass for BIPV

P-8

10:20 - 10:40

P-8 Dr. Ulf Blieske, St. Gobain Glass TCO for PV

10:40 - 11:00

P-8

11:00 - 12:30

Dr. Ton van Mol, TNO Final Discussion & Closing

12:30 - 14:00

Lunch

P-8

Departure

8

Joint PVNET, PV-EC-NET, PV-NAS-NET and EPIA WORKSHOP and 2nd PVNET WORKSHOP 12 – 14 februar 2003 Faculty of Electrical Engineering University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

List of participants Peter AHM

Miguel ARITIO GARCÍA

PA Energy A/S Snovdrupvej 16 DK - MALLING tel.: +45 86 93 33 33 fax.: +45 86 93 36 05 e mail: [email protected]

Isofotón Montalbán 9 ES - MADRID tel.: +34 914147864 fax.: +34915311 007 e mail: [email protected]

Michel ARNINKHOF

Hubert AULICH

PricewaterhouseCoopers PO Box 85096 NL - UTRECHT tel.: +31 6 51534652 fax.: +31 30 2195115 e mail: [email protected]

PV Crystalox Solar AG Wilhelm-Wolff-Strasse 25 DE - ERFURT tel.: +49 361 600 85 12 fax.: +49 361 600 85 11 e mail: [email protected]

Tadej BAJD

Radim BARINKA

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tržaška 25 SI - Ljubljana tel.: +386 (0) 1 4768 236 fax.: +386 (0) 1 4264 630 e mail: [email protected]

Solartec s.r.o. Televizni 2618 CZ - ROZNOV POD RADHOSTEM tel.: +420 571 842 756 fax.: +420 571 843 393 e mail: [email protected]

Ulf BLIESKE

Kristijan BRECL

Saint Gobain Glass Glasstr. 1 DE - HERZOGENRATH tel.: +49 2406 91 1355 fax.: +49 2406 91 1276 e mail: [email protected]

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tržaška 25 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 1 4768 303 fax.: +386 1 4264 630 e mail: [email protected]

Tim BRUTON

Arthur BUECHEL

BP Solar 12 Brooklands Close UK - SUNBURY ON THAMES, MDDX tel.: +44 (0) 1932 765947 fax.: +44 (0) 1932 765293 e mail: [email protected]

UNAXIS P.O. Box 1000 LI - BALZERS tel.: +423 388 6532 fax.: +423 388 5421 e mail: [email protected]

Murray CAMERON

Paola CARACINO

EPIA Avenue charles Quint 124 BE - BELGIUM tel.: +32 2 465 38 84 fax.: +32 2 468 24 30 e mail: [email protected]

Pirelli Labs SpA Viale Sarca 222 IT - MILANO tel.: +39 02 6442 9411 fax.: +39 02 6442 5623 e mail: [email protected]

http://www.pv-ne.net/workshop2003.htm

Page 1 of 6

9

Joint WORKSHOP and 2nd PVNET WORKSHOP, 12 – 14 februar 2003

List of participants

André CLAVERIE

Donaat COSAERT

ADEME 500 Route Des Lucioles FR - SOPHIA ANTIPOLIS tel.: +33 (0)493 95 79 13 fax.: +33 (0)493 95 79 87 e mail: [email protected]

VIWTA Viwta Vlaams Parlement BE - BRUSSEL tel.: +32 2 552 40 54 fax.: +32 2 552 44 50 e mail: [email protected] Hugo DE MOOR

Martijn DE KIEWIT PricewaterhouseCoopers Eerste van Swindenstraat 141 NL - Amsterdam tel.: +31 6 53164568 e mail: [email protected]

ECN PO Box 1 NL - PETTEN tel.: +31 224 56 4781 fax.: +31 224 56 8966 e mail: [email protected]

Georges DESCHAMPS European Commission 75 Rue Montoyer ,7th floor- office 4 BE - BRUSSELS tel.: +32 2 295 14 45 fax.: +32 2 299 36 94 e mail: [email protected] Laurentiu FARA

Hubert FECHNER

NARE (Romanian National Agency for Renewable Energy) Bucharest Polytechnic University, Splaiul Independentei 313, sector 6 RO - Bucharest tel.: +40 21 4119603 fax.: +40 21 4119962 e mail: [email protected]

Arsenal Research Faradaygasse 3 AT - Vienna tel.: +43 50550 6299 fax.: +43 50550 6390 e mail: [email protected]

Luc FEITKNECHT

Luca GIANNINI

Institut of Microtechnology Rue A.- L. Breguet CH - Neuchatel tel.: +41 32 718 33 62 e mail: [email protected]

Pirelli Labs SpA Viale Sarca 222 IT - Milano tel.: +39 02 6442 2597 fax.: +39 02 6442 5623 e mail: [email protected]

Aleš GNAMUŠ

Marta GUNDE KLANJŠEK

Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Trg OF 13 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 1 478 46 00 fax.: +386 1 478 47 19 e mail: [email protected]

National Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 (0) 1 4760200 fax.: +386 (0) 1 4259244 e mail: [email protected]

Marcel GUTSCHNER

Ingo B. HAGEMANN

NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd Waldweg 8 CH - St. Ursen tel.: +41 (0)26 494 00 30 fax.: +41 (0)26 494 00 34 e mail: [email protected]

Architekturbüro Hagemann Annuntiatenbach 43 DE - Aachen tel.: +49 173 528 4040 (mobile) +49 241 34530 (office) fax.: +49 241 30547 e mail: [email protected]

10

Page 2 of 6



Jonathan HALLS

Andrej HANŽIČ

Cambridge Display Technology Ltd. Madingley Rise, Madingley Road UK - Cambridge tel.: +44 1223 723554 fax.: +44 1223 723556 e mail: [email protected]

University of Maribor, FERI Smetanova ulica 17 SI - MARIBOR tel.: +386 2 220 7056 fax.: +386 2 25 25 481 e mail: [email protected]

Arnulf JAEGER-WALDAU

Claude JAUSSAUD

European Commission, DG JRC Via E. Fermi 1; TP 450 IT - Ispra tel.: +39 0332 789119 fax.: +39 0332 789268 e mail: [email protected]

CEA/DTEN 17, rue des Martyrs FR - Grenoble tel.: +33 4 38 78 47 427 fax.: +33 4 3878 94 56 e mail: [email protected]

António JOYCE

Galina KASHKAROVA

INETI Estrada do Paço do Lumiar PT - Lisboa tel.: +351 21 7127237 fax.: +351 21 7127195 e mail: [email protected]

Institute of Physical Energetics Aizkraukles str.21 LV - Riga tel.: +371 7553537 fax.: +371 7553537 e mail: [email protected]

Richard KAY

Adriaan KIL

Global Approval Program for PV (PV GAP) c/o IEC, 3 rue de Varembé, Box 131 CH - 1211 GENEVA 20 tel.: +41 22 919 0216 fax.: +41 22 919 0300 e mail: [email protected]

Ecofys energie – en milieuprojecten Kanaalweg 16-G, NL-3526 KL Utrecht Postbus 8408, NL-3503 RK Utrecht tel.: +31 30 2808300 fax.: +31 30 2808301 e mail:

Maarten KLAPWIJK

Janez KRC

NOVEM P.O.Box 8242 NL - Utrecht tel.: +31 30 2393465 fax.: +31 30 2316491 e mail: [email protected]

Univ. of Ljubljana, Fac. of Elec. Eng. Trzaska 25 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 (0)1 4768 321 fax.: +386 (0)1 4264 630 e mail: [email protected]

Arunas KROTKUS

Thierry LANGLOIS D'ESTAINTOT

Semiconductor Physics Institute A Gostauto 11 LT - VILNIUS tel.: +370 5 2616821 fax.: +370 5 2627123 e mail: [email protected]

European Commission Rue de la Loi, 200 BE - BRUSSELS tel.: +32 22950765 fax.: +32 22993694 e mail: thierry.d'[email protected]

Jochen LOEFFLER

Maria MALMKVIST

Utrecht University PO Box 80000 NL - UTRECHT tel.: +31 30 2533159 fax.: +31 30 2543165 e mail: [email protected]

the Swedish Energy Agency Box 310, 631 04 SE - ESKILSTUNA tel.: +46 16 544 20 97 fax.: +46 16 544 22 61 e mail: [email protected]

11

Page 3 of 6



Johannes MEIER

Enn MELLIKOV

Institut de Microtechnique (IMT) A.L. Breguet 2 CH - NEUCHATEL tel.: +41 32 718 3350 fax.: +41 32 718 3201 e mail: [email protected]

Tallinn Technical university Ehitasjate tee 5 EE - TALLINN tel.: +372 6202798 fax.: +372 6202798 e mail: [email protected]

Pietro MENNA

Artur MIKOLAJUK

European Commission - DGTREN Rue De Mot 24 03/116 BE - BRUSSELS tel.: +32 2 2954512 fax.: +32 2 2966261 e mail: [email protected]

Warsaw University of Technology, Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw PL - WARSAW tel.: +48 22 660 75 30 fax.: +48 22 660 77 82 e mail: [email protected]

Volker MONSER

Franko NEMAC

Forschungszentrum Juelich PTJ-ERG Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH DE - JUELICH tel.: +49 2461 612808 fax.: +49 2461 612840 e mail: [email protected]

ApE Agencija za prestrukturiranje energetike, d.o.o. Litijska 45 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 1 586 38 71 fax.: +386 1 586 38 79 e mail: [email protected]

Stefan NOWAK

Urša OPARA KRAŠOVEC

NET Nowak Energy & Technology Ltd. Waldweg 8 CH - St. URSEN tel.: +41 (0) 26 494 00 30 fax.: +41 (0) 26 494 00 34 e mail: [email protected]

National Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 (0)1 4760323 fax.: +386 (0)1 4760300 e mail: [email protected]

M. Ersin OZSAN

Ildiko PALFY

Teksolar Ltd. 340, Guildford Rd. Bisley, UK - WOKING tel.: +44 (0) 1483 830 288 e mail: [email protected]

Solart-System Ltd. 20 Gulyas Street HU - BUDAPEST XI. tel.: +36 1 2461783, +36 30 3089405 fax.: +36 1 2461783 e mail: [email protected]

Miklos PALFY

Henry PARKINSON

Solart-System Ltd. Gulyas u 20. HU - BUDAPEST XI. tel.: +36 1 2461783, +36 30 3089471 fax.: +36 1 2461783 e mail: [email protected]

Future Energy Solutions From Aea Technology 154 Harwell UK - DIDCOT tel.: +44 (0) 1235 43 34 62 fax.: +44 (0) 1235 43 29 48 e mail: [email protected]

Pentti PASSINIEMI

Stanislaw M. PIETRUSZKO

Naps Systems Oy Pakkalankuja 7A FI - VANTAA tel.: +358 10 452 4239 fax.: +358 10 452 5744 e mail: [email protected]

Warsaw University of Technology IMiO PW, Koszykowa 75 PL - WARSAW tel.: +48 22 6607782 fax.: +48 22 6607782 e mail: [email protected]

12

Page 4 of 6



Steven PLEGING

Jef POORTMANS

Philips Lighting bv Prof. Holstlaan 4 NL - EINDHOVEN tel.: +31 40 2742248 fax.: +31 40 2742066 e mail: [email protected]

IMEC Kapeldreef, 75 BE - LEUVEN tel.: +32 16 281302 fax.: +23 16 281501 e mail: [email protected]

Michael POWALLA

Volker PROBST

Centre for Solar Energy and Hydrogen BW Hessbruehlstrasse 21 C DE - STUTTGART tel.: +49 711 7870263 fax.: +49 711 7870230 e mail: [email protected]

Shell Solar GmbH Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 GE - MUNICH tel.: +49 89 636 58706 fax.: +49 89 636 49164 e mail: [email protected]

Michael RANTIL

Jaromir REHAK

Formas Box 1206 SE - STOCKHOLM tel.: +46 70 7867520 fax.: +46 8 7754010 e mail: [email protected]

Solartec s.r.o. Televizni 2618 CZ - Roznov pod Radhostem tel.: +420 571 843 377 fax.: +420 571 843 393 e mail: [email protected]

Francesco ROCA

Vladimír SÁLY

ENEA Portici Research Centre Localitŕ Granatello IT - Portici (NA) tel.: +39 081 7723270 fax.: +39 081 7723344 e mail: [email protected]

Slovak University Ilkovičova 3, SK - Bratislava tel.: +421 2 60291 746 fax.: +421 2 65420 415 e mail: [email protected]

Ruud SCHROPP

Gary SHANAHAN

Utrecht University P.O. Box 80 000 NL - Utrecht tel.: +31 30 2533170 fax.: +31 30 2543165 e mail: [email protected]

Department of Trade & Industry 1 Victoria Street UK - LONDON tel.: +44 207 215 6483 fax.: +44 207 215 2674 e mail: [email protected]

Peteris SHIPKOVS

Francien SOMERS

Institute of Physical Energetics Aizkraukles str.21 LV - Riga tel.: +371 7553537 fax.: +371 7553537 e mail: [email protected]

NOVEM P.O. box 17 NL - 6130 AA SITTARD tel.: +31 46 420 2244 fax.: +31 46 4510 389 e mail: [email protected]

Zoran STANČIČ

Natalia STRATIEVA

Ministry of Education, Science and Sport Trg OF 13 SI - LJUBLJANA tel.: +386 1 478 46 00 fax.: +386 1 478 47 19 e mail: [email protected]

Central Lab. of Solar Energy & New Energy Sources, Bulgaria 72 ,Tzarigradsko chaussee Blv., BG - Sofia tel.: +3592 77 84 48 fax.: +3592 75 40 16 e mail: [email protected]

13

Page 5 of 6



Job SWENS

Andrej ŠAJN

Novem P.O. Box 8242 NL - Utrecht tel.: +31 30 2393744 fax.: +31 30 2316491 e mail: [email protected]

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tržaška 25 SI - Ljubljana tel.: +386 (0) 1 4760 411 fax.: +386 (0) 1 4264 630 e mail: [email protected]

Peter TOGGWEILER Enecolo AG Lindhofstrasse 52 CH - Moenchaltorf tel.: +41 1 994 90 01 fax.: +41 1 994 90 05 e mail: [email protected]

Marko TOPIC University of Ljubljana Trzaska 25 SI - Ljubljana tel.: +386 1 4768 470 fax.: +386 1 4264 630 e mail: [email protected]

Cees VAN HALEN

Ton VAN MOL

PricewaterhouseCoopers P.O. Box 85096 NL - Utrecht tel.: +31 30 2191304 fax.: +31 30 2195115 e mail: [email protected]

TNO TPD Rondom 1 NL - Eindhoven tel.: +31 40 2650159 fax.: +31 40 2650850 e mail: [email protected]

Michel VIAUD

Mirko VOGEL

EPIA Avenue charles Quint 124 BE - Brussels tel.: +32 2 465 38 84 fax.: +32 2 468 2430 e mail: [email protected]

Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin Glienicker Straße 100 DE - 14109 Berlin tel.: (030) 8062-2405 fax.: (030) 8062-3199 e mail: [email protected]

Mišo VUKADINOVIĆ

Arthur WEEBER

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Tržaška 25 SI - Ljubljana tel.: +386 (0) 1 4768303 fax.: +386 (0) 1 4264630 e mail: [email protected]

ECN PO Box 1 NL - Petten tel.: +31 224 56 4113 fax.: +31 224 56 8214 e mail: [email protected]

Jens WINDELEFF

Gert-Jan WILLIG

Danish Energy Authority Amaliegade 44 DK - Copenhagen tel.: +45 33 92 68 18 fax.: +45 33 11 47 43 e mail: [email protected]

PricewaterhouseCoopers Oostduinlaan 2 NL - DEN HAAG tel.: +31 06 51607003 fax.: 070 3426023 e mail: [email protected]

Alexander ZACHARIOU Centre For Renewable Energy Sources 19TH KM Marathonos Ave. GR - PIKERMI tel.: +302106603372 fax.: +30210660318 e mail: [email protected]

14

Page 6 of 6

Slovenia: Your R&D and Business Partner www.RTD.si

Prepared and presented by: Dr. Ales Gnamus, Ministry of Education, Science 15and Sport, Republic of Slovenia

Discover Slovenia/I

16

Discover Slovenia/II

17

Find Your R&D Partner/I

18

Searching mechanism I

Find Your R&D Partner/II Search results for “Sustainable Energy Systems”

19

Find Your R&D Partner/III

20

Searching mechanism II

Find Your R&D Partner/IV “IskraEMECO”– General information

21

Search results for company:

Find Your R&D Partner/V Search results for company: “IskraEMECO”– Detailed RTD info on the company in SICRIS

22

Find Your R&D Partner/VI Search results for company: “IskraEMECO”- Patents / Trade Marks from the Slovenian IPR Office

23

Find Your R&D Partner/VII Search results for company: “Iskra-EMECO”– Annual Business Reports and Credit Rating (AIPAS)

24

Find Your R&D Partner/VIII Search results for company: “IskraEMECO”– Slo-Export Searchable Export Directory Database

25

Find Your R&D Partner/IX Search results for company: “KRKA”– On-line Ljubljana Stock-Exchange Information

26

Find Your R&D Partner/X Search results for company: “Gea-SOL”- How to find the company production facilities

27

Find Your Business Partner Investor’s Wish Came True! / Five On-line Searchable Databases on Business Information about Slovene companies

28

Slovene Information Resources/I Directories

29

Slovene Information Resources/II Other useful current information – “Banners” On-line world news from Slovene Press Agency (STA):

On-line weather report from Environmental Agency of Slovenia and Radio Slovenia International on-line:

30

Contributors

31

PVNET European RTD Roadmap for PV

H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

32

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

HMI CIEMAT ECN GENEC-CEA IMEC JRC Ispra Siemens Teksolar Uni Hull Uni Ljubljana Uni Utrecht Würth Solar Uni Warsaw ZSW

Vision Objectives • Development of a coherent, accepted PV strategy • Giving a basis for a consistent PV support (RTD, market, education) on both a European and national level • A competitive Europe and a sustainable society

In order to • Make more efficient use of (public) money • Maintain the needed high growth rates (25% → 2010) • Achieve the predicted cost reductions H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

33

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Vision

Role of R&D community Perspective of PV


34

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Role of R&D community

M

G

R&D

R&D Ind

Technology H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

Policy

Supplier

Not Leading

Knowledge

Cross Fertilisation

Vision

Long Term Focus

Client 35

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Perspective of PV Implementation EPIA Industry Roadmap 6000 5000 4000

World 10 GWp

EU Production

GWp

1000000

EU Installed

100000

World Production World Installed

1000 2000

World 2 GWpa

1000 0 2000

EU 600 MWpa 2002

2004

2006

2008

10% of 2050 global energy use

10000

EU 3 GWp

3000

Cumulative installed PV power

100 10 1

2010

25%/yr 15%/yr

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060

year

2010 EC White Paper 3 GWp => 27% annual growth System Cost 2,5 €/Wp H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

36

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Perspective of PV Cost Expected Development of typical PV System Costs (WEA, UNDP, 2000) 18 IEA PVPS Task 1 16 14 12 modules USA Costs 10 BOS (€/Wp BRD 8 system incl. VAT ) CH 6 BRD USA 4 2 0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 Year H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

37

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Approach Roadmap One Destination Different routes/actors RTD Roadmap Open discussion platform • PVNET partners initiating discussions - workshops - discussion papers • Close cooperation with other initiatives EPIA, PV-EC-NET, a-Si-NET, IP’s, NoE’s

• Input from all interested parties - Website www.pv-net.net


38

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Structure of the RTD Roadmap 10 Chapters 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Introduction Wafer technologies (x-Si, III-V (concentrators)) Thin films (a/µc-Si, CIS, CdTe) Novel devices (DSC, polymers, …) Common technological issues Cross fertilisation BOS (grid connection, storage and mounting) Standardization and harmonisation Market implementation Socio-economic issues


39

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Structure of the RTD Roadmap Materials 1 State-of-the-art - Science (Materials) - Technology (Production) - Commercial status (2000,2010,2020) Input from EPIA welcomed Volume of module production, cost (break down)

2 Bottle-necks Short term < 2005 (Production) technology Medium term 2005-2010 ↓ Long term > 2010 (Materials) science


40

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Structure of the RTD Roadmap Materials 3 R&D Priorities Short to long term 4 Recommendations for further development How and when to solve the important RTD Bottle-necks


41

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Status 2000 x-Si > 90% Increasing share! multi-X > 2010 x-Si 80%-90% 2020 x-Si 50% (cast Si, sheets, film-Si) Cost reduction slower than expected x-Si is not taken over by thin-films soon ! New investments: mainly x-Si Lower risk: lines can be bought Synergy with Si-based electronics industry Cast Si wafers → Si Sheets → Film Si (merge with thin films) H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

42

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Cost Break Down

Silicon cost dominant Silicon feedstock Crystal growth Wafering

Needed Cost Break down based on public data verified by industry


43

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Bottle-necks Silicon is the main cost factor • Efficient use of (lower grade) Si - Thin wafers - Si sheets - Film Si

• Higher efficiency Production is “batch”-like • High-throughput inline production processes

Feedstock is mainly a strategic business issue H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

44

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Priorities In all developments high-efficiency and low-cost is an integral part of developments, as well as producibility. Risk must be assessed to set up recommendations Issues can be related, parallel paths, or additive “Ready” first major development is ready to be implemented in (pilot)production. Normally more developments follow, to be judged then for potential, risk and effort Priority(urgent, important) H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

45

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Priorities Issue Solar Silicon Feedstock*

“Ready” 2005 Process (dep. on crystallisation) 2007 High-throughput sheets 2006 Thin wafers (slicing, processing) 2005

Priority 1 1 1 2

Yield, rear passivation, BSR

New module design

2008

2

2015

2

Alternative encapsulants Back-contacted cells

Materials science (defects, in-process material improvement)

* New routes that offer lower costs (Solsilc) H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

46

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Wafer technologies (x-Si) Priorities Issue Production technology Low-cost surface passivation

Ready 2007 2007

Priority 2 3

including heterojunctions

Low-cost bulk passivation High-efficiency multi x-Si (20%)

2006 2008

3 3

New designs, light management, passivation

High-throughput processing

2010

3-4 LT (200 m2/h)

2004 2010

5 5

50 m2- 200 m2 /hour (1-5 wafers/sec)

In-line characterisation Recycling of modules and BOS

If Ag availability becomes a problem: new metallisation schemes are needed H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

47

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Novel devices Status 2000 DSC (Grätzel) plans for pilot production Polymer, organic molecular cells Lab phase 2010 DSC 1% share ? Liquid version ? Others lab phase 2020 DSC 5% share ? Others (pilot) production

Cost Break down DSC glass/TCO, dye, TiO2 (purity) Others no data !! materials (purity, complexity ?)


48

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Novel devices Bottle-necks DSC:

Stability (Temp) Efficiency

Polymers Low efficiency yet (3%) Poor stability - Little understanding of the relation between structure and properties and how to improve


49

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Example Novel devices Priorities Issue Collection of generated carriers

“Ready” Priority 2007 1

(Lifetime, charge separation, mobility, distance) Microstructure (processing, stability)

2010 Low-cost materials and processing 2015

non-vacuum (eg printing) Stability (oxidation)

Suitable materials

1 1

2015 2015

1 2

2020

2

bandgap engineering

Understanding of interfaces H. de Moor, A. Jäger-Waldau et al

50

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

Conclusion An R&D Roadmap must be based on • vision of all stakeholders (I,G,M,R) • the potential of Science and technology to realise it (R,I)

So share your vision and expertise


51

Ljubljana 12-2-2003

PV - EC - NET PV Programmes in Europe

J.J. Swens 52

PV - EC - NET

Objectives / Scope

• Improve the coherence of the PV RTD programmes within Europe • Formulate a European PV RTD Road Map

53

PV - EC - NET

Participants Core group: • Novem (NL) • NET (CH) • IEN (DK) • ADEME (FR) • CRES (EL) • ENEA (I) • DTI (UK)

Contractors: • ARSENAL (A) • IWT - Flanders (B) • CIEMAT (E) • NAPS (FIN) • WUT (POL) • DER INETI (P) • STEM + FORMAS (S) 54

Organisation

PV - EC - NET

Management

Information Collection

Co-ordination with other Platforms

Benchmark of Programmes

European PV RTD Road Map Recommendations

Information Dissemination 55

PV - EC - NET

Deliverables

• A European PV Information Office: www.pv-ec.net • A European road map for the PV RTD • A set of recommendations for future PV RTD programmes within Europe

56

PV - EC - NET

SWOT- and benchmark analyses

Strengths: Area

Countries (of 12)

Budget (M€)

1. Inverters/BOS/ el. Networks

8

6,5

2. Crystalline silicon cells

6

34,5

3. Thin-film silicon cells

6

30,5

4. Organic cells

6

4,9

5. Stand alone systems

6

4,8

57

PV - EC - NET


Weaknesses: Area

S in countries (of 12)

Budget (M€)

1. Non Si thin-film cells

5

19,5

2. Building integrated PV

4

16,5

3. Grid connection

1

0,1

58

PV - EC - NET


Weaknesses (cont.): 4. Limited interaction between industry and Research 5. Low interest amongst policy makers for industrial potential of PV

59

PV - EC - NET


Threats: ‘Problem’

No. of countries (of 16)

1. High costs of PV

8

2. Lack of funds for RTD

6

3. Grid connection problems

4

4. Lack of (uniformity in) standards

3

60

PV - EC - NET


Threats (cont.): 5.

Differences in national policies

6.

Discontinuity of national support

7.

Focus on PJ/€ in national policies

8.

Liberalisation of electricity supply (?)

9.

Feed stock (?)

61

PV - EC - NET


Threats from outside Europe: 10. Production capacity growth and price reductions in Japan 11. Local production in developing countries

62

PV - EC - NET


Opportunities: 1. Liberalisation of electric supply (?) 2. Focus on decentralised energy production 3. Policy sensitivity to public opinion 4. Sustainability - policies 5. ERA

63

PV - EC - NET


Opportunities (cont.): 6. Image / attractiveness 7. Quality and dedication of people involved 8. Good access to developing countries

64

PV - EC - NET

PV - EC - NET Benchmark

65

PV - EC - NET

PV Support (overview) PV RTD Gen RTD Roof Top Roof Top Feed in Demo - Market tarifs Austria Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

Y Y Y Y

Y

Tax adv.

Y Y Y

Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y

Y

Other support Y

Y Y

Y

Y Y Y? Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y

Y

Y Y

Y 66

Y

Joint Workshop ..., Ljubljana, 12-13 Feb. 2003

Photovoltaics in the Newly Associated States Stanislaw M. Pietruszko PV-NAS-NET Co-ordinator Warsaw University of Technology

67

S. M. Pietruszko, PV-NAS-NET


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS •

P. Vitanov, CL SENES; Bulgaria

•

J. Rehak, SOLARTEC & V. Benda, CTU; Czech Republic

•

E. Mellikov, TTU; Estonia

•

M. Pálfy, Solart-System; Hungary

•

P. Shipkovs, IPE LAS; Latvia

•

A. Krotkus, SPI; Lithuania

•

L. Fara, NARE & S. Fara, IPA; Romania

•

V. Šály, SUT & M. Marias, MEcon.; Slovak Republic

•

F. Nemac, APE; Slovenia 68



PV-NAS-NET

PV-NAS-NET Co-ordination of NAS and European Union RTD Programmes on Photovoltaic Solar Energy

69



PV-NAS-NET PARTICIPANTS • Poland • Bulgaria

• •

- Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) - Lab. of Solar Energy and New Energy Sources (CL SENES) Czech Rep. - SOLARTEC Estonia - Tallinn Technical University (TTU) Hungary - Solart-System Ltd. Latvia - Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE LAS) Lithuania - Semiconductor Physics Institute (SPI) Romania - Romanian (National) Agency for Renew. Energy (NARE) Slovakia - Slovak University of Technology (SUT) Slovenia - Energy Restructuring Agency (APE)

• • • • •

Netherlands Swizerland Austria Greece Finland

• • • • • •

- Novem B.V. - NET Ltd - Arsenal - CRES - NAPS


70


GOALS The widespread use of solar photovoltaic energy as realistic, reliable, and economic energy source. To encourage the integration of PV energy into NAS's research, economy, and everyday life.

71



Objectives • Establishment and dissemination of a information base on PV activities within the NAS, • Benchmark of the NAS PV RTD programmes and activities, • Harmonisation of activities with other organisations and networks, • Inventory of the NAS position in relation to EU, • Formulation of the recommendations for PV RTD programming in NAS and EC 72



European Union

population: 370 mil. area: 3,3 mil. km2

PV installed: ~ 300 MW

incl. CHE and NOR

source: IEA-PVPS

10 Associated Countries population: 110 mil. area: 1,3 mil. km2

PV installed:

>

0,5 MW 73



TOTAL INSTALLED POWER [kW] Country

Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania

Total

on-grid

off-grid

50

-

50

150

120

30

-

-

N/A

80

8

72

3

3

20

-

15-20

107

47

60

Romania

50

10

40

Slovakia

10

-

10

Slovenia

51

1

50

185

335

Poland

Total S. M. Pietruszko, PV-NAS-NET

520

74


PRODUCTION of PV COMPONENTS Country

Si wafers

solar cells

modules

BOS (invert., control, etc)

Bulgaria

YES

-

lab

YES

Czech Republic

YES

YES

YES

YES

-

-

lab

-

-

-

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

Poland

YES

Lab

Lab

YES

Romania

YES

-

YES

YES

Slovakia

-

-

-

YES

Slovenia

-

-

-

-

Estonia Hungary Latvia Lithuania

75



LEGAL INSTRUMENTS STRATEGIES Country Bulgaria

RES in PE with LHP [%]

RES in PE without LHP [%]

RES Strategy

1,0

YES

0,2

Czech Republic Estonia

11,2

YES

Hungary

YES

Lithuania Latvia

0,74

YES

24,6

Poland

2,5

1,1

Romania

7,0

Slovakia

5,1

1,6

Slovenia

8,8

4,1

YES

76


YES (just)

YES


LEGAL LEGALINSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTS Country

feed-in law [Eur/kWh]

Czech Republic

0,2

Estonia

0,05

Hungary Latvia

green green certificat tax incentives tariffs es

YES

Bulgaria

Lithuania

RPS [%]

net metering

50%

YES

YES up to 2%

0,1%

0.06 2x

YES from 2,4% in 2001 to

Poland

19% up tp 5500, 6% loans, thermomodernisation fund

7,5% in 2010

Romania Slovakia Slovenia

YES >36 kW - 0,28 < 36 kW - 0,06

subsidy up to 60%

YES

77



CO-ORDINATION OF PV RTD

• Dispersed responsibility • Low involvement of Ministries of Science & Technology

78



FUNDING

• Low level of RES RTD funding especially PV • Low funding of PV demonstration projects • Different State Environmental Funds

79



ECOFUND

(Polish Debt for Environment Swap) • funds obtained through a conversion of a part of the Polish foreign debt to the benefit of supporting environment protection “debt-for-environment swap” • transferring of the best technologies from donor countries to the Polish market • stimulating the development of the Polish environmental protection industry 80



Bulgaria • Central Laboratory of Solar Energy and New Energy Sources (CL SENES BAS) – R&D in PV and photo-thermal conversion, – thin film technologies, solar cell production and modules assembling, – PV systems design and monitoring, – training and education on solar energy utilization, consulting and expertise

81



Bulgaria

82



Czech Republic

• program “Sun to Schools” since 2001 • SOLARTEC - PV module producer • 150 kW installed

83



Estonia

• Centre of Excellence (PV EST) - Materials and Technologies for PV Applications at the Tallin Technical University

84



Hungary

DUNASOLAR - manufacturer of amorphous silicon modules from 1997

85



Latvia Institute of Physical Energetics (IPE LAS) • problems of using alternative, renewable and domestic energy resources • fundamental research on new materials in solid state physics

86



Lithuania

Semiconductor Physics Institute (SPI LAS): • semiconductor material and device technology

87



Poland

„Development of solar cells technologies” (6 institutes: universities and industry - 1,1 mil Euro) (1999 - 2002) PV Centre in Poland Solar Lab CEPHOMA

88



Poland

89



Romania • Many RTD institutes (IPA S.A., ICEMENERG, ICPE, ICI) and universities (Univ. of Targoviste, “Politehnica” Univ. of Bucharest, Univ. of Timisoara) strongly involved in PV • Solar and Wind Technology Excellence, Knowledge Exchange and Twinning Action Romanian Centre • Romanian (National) Agency for Renewable Energy 90



Romania

91



Slovakia

Reaserch and educational activities • Slovak University of Technology project “Photovoltaic renewable energy sources – solar cells, modules and systems” (2000-2002) • Slovak Academy of Sciences

92



Slovenia

• Research on solar cells and systems – University of Ljubljana – Insitute Jozef Stefan • APE (Agency for Energy Reconstruction

93



Slovenia

94



BARRIERS • Low awareness and underestimation of PV potential • Lowest position of PV amongst other RES • High cost of PV • Lack of PV market • No national PV programmes • Strong fossil fuels lobby • Dispersed responsibility for RES development • Small or none incentives for manufacturing and purchasing PV 95



OFFER

• good scientific background (high intelectual potential) • well-educated skilled middle level technical staff • „fresh blood” in European Research Area • potentially large market

96



NEEDS • rising awarness through demonstration projects • national RTD and demo programmes • incentives for manufactures and consumers • favourable legislation (following EU) • closer co-operation with ERA and wide support from EU communities

97



NEEDS

• rising awarness through demonstration projects • national RTD and demo programmes • incentives for manufactures and consumers • favourable legislation (following EU)

98



Expectations

• closer co-operation with ERA and wide support from EU communities • joint efforts to compete on the World’s RTD and market

99


The Price Evolution of PV systems in Europe A Learning Curve Approach Hugo de Moor ECN Results from the EU-Photex project 2002-2003 Contributions by Project Partners: GENEC (F), FhG-ISE (D), ISET (D), UU-STS (NL), CESI (I), ECN Policy Studies (NL) Workshop “Towards a Shared European Vision on the Future of PV Research, Market, Industry and Policy” Ljubljana, 15 February 2003

100

Learning Curve Principle

Wene, IEA 2000

PR = % of cost after doubling the accumulated sales H.H.C. de Moor Photex results

101

Ljubljana 13 Febr. 2003

Learning Curve Principle Learning by Searching Manufacturing Using

Stimulation R&D Funding Market deployment

Progress Ratio depends on: - R&D funding - Installed capacity - Production scale - Time H.H.C. de Moor Photex results

102


Learning Curve PV

Price evolution on systems level at 20% growth 6 5 €/Wp

4 3 2

PR =0.8

1

PR =0.9

0 2000

2002

H.H.C. de Moor Photex results

2004

2006

2008

103

2010


Photex • Objectives - Use the experience curve approach to analyse the past price evolution of PV and recommend on future policy measures

• Approach - Monitor the price evolution (modules, BOS) - Analyse the cost structure - Study the effects of different policy schemes on technology progress - Advise on a right balance between R&D and D&D spending - Analyse sources and mechanisms of technology learning How does the PV community learns? H.H.C. de Moor Photex results

104


First Progress Ratio Results 1991 20 € 2000/Wp

NL Systems Cost

2002

€2000/Wp

6.4 €2000/Wp 4.2 €2000/Wp

100

PR = 88% Germany

10

1988 - 2001 PR = 94% 1 10

100

1000

10000

100000

Cum.Cap (kWp) Lowest

H.H.C. de Moor Photex results

Weighed

Highest 105


Module Prices Module cost (Euro-2000/Wp) 12.0 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 1980

1985

P 22 % efficiency Modules > 20 % efficiency and lifetime expectancy > 35 years

Ö

In all areas considerable R+D necessary in materials and new production technology 128

Dr. Hubert A. Aulich, Ljubljana PV Roadmap Meeting

12 February 2003

Solar Electricity for a Sustainable Energy Future!

Silicon supply vs. demand

129


12 February 2003


Thin Film modules likely to gain market share beyond 2010:

Demonstrate significant cost reduction vs. Si-wafer solar cell Among the various materials a-Si, CIS, CdTe, TF/c-Si, Dye; no clear winner yet Long run, organic solar cells

Ö Fundamental R+D and new production technologies

130


12 February 2003


Balance of system (BOS) development concentrates on three major applications:

Grid connection 2 – 5kWp systems Solar Home Systems Decentralized local grids

Ö Price learning curve for first two applications

Considerable R+D necessary, particularly last application 131


12 February 2003


Building Integration represents a significant factor to reduce cost and increase dissemination: Ö

Roof top systems Facades Work closer with Building Industry Increase R+D effort to speed up progress 132


12 February 2003


PV Solar Electricity can be installed everywhere and will compete with conventional power

Strong investment of more than 600 M € in 2001-2005 by European Industry

By 2010 3GWp installed and ca. 60.000 new jobs created in all areas. 133


12 February 2003


Boundary conditions for market growth: Europe-wide feed-in law or similar support allowing industry to operate profitable long term Major portion of EU RTD-funding for PV to compete with Japan and USA EU Export Initiative for financing decentralized PV systems in rural areas 134


12 February 2003

Sustainable Energy Systems and Photovoltaics PV Roadmap Workshop Ljubljana, 12-13 Feb.2003 Georges DESCHAMPS

Project Scientific Officer

Rue Montoyer 75 (MO75-7/04), B-1049 Brussels Tel.: +32.2.295.14.45 Fax: +32.2.299.36.94 E-mail: [email protected]

135

Slide n° 1

Sustainable Energy Systems

SUMMARY 8 The Energy background 8 The Research programme: Sustainable Energy Systems in FP6 (2003-2006) 8 The PHOTOVOLTAICS programme: past, present and future 136

Slide n° 2


Two main DRIVING FORCES

8 Energy Policy: Doubling the Share of Renewable Energies from 6% to 12% of gross inland energy production by 2010

8 Research Policy: ERA

137

Slide n° 3


Primary RES Production in 1999 (EUROSTAT 2002)

31,0%

0,4%

3,6% 1,4%

Biomass & Waste wind Geothermal Hydro Solar

63,6%

EU-15 138

Slide n° 4


Renewable energy sources: forecasts Europe-30: renewables (reference scenario in mtoe)

• Renewables

offer a potential still to be exploited 200

• EU target: 12% of total energy consumption in 2010

175

production

150 125

• They have differing growth prospects

100 75 50 25

• Take-off assumes that financial or tax incentives will be provided

0 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 139

Slide n° 5


Directive on the promotion of Renewable Energy Sources Electricity Member States are obliged to establish national targets for future consumption of RES-E to rise from 14 % today to 22% by 2010 •The Commission will monitor progress made by Member States towards achieving their national targets •The Commission will make, if necessary, a proposal for a harmonised support system within 4 years, taking into account the experiences gained in Member States with the operation of the different national support systems •The Directive obliges Member States to : - guarantee access to RES-E - issue guarantees of origin of RES-E - assure transparent and non-discriminatory calculation of costs for connecting new producers of RES-E 140

Slide n° 6


Support on Renewable Energies

1. FP5 (1998-2002) Target Actions >>>>> FP6 (2003-2006) Sustainable Energy Systems 2. ALTENER II Programme Overcoming non technical barriers. Budget of 74 MEuro (1998- 2002) 3. Regional Policy & Structural Funds Actions dedicated to the deployment of RES Budget of 487 Meuro (2000-2003) 141

Slide n° 7


The two DRIVING FORCES 8 Energy Policy 8 New Research Policy: ERA 9 1) Lisbon Council meeting 9 2) Barcelona Council meeting

142

Slide n° 8


E.R.A. 1) to create an integrated Research area in a knowledgebased society 2) to increase Research investment from 2 to 3 %

National R&D programmes

‘Open Coordination’ Framework programme 6

European organisations 143

Slide n° 9


European R&D policy

The Framework A NTICIPATING

Human resources & mobility

Research infrastructures

in the knowledge society

Citizens and governance

and global change

Specific SME activities Specific international cooperation activities

JRC activities

S TRENGTHENING

THE FOUNDATIONS OF ERA

Science and society 144

Slide n° 10

S & T/NEEDS

Frontier research, unexpected developments

Research for policy support

S TRUCTURING THE ERA Research and innovation

RESEARCH

COMMUNITY

A REAS

Food safety and health risks

Aeronautics and space

T HEMATIC

mat., new production processes

, intelligent Nanotechnologies

Information society

for health

Genomicand biotechnology

P RIORITY

I NTEGRATING

Sustainable development

F OCUSING AND


Support for the

coordination of

research activities

Support for the development of

research/ innovation policies

Priority 6: Sustainable development, global change and ecosystems 8 Sustainable energy systems (810 M€) 9 Short and medium term impact (DG TREN) 9 Medium and long term impact (DG RTD)

8 Sustainable surface transport (610 M€) 8 Global change and ecosystems (700 M€) 145

Slide n° 11


Short and medium-term research actions (405 M€) 8 Clean energy, in particular renewables 9 Cost effective supply 9 Large scale integration 8 Energy savings and energy efficiency 9 Eco-buildings 9 Polygeneration 8 Alternative motor fuels 146

Slide n° 12


Medium and long-term research actions (405 M€) 8 Fuel cells, including their applications 8 New technologies for energy carriers (Hydrogen & Electricity) 8 New and advanced concepts in renewable energy technologies 8 Capture and sequestration of CO2 8 Socio-economic tools and concepts for energy strategy 147

Slide n° 13


New and advanced concepts in Renewable energy technologies Objectives: to reduce the cost of RE electricity through efficient concepts and production processes 8 1 - Photovoltaics (Next generation solar cells, PV systems, low-cost technologies for crystalline Si modules, thin- film materials, building integration, MW plants) 8 2 - Biomass and bio-energy (Combustion technologies, gasification systems, Biofuels for transport and fuel cells, bio-residues and energy crops) 8 3 - Other renewable energies (Wind, geothermal, ocean energies, concentrated solar thermal co-generation) 148

Slide n° 14


Photovoltaics EU Research: Past , present and future

149

Slide n° 15


Past and present PV Research EU funding 1978 to 1993 9 funding>150 M€

FP4 (1994-1998)

FP5 funding in M € per type of activity (DG RTD Part) 6 6

9 85 PV projects 9 84 M€

Cells and Modules Systems

10

FP5 (1998-2002)

Buildings

9 >100 projects (62 R&D) 9 120 M€ (66 M€ R&D)

44

150

Slide n° 16


Standards/Others

Results from Crystalline Silicon projects 8 Lower costs 8 Better use of Silicon feedstock 8 Improved module efficiencies >15% 8 Better product quality

151

Slide n° 17


Results from thin-film projects 8 Large area CIS Façade (12% efficiency) 8 module max eff.14.7% 8 semi-transparent façade module

152

Slide n° 18


ERA-related Networks & actions 8 Objective: better S&T integration in the EU 8 3 Networks: (PV-NET, PV-EC-NET, PV-NAS-NET) 8 2 Clusters (CIS & thin-film Si) 8 EU25 actions (CEPHOMA, PV-EST center) Slide n° 19

153


PV in Europe 8 Production 2001 > 85 MW 8 Growth 2000-2001 > 40% 8 Installed: end 2000 127 MWp end 2001 > 280 MW (70% D) 8 Module Cost 2001= 3-4 €/Wp; system cost = 6-8 €/Wp 8 Cell Efficiency=c-si 25% lab15% prod.; Thin-film 19% lab10% prod. 154

Slide n° 20


PV Production 90 80 70 60 50 40

MW

30 20 10 0

2000

2001

PHOTOVOLTAICS problems to solve Despite production growth PV large theoretical potential is still unexploited 1) Costs too high: 0.5 to 1 €/kWh against current electricity prices < 0.1 €/kWh solution: improve material quality and manufacturing techniques 2) Low power output per unit area: ~= 100-150 W/m² solution: increase efficiency ( PV on roofs direct to the user, lower system costs, no land costs)? 3) Discontinuous electricity production dependent on day/season cycles: grid management or storage for stand-alone systems (expensive batteries) solution: new storage system and medium: e.g. electrolyser + Hydrogen ,… 4) Limited lifetime of balance of systems: inverter, batteries. Solution: Fuel cells? Slide n° 21

155


Distributed PV Yesterday

Tomorrow

Central power station BUILDING INTEGRATION

Transmission Network

Hydrogen storage, fuel cell

r

GRID Wind power plant

Factory Storage

House Distribution Network

MULTI-STOREY Building

Power plant Commercial building Slide n° 22

156


Photovoltaics power plant

Calls for proposals Launch dates

Deadlines

Short-Medium Term (M€) I.P.

17/12/2002 18/03/03

June 2003 Dec 2003

53

I.P.+ N.o.E.

129

STREP + CA + SSA

29

STREP+ CA SSA

65 4

Total =

82

Total =

198

IP STREP + CA+SSA

70

SSA

4

Dec 2003 157

Slide n° 23

37 107

Total = Sept 2003

Medium-Long Term (M€)


Photovoltaics topics (Call 2002-2003 SMT) IPs only

STREPs

8 Low-cost PV modules with integrated DC/AC inverters for gridconnection

8 Transfer to industrial scale of a new generation of PV technologies/products, including PV in buildings, which demonstrates innovative integrated solutions for supplying solar electricity at lower costs

158

Slide n° 24


Photovoltaics topics (Call 2002-2003 MLT) IPs & NoEs

STREPs

8R&D and validation of thin- film PV technologies with higher efficiency/cost ratio

8 Organic Solar Cells 8 PV Concentration 8 Application of PV in buildings

8R&D of crystalline Is PV modules costing below 1€/Wp, with clean manufacturing processes and recycling techniques

8 PV systems inc. MW-size PV plants

8R&D of new generation high-efficiency PV through better utilisation of the solar spectrum 159

Slide n° 25


For more information and Help 8 Pre-proposal check National Contact Points 8 Information-days meeting (14/02/03 Brussels) 8 Partner search facilities on CORDIS 8 Details/ addresses for all of the above also in the InfoPack

8 Helpdesk for Energy ([email protected]) Web sites: CORDIS: http://www.cordis.lu/fp6/ EUROPA: http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/dgs/research/index_en.html DG RTD Energy research : http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/index_en.html DG TREN : http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/index_en.html 160

Slide n° 26


TOWARDS A SHARED EUROPEAN VISION OF THE FUTURE OF PV RESEARCH, MARKET AND INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION TO GROUPSYSTEMS SESSION Cees van Halen, Ljubljana, 12 February

3& 161

PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

AGENDA Process – Step 1: Starting Paper – Step 2: GroupSystems® workshop

Agenda – Key modules PV Vision Building

2 162

PricewaterhouseCoopers

PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

Process: Common Vision as crucial step towards PV roadmaps that will converge

Ljubljana Workshop

Roadmap 1 EPIA

Roadmap 2 PVNET Starting Paper

Vision Building Process

Roadmap 3 PV-EC-NET

Integrated vision for accelerated implementation of PV

Roadmap 4 PV-NAS-NET

3 163


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

STEP 1 PROVIDE STARTING PAPER Process should make an intelligent start Î Starting paper to get momentum by making use of relevant existing knowledge in EC PV-networks and industry (EPIA)

3& 164

PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

© 2001 PricewaterhouseCoopers. PricewaterhouseCoopers refers to the individual member firms of the world-wide PricewaterhouseCoopers organisation. All rights reserved.

Step 2: GroupSystems workshop discussion towards PV Vision

3& 165

PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP


GroupSystems® offers a useful tool to brainstorm, inspire and group wise decide: Vision Building Process

z what questions need to be answered, z which actions are needed, by whom, when, z and how to prioritise them

6 166


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

GROUPSYSTEMS How does it work ? Vision Building Process

7 167


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

Welcome to GROUPSYSTEMS What can you expect? Vision Building Process

GroupSystems is a method that is developed to structure group discussions, to encourage collaboration and to improve effectiveness. – Participants can share ideas, problems and opinions – As a group they can elaborate and prioritise them and they can allocate responsibilities. z This process can be iterative going from a top strategic level to more technical levels. z GroupSystems offers the alteration of individual input by the computer and plenary discussions. z A session is facilitated by an experienced discussion leader (process) and subject matter expert (content).

8 168


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

GROUPSYSTEMS General features The organisation and tools of the session will meet the specific needs of the group: Vision Building Process

– Set of tools to support group processes such as brainstorming, list building, information gathering, voting, organizing, prioritising,and consensus building.

Advantages compared to traditional approaches: – ‘Squeeze time’: Intensification of interactions between participants. – Ability to realise maximum input from many participants. – Results will be transparent for all participant during the session. – Statistical analyses can be made on the collected data. – Report of the session can be finalised short after the session – Participants can contribute in the discussion anonymous. 9 169


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

PV VISION BUILDING

3& 170

PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP


AGENDA

Key modules to build the European PV vision AWARENESS Vision Building Process

ASSESSMENT OF STATE OF THE ART – PV SYSTEM: WHAT MAKES EUROPE SPECIAL – KEY ISSUES FOR NEXT GENERATION PV EUROPE – PREDICTION OF FUTURE POTENTIAL OF PMTC’s

VISION AND AMBITION – OBJECTIVES FOR EUROPE – NEEDS AND BOTTLENECKS

STRATEGIES – ACTORS

11 171


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

Build synergetic bridges between short-term and long-term visions Scientific and technical issues critical for the future breakthroughs of PV Î Identification of short,medium and long-term research needs.

Industry needs and expectations to develop markets and expand production facilities that match market potential Î Identification of the segmented markets, the road to the market and the specifications for products and production 12 172


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

What makes PV Europe unique ? What are Europe’s short / long-term drivers and obstacles? – Europe versus Japan / U.S. – PV versus other sources of fossil and renewable energy

Benefits that ERA can bring to PV stakeholders – Focus and making choices z Define what to do and what to stop.

– Improve co-operation z Building Networks of Excellence

– Connect policy areas z research policy - technological leadership z industry policy - industrial leadership, market share, jobs, growth. z energy policy - utilisation of RE, climate, save fossil fuels 13 173


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

Think in terms of functionality and added perceived value Segmentation of Markets and Customers – Product – Market – Technology Combinations (PMTC’s) z z z z

Consumer applications· Remote Industrial Applications· Solar Electricity in Developing Countries Grid-connected systems

Quality Aspects & perceived customer value – – – –

Power quality – reliability, Environmental advantages – clean technologies, New functionalities Green marketing & branding

14 174


PV EUROPEAN ROADMAP

J 175

Polymer Solar Cells Jonathan Halls Richard Wilson Karl Heeks

Greenwich House Madingley Rise Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0TX Tel: Fax:

+44-(0)1223-723555 +44-(0)1223-723556

http://www.cdtltd.co.uk 176

Polymer Solar Cells 1

Introduction to polymer photovoltaic devices

2

Polymer solar cell research at CDT

3

Technology challenges

4

Organic Displays; from laboratory to marketplace

5

Conclusions

177

Polymer Semiconductors • Polymer semiconductors combine the novel optoelectronic properties of traditional semiconductors with the desirable physical properties of engineering plastics • Polymer semiconductors are expected to revolutionise the electronic devices of the future • Semiconducting behaviour arises from the particular chemical structure • Alternating double and single carbon-carbon bonds • Delocalised pi-electron system gives semiconducting behaviour

• Optoelectronic and physical properties can be tuned by modification of chemical structure Light emitting polymers (LEPs) 178

Polymer thin-film devices

• Polymer LED and PV devices are thin-film technologies (~100nm) • Polymer semiconductor is sandwiched between planar contacts

Photovoltaic mode

light

LED mode

Substrate

output

Substrate

Conducting polymer PV polymer (s)

light

Conducting polymer ITO

EL polymer (s)

metal

• Identical device architecture for both technologies • Devices architecture is simple • Polymers are solution processable 179

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics • Light is absorbed in the polymer layer • Absorption creates a bound electron-hole pair (exciton) • Exciton is split into separate charges which are collected at contacts

+ -

Load 180

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics • Light is absorbed in the polymer layer • Absorption creates a bound electron-hole pair (exciton) • Exciton is split into separate charges which are collected at contacts

+ -

Load 181

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics

Separating photoexcited states •

vacuum level

Exciton must be separated so that a photocurrent can be collected LUMO (EA)

• Binding energy ~0.5 eV •

Excitons dissociated by electron transfer to an acceptor material, or hole transfer to a donor

•

Simplest approach is to make a donor-acceptor heterojunction

•

First done effectively by C W Tang in 1986

•

donor

HOMO acceptor (IP)

energy

substrate donor

Limited by imbalance between exciton diffusion range (~10 nm) and absorption depth (~100 nm)

electron acceptor e

ITO

• Not all excitons dissociated

h

active interface 182

metal

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics vacuum level

Bulk Heterojunction Devices • •

Solution to the limited exciton diffusion range problem Donor and acceptor materials mixed together

•

Distribute active interfaces throughout the bulk

•

All excitons are within a diffusion range of an interface

•

LUMO donor energy

Donor solution

Charges travel to respective electrodes

Exciton Hole acceptor

Electron

Composite film donor 183

HOMO acceptor

Acceptor solution

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics Different Approaches to Bulk Heterojunctions

MEH-PPV

Donor

Acceptor

Polymer

C60

Uniax, UCSB, QSEL, Siemens

Polymer

Polymer

CDT Cambridge Uni.

Polymer

Small molecule

Polymer

Inorganic nanocrystal

Small molecule

Small molecule

O

Light

n

O

Electron

Hole

OR OR CN OR

Light R=C6H13

CN OR

n

CN-PPV

184

C60

Introduction to Organic Photovoltaics Polymer Device Advantages Flexible or conformable devices can be fabricated – Disruptive technology • Can use plastic substrates in place of glass • Not currently possible with inorganic technology • Disruptive technology-new applications possible

• • • •

Low-cost thin-film technology No high temperature processing steps Solution processable Roll-to-roll coating possible Low materials usage

Large area displays and PV devices can be fabricated • Not limited by wafer size 185

Polymer photovoltaic device applications Polymer Solar Cells Applications • The low cost of plastic PV may enable solar power in applications where it was previously un-economic • Disposable solar powered products become a reality • Flexible and conformable PVs can be integrated more easily into ‘soft’ or nonplanar packaging • Large-area, flexible solar panels could be used to make solar tents, solar sails, portable solar power modules

Portable PV ‘smart’ packaging Cornflakes

PDA wallet Rechargeable mobile products

Polymer solar panel 186

Polymer display

Polymer photovoltaic device applications

Polymer Photodetector Applications • Large area, flexible photodetector arrays may be fabricated for e.g. medical imaging • Disposable products with polymer photodetectors may be viable • Use a PV pixel in an RGB display for optical feedback. •Degradation compensation •Touch screens •Scanners

Touch screens and scanners

M

• Integration with other plastic semiconductor technologies may allow further synergies to be exploited Medical imaging and analysis 187


Introduction to Polymer Photovoltaic Devices

2


3


4


5

Conclusions

188

What is CDT? • Researchers at Cambridge University discovered light emission from special polymers when they applied a voltage, and filed a patent (1989) • Cambridge Display Technology (CDT) founded in 1992 to develop the technology for display applications • CDT owns the fundamental IP for LEP displays, and now has 300+ additional patents granted

600m2 clean room facility

• CDT is leading commercialisation of LEP display technology • CDT has licensed its technology to several major companies, including Philips and Dupont • CDT’s technology can be used in reverse to make polymer solar cells and photodetectors, and CDT is now looking to expand this area 189

Why is a display company interested in PVs? • CDT and similar institutions have a wealth of knowledge in the application of plastic semiconductor technology • Much of this expertise is directly transferable to polymer PV development

Photovoltaics

Philips, Delta Opto, DuPont, Osram, ST Microelectronics, Dow, Covion 190

Polymer Photovoltaic Research at CDT •

PV device research at CDT is based on polymer-polymer blends

•

Pioneered at Cambridge University, 1995

•

Polymer blend deposited from solution by e.g. spin-coating

• • •

•

Donor solution

Acceptor solution

Composite film

Polymers phase separate into hole and electron accepting regions Active interfaces distributed throughout the bulk Excitons dissociated by electron transfer to the acceptor, or hole transfer to the donor

metal

glass ITO polymer blend

Charges travel to respective electrodes

acceptor Exciton

•

CDT PV program began 2001

•

DTI awarded grant towards a 750K Euro program to develop more efficient, flexible polymer solar cells

Hole

191

acceptor

Electron

Polymer Photovoltaic Research at CDT

25

• Broad response spectrum

20

• Photon:electron generation efficiency up to 23% • Open circuit voltage ~ 1 V

15 10 1.0

5

0.5 0.0

0 300 350 400 -0.5 450 500 550 600 650 700 Wavelength (nm)

3.0

I (µA)

Energy (ev)

• AM1.5 power conversion efficiency up to 2% • Fill factors up to 0.6

EQE (%)

Recent performance figures

C6 H13

3.7 R

S

-1.5 -2.0

n

n

-1.0

Fill factor ~ 0.45

-2.5

P3HT 5.2

Red Polyfluorene Co-Polymer

-3.0 0.0

5.7

192

0.2

0.4

0.6 0.8 Voltage (V)

1.0

1.2

Polymer Photovoltaic Research at CDT Series connected PV modules • 2, 3 or 4 cells connected in series • Inter-cell connections made during fabrication • Fabricated on 6-inch square substrate, separated after processing

193


Introduction to polymer photovoltaic devices

2


3


4


5

Conclusions

194

Technology Challenges •

Polymer PV devices are widely recognised to have potential to provide flexible, low cost, renewable energy for a wide range of applications

•

For these devices to be commercially viable, three important areas must be addressed • Organic PV devices at best ~ 50% of amorphous silicon Polymer blend photovoltaic devices efficiency Efficiency • Although cost and functionality are strong drivers for organic PV, it is important to improve efficiencies • Not accurately quantified at present Polymer blend photovoltaic devices • CDT PV devices have at several years lifetime in indoor Lifetime applications • Lifetime issues less severe for indoor/disposable applications

• Robust, thermally stable, transparent, flexible substrates Polymer blend photovoltaic devices compatible with industrial scale • Barrier film technologies Flexibles processing • Roll-to-roll coating, encapsulation and patterning 195

Optimising polymer solar cell efficiency wasted light

absorbed light

Materials

5

2 10

• Up to now, polymers for PVs have largely been taken from the LEP programme

1400 5

Abs coef (cm-1 )

1.5 10

• Materials optimised for electron or hole transport

1200 1000

1 105

800 600

4

5 10

400 200

Device Architecture

0 300

400

500

600

Wavelength (nm)

• Morphology of polymer blend crucial to determining device performance • Morphology can be controlled through careful processing, surface treatment and materials design • Many advances in LEP architecture are applicable to PV device development anode 196

700

cathode

800

900

0 1000

Solar power (W m-2 µm-1)

• Work underway at CDT to develop new polymers optimised to absorb solar radiation

1600

Effect of process conditions on morphology off a polymer blend Nanoscale

Microscale

Mesoscale

50µm EQE

4.5%

Spin-coating from chloroform

EQE

0.5%

Spin-coating from xylene

Polyfluorene Co-polymer Blend PV Devices 197

EQE

1.5%

Drop-casting from xylene

Enabling Technology for Flexible PV devices • Flexibility is the key differentiator between organic PV technology and most alternative thinfilm PV technologies • Need new roll-to-roll coating and handling technologies

Substrate

• A flexible device requires, in addition to the active layers: •Flexible Substrate •Physical support structure •O2/H20 Barrier layer •Anode

Protective layer

•Flexible Encapsulating layer •O2/H2O Barrier layer •Physical support structure/physical protective layer •Method of bonding the encapsulant to the device 198

Anode Polymer(s) Cathode Barrier layer

Enabling Technology for Flexible PV devices • The substrate and encapsulant ‘package’ must have sufficient barrier properties to protect the active polymers and cathode materials from oxygen and water • Typical specifications would be: •