Research Article
Biology
ISSN: xxxx-xxxx
International Journal of Scientific Innovations (IJSI) DOI:
Exposure assessment of chicken meat to heavy metals and bacterial contaminations in Warri Metropolis, Nigeria Gideon Ikechukwu Ogu1*, Inamul Hasan Madar2,3, Judith Chukwuebinim Okolo4, Ebere Mary Eze1, Shantkriti Srinivasan5 and Iftikhar Aslam Tayubi6 1
Department of Biological Sciences, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
3
Department of Biochemistry, Islamiah College (Autonomous), Vaniyambadi, Vellore Dist. Tamil Nadu, India.
4
Department of Environmental Biotechnology and Bioconservation, National Biotechnology Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria.
5
Department of Biotechnology, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, India.
6
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabi.
Received Date: 20/09/2017
Citation: Ogu GK, Madar IH, Okolo JC, Eze EM, Srinivasan S, et al. (2017)
Accepted Date: 10/10/2017
Exposure Assessment of Chicken meat to heavy metals and Bacterial
Published Date: 31/12/2017
Contaminations in Warri Metropolis, Nigeria. Int J Sci Innovs. 1 (1): 07-14.
Copyright: @ 2017 Dr. Gideon Ikechukwu Ogu. This is an Open Access article
*
published and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Sciences, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.
License, that permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any
E-mail:
[email protected]
Corresponding author: Gideon Ikechukwu Ogu, Department of Biological
medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Abstract The levels of some heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria were analyzed in 60 samples of raw chicken meat sold in three major markets (Effurun, Ekpan and Ugborikoko) within Delta State using standard techniques. The heavy metals concentrations were 49.11 %, 27.5 % and 23.4 % for each market respectively, and in the order Zn > Pb > Mn> Ni > Cu > Cd. Only lead was above permissible limits of FAO/WHO. Effurun samples had the highest counts for Staphylococcus aureus (4.92 log10 CFU/g), while Escherichia coli counts (4.01 log10 CFU/g) were highest in Ugborikoko and Salmonella counts (1.87 log10 CFU/g) were highest in Ekpan samples. The antibiotic resistance was 41.1 % in E. coli, 33.9 % in S. aureus and 25.0 % in Salmonella sp. The contaminations could be linked to gross unhygienic handling and poor environmental sanitation practices. The presence of Pb above permissible limit and multi-drug antibiotic-resistant isolates calls for a greater public awareness for improved environmental sanitation, proper use of antibiotics in poultry farms, use of clean processing water, strict hygienic handling practices and proper thermal treatment to prevent chemical and microbial hazards.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Public health, Chicken meat, Pathogens, Cytotoxicity Introduction A meat is a food product from animals. It is a major source of proteins along with
Recent studies have highlighted the global rising trends of cases of contamination
certain minerals, vitamins and trace metals, which are essential for healthy
of tissues and organs of chicken meat by heavy metals [2-5]. Heavy metal
growth and development. Poultry is one such nutritious animal product. Among
contamination is one of the major consequences of environmental pollution
them, meat from chicken (Gallus gallusdomesticus) has remained a major source
arising from anthropogenic activities such over-dependence on agro-chemicals,
of animal protein in the daily diet of humans [1].
uncontrolled use chemical raw materials and fossil fuel combustion [6].
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The increasing interest currently developed by researchers globally on the
Sample collection
challenges of heavy metal contamination of meat product is borne out of the fact that heavy metals have been known to cause serious tissues and organ toxicity at trace amounts. In addition, some heavy metals are non-biodegradable, and can easily accumulate in tissues of organisms thereby posing serious health issues along the food chain [7]. Although, some of these metals are essential for normal physiology of the systems, they can become lethal when consumed in food above a threshold [6]. Others, such as cadmium, Lead and mercury are classified as
Three major markets located in Warri metropolis, namely Effurun, Ekpan and Ugborikoko major markets served as sample collection centers. A total of 60 fresh and raw chicken meat samples sold in the markets were randomly sourced, purchased and transported to the laboratory for analysis in ice-packed containers. Sampling duration was eight weeks.
non-essential and highly toxic even at very low concentrations [7]. Apart from possible exposure and contamination of chicken meat by heavy metals, studies have shown that chicken meat could be potential vehicle for transmission of food-borne diseases [8]. Millions of people throughout the world have been reported to die annually as a result of illness traced to food-borne pathogens [8]. Like all other animals, live chickens are hosts to diverse microorganisms residing in their skin, feathers or alimentary tract. During slaughtering processes, microbial contaminations occur, but subsequent contamination is possible at any stage of the production process, ranging from feather plucking, evisceration and washing to storage by cooling or freezing [9]. Also, when processed in unhygienic environment microorganisms present in the
Figure 1. Map of Nigeria showing Warri in Delta State, Nigeria
processing environment, equipment, processors and hands/apron can contaminate the final meat product. Some of the major pathogens reportedly implicated in samples of chicken meat included Salmonella, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Listeria, Yersinia enterocolitica, Aeromonads Clostridium perfringens [9]. In recent times food borne pathogens have been reported to demonstrate resistance to important antibiotics used by clinicians.
Determination of heavy metals in samples
The antibiotic resistance prevalence among the food borne pathogens were attributed to the increasing rate of antibiotics use in animal husbandry for greater
About 2.00 g of the collected chicken samples were put in a pre-digestion tube
performance, prophylactic and chemotherapeutic purposes [10, 11].
and homogenized with 10 mL of concentrated HNO3 at 135 °C until the contents
Considering the potentials chicken meat to harboring toxic heavy metals and
became clear. Thereafter, a mixture of HNO3, HClO4 and H2O2 (10:1:2) was
multidrug resistant microbial hazards of public health significances, it is pertinent
added to the digestion tube at 135 °C for 1 h until the liquor turned colorless. The
to continually assess the meat as a proactive strategy of maintaining product
contents were slowly evaporated, cooled, dissolved in 1 M HNO3 and filtered
safety and security. There is paucity of such information on raw chicken meat
using Whatman filter paper No. 1). About 1 M HNO3 was further added to the
retailed in Warri metropolis, which is a major cosmopolitan and crude oil
digested filtrate and diluted to 25 mL before analysis of the selected heavy metals
producing city in Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria. Hence, this study was
using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GBS Scientific
undertaken to augment the currently available information, with a view to
Equipment SensAAS 1175, Australia [12].
educating the public about the health risks and mitigation strategies associated with contaminated chicken products.
Bacteriological analysis of samples
Material and Methods
25 g of the chicken sample was weighed and homogenized in 225 mL of sterile buffered peptone water, followed by its serial dilution up to 10-6 under aseptic conditions. From the dilutions 10-2 to 10-6, 0.1 mL aliquot was taken and cultured
Study location
using the spread plate method on sterile pre-set nutrient agar (Hi-media, India), The study area was within Warri, a major city in Delta State, in southern part of Nigeria. Geographically, it is located at coordinates 5° 31'N 5° 45’E and 5.517º N 5.750° E. It is one of the major hubs of petroleum activities and businesses in Southern Nigeria with a population of over 311, 970 people according to the National Population Census (NPC 2006). It shares boundaries with Ughelli/Agbarho, Sapele, Okpe, Udu and Uvwie although most of these places, notably Udu, Okpe and Uvwie, have been integrated to the larger cosmopolitan of Warri.
eosin methylene blue agar (Hi-media, India), mannitol salt agar (Hi-media, India) and Salmonella-Shigella agar (Hi-media, India) in triplicates. The plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, colonies were enumerated with a colony counter (Gallenkamp, England) and results were expressed as CFU log10 per gram of sample. The colonies were purified, characterized (cultural, morphological, and biochemical assays) and identified by referring to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology [13].
Effurun serves as the gateway to the economic nerve of the city (Figure 1).
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ANOVA for differences in means with P < 0.05 considered statistically
Antibiotic susceptibility analysis
significant for all the comparisons. Antibiotic susceptibility profile for all isolates was determined following the standard method recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute [14]
Results and Discussion
using the disc-diffusion technique in Mueller-Hinton agar (Oxide, England). The commercial antibiotics used were Gentamycin (10 μg), Ciprofloxacin (10 μg),
The concentration of heavy metals in the raw chicken samples varied from 0.11 –
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg), Streptomycin (30 μg), Co-trimoxazole
224.21 x 10-2 mg/kg, 0.11 – 100.56 x 10-2 mg/kg and 0.10 – 104.11 x 10-2 mg/kg
(25μg), Tetracycline (30μg), Chloramphenicol (25 μg), Ceftriaxone (30 μg),
for Uborikoko, Ekpan and Effurun samples respectively (Table 1). The
Kanamycin (30 μg), Amoxicillin (30 μg), Nalidixic acid (30 μg), Cefoxitin
percentage concentrations of the heavy metals were 49.11 %, 27.5 % and 23.4 %
(30μg). A standard suspension of 18-24 h broth culture of each bacterium was
for Ugborikoko, Effurun and Ekpan chicken samples respectively (Figure 2). The
prepared using in sterile distilled water with reference to 0.5 McFarland
order of heavy metal concentration in the chicken samples were Zn > Pb > Mn>
standards. A sterile swab was dipped into the bacterial suspension, pressed on the
Ni > Cu > Cd (Figure 3). Analysis of variance revealed that the mean levels of
side of the bottles to allow excess drip-off, and then used to evenly to streak the
heavy metals investigated varied significantly (P < 0.05) between the three
entire surface of the Mueller-Hinton agar. Sterile forceps were then used to place
sampling locations. The heavy metals content was within the permissible limits
multiple antibiotic discs in a circular pattern on the media. After aerobic
of FAO/WHO, except for Pb that exceeded the limit in majority of the samples.
incubation at 37 °C for 24 h the zones of inhibition for each antibiotic were
The three pathogens analyzed were detected in all the chicken samples at varying
measured from the centre of the disc to the point where the zone of clearance
amounts. Effurun samples had the highest counts for TVC (9.05 log10 CFU/g),
stopped.
and SAC (4.92 log CFU/g), while ECC (4.01 log10 CFU/g) was highest in Ugborikoko as against SC (1.87 log10 CFU/g) that was highest in Ekpan samples (Figure 4).
Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel version 2007 and
Figure 2. Mean concentration of heavy metals in chicken meat in Uborikoko, Ekpan and Effurun markets
Figure 3. Mean concentration of heavy metals in chicken meat sold in Warri metropolis
Figure 4. Mean bacteria load of chicken meat sold in Effurun, Ekpan and Uborikoko markets (TVC = Total viable count, SAC = Staphylococcus aureus count, ECC = Escherichia coli count and SC = Salmonella sp. count)
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The characteristics of each pathogen were presented in Table 2. A total of 47
The two major retail outlets of chicken meat are supermarkets and open market.
pathogens, including S. aureus (n = 20), E. coli (n = 15) and Salmonella sp.
In the open markets especially, the live birds are manually killed, defeathered,
(n = 12) were isolated (Table 3). Among the isolates, the antibiotic resistance was
eviscerated and sold to the consumers. The fresh chicken meats are thus exposed
41.1 % in E. coli, 33.9 % in S. aureus and 25.0 % in Salmonella sp. (Table 4).
to different contaminants present in the handling materials, processing water and
The most resistant drugs were Tetracycline (97.9 %), Co-trimoxazole (72.3 %),
immediate environment. This study analyzed the concentration of heavy metals
and Cefoxitin (68.1 %), while most effective drugs were Gentamycin (12.8 %),
and pathogens in raw chicken meat retailed in three major markets within Warri
Ciprofloxacin (12.8 %) and Nalidixic acid (23.4 %) (Table 4). The number of
Metropolis, Delta State, Nigeria.
raw chicken meat retailers have increased in recent times to fulfil the rising demand.
Table 1. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in raw chicken meat Concentration of Heavy metals (x 10-2 mg/kg) * Heavy Metals
1.41 ± 0.025b
1.41 ± 0.025b
18.90 ± 0.552a
Nickel (Ni)
12.54 ± 0.015a
12.54 ± 0.015a
1.50 ± 0.041b
Copper (Cu)
104.11 ± 0.001a
104.11 ± 0.001a
224.21 ± 0.044a
Zinc (Zn)
11.69 ± 0.101a
11.69 ± 0.101a
12.78 ± 0.005a
Manganese (Mn)
0.10 ± 0.001a
0.10 ± 0.001a
0.11 ± 0.001a
Cadmium (Cd)
32.28 ± 0.022a
32.28 ± 0.022a
32.08 ± 0.055a
Lead (Pb)
1.41 ± 0.025b
1.41 ± 0.025b
18.90 ± 0.552a
*Mean ± Standard Deviation (Value ± SD) (n = 3), a, b P < 0.05
Table 2. Phenotypic and biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from chicken meat Bacterial isolates Characteristics
Cell morphology Cell arrangement Gram reaction Motility Catalase production Oxidase test Coagulase test Citrate utilization test Indole test Nitrate reduction test Methyl red test Voges Proskauer test Lactose fermentation Sucrose fermentation Glucose fermentation Galactose fermentation Maltose fermentation Mannitol fermentation Probable identity
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CH1
CH2
CH3
Cocci Irregular groups Positive + + + + + + + + Staphylococcus aureus
Rod Short chains Negative + + + + + + + + Salmonella sp.
Rod Clusters Negative + + + + + + + + + Escherichia coli
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Table 3. Distribution of S. aureus, Salmonella and E. coli in samples from various markets Effurun Market
Ekpan Market
Uborikoko Market
Total (%)
(n = 20)
(n = 20)
(n = 20)
(n = 60)
S. aureus
8
5
7
20 (33.3 %) *
Salmonella sp.
4
5
3
12 (20.0 %) **
E. coli
5
4
6
15 (25.0 %) **
Isolates
** Values are not significantly different at P < 0.05
Table 4. Antibiotic resistance pattern of S. aureus, Salmonella and E. coli isolates from samples Salmonella (n = 12)
E. coli (n = 15)
Total = 47
Gentamycin (10 μg) Ciprofloxacin (10 μg) Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (30 μg) Streptomycin (30 μg) Co-trimoxazole (25 μg) Tetracycline (30 μg) Chloramphenicol (25 μg) Ceftriaxone (30 μg) Kanamycin (30 μg) Amoxicillin (30 μg) Nalidixic acid (30 μg) Cefoxitin (30 μg)
Antibiotics
S. aureus (n = 20) 1 (5 %) 2 (10 %) 7 (35 %) 4 (20 %) 10 (50 %) 20 (100 %) 6 (30 %) 2 (10 %) 5 (25 %) 8 (40 %) 6 (30 %) 9 (45 %)
1 (8 %) 1 (8 %) 6 (50 %) 5 (41.7 %) 10 (83 %) 11 (91.7 %) 6 (50 %) 3 (25 %) 9 (75 %) 5 (41.7 %) 1 (8 %) 10 (83.3 %)
4 (26.7 %) 3 (20 %) 4 (26.7 %) 10 (66.7 %) 14 (93.3 %) 15 (100 %) 7 (46.7 %) 9 (60 %) 8 (53.3 %) 6 (40 %) 4 (24.7 %) 13 (86.7 %)
6 (12.8 %) 6 (12.8 %) 17 (36.2 %) 17 (36.2 %) 34 (72.3 %) 46 (97.9 %) 19 (40.4 %) 14 (29.8 %) 22 (46.8 %) 19 (40.4 %) 11 (23.4 %) 32 (68.1 %)
Total
80 (33.9 %)
59 (25.0 %)
97 (41.1 %)
236 (100 %)
The heavy metals analyzed were detected at varying concentrations in the order
Cadmium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc have also been reported to occur
Zn > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cu > Cd. This indicates that Zinc (Zn) was the most
frequently in waste water [6]. This calls for greater attention to the quality of
abundant heavy metal in the samples, while Cadmium (Cd) was the least. Among
water available for livestock faming and processing. Other researchers have also
the heavy metals analyzed, Zn, Ni and Cu varied significantly (P < 0.05) in the
reported high levels of heavy metals in animal feeds [19]. These could probably
samples. The heavy metal contents were within the permissible limits of
be the common exposure routes for meat contaminations in this study. Similar
FAO/WHO, except for Pb that exceeded in majority of the samples. Findings
results were reported in several studies [4,5,15,16]. Importantly, some of the
from this study were comparable to those obtained in previous research on the
heavy metals detected in this study are essential for normal physiological
heavy metal contaminations of chicken meat retailed in Ogun (Western part of
activities of the system. At trace amount, Copper (Cu) acts as a vital cofactor for
Nigeria), Rivers (Southern part of Nigeria), Enugu (Eastern part of Nigeria) and
diverse oxidative stress-associated enzymatic activities as well as in
Kano States (Northern part of Nigeria) [4, 5, 15, 16]. Our findings were also in
metalloenzymes
agreement with the report on chicken meat retailed in Algeria (3) except for Cd
catecholamine biosynthesis, bone formation, and cross-linking of collagen,
and Pb that varied significantly. Olusola et al. [17] reported higher levels of Pb
elastin, and hair keratin [2,7]. Zinc (Zn) boosts immunity, enhances enzyme
and Cd in frozen chicken vended in Southern part (Lagos and Ibadan) of Nigeria.
formation, cell growth, wound healing, carbohydrate metabolism, and other
Adzitey et al. [10] reported higher levels of Cu, Mn, and Pb in fresh and grilled
essential physiological roles [20]. Manganese (Mn) also plays vital roles in
guinea fowl meat in Ghana. The variations in the levels of heavy metals
enzyme formation and activation, wound healing, healthy skin and bones [21].
contamination could be attributed to the differences in the levels of exposure and
Despite the usefulness of these metals in the body, previous reports have shown
for
hemoglobin
formation,
carbohydrate
metabolism,
concentration of heavy metals within the animal tissues [17]. Also, the intensity
that they can become lethal to the cells, tissues and organs when consumed above
of industrial activities and wastes released in an area could affect the level of
permissible limits. At high doses, Cu can result in health problems such as
food contamination. Wastes from petroleum production and auto-mechanic
anemia, hepatotoxicity, renal failure and gastrointestinal disorders especially in
workshops are prevalent sites in the study location. The environmental effect of
individuals with Wilson's disease [2]. Consumption of food with excess doses of
this was reflected in a recent study by Kelvin and Lawrence [18], who reported a
Zn has been found to cause gastro-intestinal disturbances such as nausea,
higher heavy metal contamination in meat samples from towns located within
abdominal cramp, vomiting and diarrhoea, while manganese poisoning results
Warri metropolis. Some of the major sources of heavy metals in the environment
from prolong exposure to high doses of Mn in food and most affects the central
include exhaust from automobiles, burning of fossil fuel, factory chimneys, Gas
nervous system leading to permanent disability [2]. According to FAO/WHO
flaring, Crude oil production and smelting of ores among others [6,7].
[22].
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The recommended daily dose of Zn, Mn, and Cu were 25 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg and
relatively high salt concentrations and also has elaborate heat-stable enterotoxins
1.0 mg/kg respectively. Our findings suggested that the metals were within the
making them one of the vital food borne pathogens for humans. As one of the
statutory limit recommended for daily food intake by humans. It further implied
major normal flora of humans, their presence in the meat samples could therefore
that chicken meat could supply essential trace minerals at satisfactory amounts
be attributed to poor sanitation and handling practices during the meat processing
for consumers. Moreover, the presence of the other non-essential heavy metals
and retailing stages. Similarly, E. coli are also normal flora of human’s gut. They
found in this study is worrisome as they are mostly hazardous even at trace
reside in large intestine of humans and animals and thus are major indicators of
amounts. They are cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic [7].
faecal contamination of food products.
Exposure of humans to Lead (Pb) via food, water, or inhalation adversely affects
Food adulteration by E. coli could thus be attributed to the use of water
the kidney, livers, heart and brain tissues and nervous systems leading to diverse
contaminated with faecal materials from rivers, streams, hand dug wells for
nervous disorders and deformities especially in young children [6,7]. Cadmium
washing of meat products. Their presence therefore poses a health risk to humans
(Cd) was reported to cause fatal problems in the pulmonary and gastrointestinal
since they are often associated with enteric, urinary, and urogenital diseases [29].
tracts leading to severe injury in the pulmonary, hepatic, renal systems as well as
Of all the food borne illnesses of public health significance resulting from
gastrointestinal tract erosion and coma, depending on the routes and dose of the
consumption of poultry meat and products, Salmonella species were reportedly
metal [6]. Nickel was found to induce respiratory injury among other tissue
the prominent aetiological agents. In fact, the isolates of Salmonella are reported
toxicity [7]. Experimental study using animal models have also proven the
more often from poultry and poultry products than from any other animal
mutagenic and carcinogenic damage by heavy metals [6,7]. Analysis of the
species. Currently, there are over 2500 known serovars of Salmonella, with
samples for pathogens using plate count techniques showed that counts for S.
Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis being the two most common
aureus were the highest followed by E. coli and Salmonella. This suggests
serotypes frequently implicated among human outbreaks due to consumption of
contamination of the meat samples in the order of S. aureus > E. coli >
raw or improperly processed chicken meat [28].
Salmonella. This finding is in concordance with previous studies on the
For the antibiotic analysis, it was found that more than half of each bacterial
increasing rates of bacterial contaminations of retailed meat products [23-25].
isolate demonstrated significant resistance to Co-trimoxazole, Tetracylcine and
Adeyanju and Ishola [23] studied the level of contamination of poultry meat from
Cefoxitin, while majority of the species were inhibited by Gentamycin,
a processing plant and retail markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria and reported a
Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid. Average resistance was observed with
higher contamination by Escherichia coli at 43.4 % ((chicken 47.2 % (25/53) and
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, Ceftriaxone,
turkey 39.1 % (18/46)) than Salmonella at 33 % ((chicken 32.1 % (17/53) and
Kanamycin and Amoxicillin. E. coli (41.1 %) demonstrated the most antibiotic
turkey 34.8 % (16/46)). The contamination was found to be more from retailed
resistant patterns, followed by S. aureus (33.1 %) and Salmonella sp. (25.0 %).
samples than from the processing plant.
The reports on rising trends of multi-drug resistant pathogens of poultry origin
Mazizi et al. [24] reported a higher load of S. aureus for mutton (3.7 log CFU/g),
have been a major challenge and subject of debate among stakeholders in recent
beef (3.3 log10 CFU/g) and pork (2.8 log10 CFU/g) meat than for E. coli with
times [10]. Adeyanju and Ishola [23] studied the antibiotic resistance patterns of
0.6, 1.0, and 0.3 log10 CFU/g respectively in street vended meats of Eastern
Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from poultry meat of a processing plant
Cape Province, South Africa. Similarly, Olukemi et al. [25] reported the
and retail markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. They isolated 45 Salmonella
contamination of retail chicken carcasses in Oshogbo, Nigeria by S. aureus (84
species and found all resistant to Augmentin (100 %), 42 resistants to both Co-
%), E. coli (56 %), Aerobacter species (52 %). Findings from this study are in
trimazole (93 %) and Tetracycline (93 %) and 33 resistants’ to Nalidixic acid (73
convergence with previous reports but at variance with the reports of Chuku et al.
%). Thus, their reports are similar to our findings except for the activities found
[26] who found E. coli (2.63 - 2.95 x 108 CFU/g) as the highest bacterial
with Nalidixic acid. Out of the 46 isolated strains of E. coli, they reported 89 %
contaminant of beef and chevon retailed in Lafia Metropolis, Nigeria. They also
(41/46) and 83 % (38/46) resistant to Cotrimazole and Tetracycline respectively.
found Salmonella (1.25-9.92 x 107 CFU/g) and Staphylococcus species (3.97-
Salmonella isolates from chicken meat were 92.2 %, 40.7 %, 36.0 % and 28%
5.38 x 107 CFU/g) in lesser concentrations. Similarly, the findings from this
resistant to Tetracycline, Ampicillin, Streptomycin, and Nalidixic acid
study vary from the results of Polpakdee and Angkititrakul who reported E. coli
respectively [30]. Majority of Salmonella and S. aureus isolates from meat and
(62.26 %) as the most prevalent isolate from raw meat sold at Khon Kaen
other ready-to-eat foods were found to be multi-drug resistant [31]. Among S.
Municipality Schools [27]. The other prevalent isolates reported were Salmonella
aureus isolates from poultry meat, Otalu et al. [32] reported 100 % and
sp. (56.60 %) and S. aureus (43.40 %). The increasing rates of contamination of
61.5 % resistances to Tetracycline and Methicilin, while 92.9 % and 50 %
processed meat products by pathogens could thus be attributed to the poor
resistance was respectively reported by Heo et al. [33]. Thus, findings from this
handling and processing facilities that create routes for the microorganisms
study corroborate the earlier reports that most bacterial isolates from poultry
residing on the chicken’s skin, feathers or in the alimentary tract to ultimately
products are becoming resistant to medically important antibiotics. The incidence
find their way into the final products [9]. Poor processing environments, storage
of antibiotic resistant isolates of poultry origins has been linked with the
equipment, processor’s hands/apron are some other potential routes of microbial
diversion of medically significant antibiotics in animal farming for greater yields
contamination. This highlights and underscores the need of proper cooking of the
and prophylactic/therapeutic reasons [10,11,31].
meat products before consumptions. Poorly processed and under-cooked poultry
Two-third of the total antibiotics manufactured globally was channeled annually
products had been identified as the major vehicle for outbreaks of foodborne
for use in livestock farming [34]. To curb the rising trend of antibiotic-resistant
diseases [28]. The three bacteria isolated in this study are among the
pathogens, the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) is
microbial pathogens of public health significance responsible for food borne
considering implementing a proactive policy limiting the use of medically
illnesses, hospitalization, death and intoxication [8]. S. aureus has the ability to
important antibiotics in food animals [35]. Findings from this study support
tolerate
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stricter compliance with the environmental safety regulations for food and drug so as to reduce the risk of chemical and pathogenic contamination of poultry
[2] Thirulogachandar ME, Rajeswari M, Ramya S (2014) Assessment of heavy metals in Gallus and their impacts on Human. Int J Sci Res Pub. 4 (6): 1-8.
meat products.
[3] Benouadah A, Diafat A, Djellout B (2015) Assessment of trace heavy metals
Conclusion
contents of chicken from Algeria. Int J Plants Animal Environ Sci. 5 (2): 4550.
The findings from this study gave insight to the fact that retailed chicken meats are exposed to heavy metals and microbial contaminations. Among [4] Haleelu MM, Yahiya S, Gwarzo DA (2015) Assessment of heavy metals in the heavy metals analyzed, Zn and Cd were the most and least prevalent metals respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were within permissible limits for all except Pb. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were the most prevalent bacterial contaminants, followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella. The antibiotic resistance was 41.1 % in E. coli, 33.9 % in S.
some organs of local chickens sold at central market of Wudil Metropolis. Int J Emerg Trends Sci Technol. 2 (9): 3226-3231.
[5] Makanjuola OM (2016) Assessment of heavy metal in raw meat sold in some notable garages in Ogun State, South West, Nigeria. Int J Res Studies Biosci. 4 (9): 10-13.
aureus and 25.0 % in Salmonella Sp. Findings about the high levels of Pb and multi-drug antibiotic resistant pathogens are of public health [6] Jaishankar M, Tseten T, Anbalagan N, Mathew BB, Beeregowda KN (2014) significance. Thus, it reinforces the need for greater public awareness and Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip education about the proper use of antibiotics in poultry farms, improved
Toxicol. 7 (2): 60-72.
sanitation, use of clean processing water, strict hygienic handling practices and proper thermal treatment to avoid outbreak of food borne hazards.
[7] Tchounwou PB, Yedjou CG, Patlolla AK, Sutton DJ (2012) Heavy metals toxicity and the environment. EXS. 101: 133-164.
Abbreviations [8] Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (2013) Incidence and trends of Ni: Nickel; Cu: Copper; Zn: Zinc; Mn: Manganese; Cd: Cadmium; Pb: Lead;
infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food borne diseases
AAS: atomic absorption spectrophotometer; TVC: Total viable count; ECC:
active surveillance network, 10 U.S. sites, 1996-2012. Weekly Rep. 62 (15):
Escherichia coli count; SAC: Staphylococcus aureus count; SC: Salmonella
283-287.
species count; FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization; WHO: World Health Organization; CFU: colony-forming unit; E. coli: Escherichia coli; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; USFDA: United States Food and Drug Administration;
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