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Faba bean Chapter · January 2012
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Carmen Avila
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Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cool Season Grain Legumes
2 Faba Bean Ana M. Torres,1,a,* Carmen M. Avila,1 Fred L. Stoddard 2 and Jose I. Cubero3
ABSTRACT Domesticated in ancient times, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) provides valuable protein for human and animal consumption. Faba bean seeds are a staple in the diets of many societies in the Middle East and North Africa. Except for the recent increase in production reported in Canada and Australia, the general trend has been towards a slight decrease of the cultivated area around the world, with no appreciable changes in yield and production. Among the reasons for such a decline are the low and unstable yields together with the lack of adapted cultivars resistant to major faba bean diseases. Development of new varieties combining different resistances (mainly to broomrape and Ascochyta) continues to be a major task in the crop. Moreover, breeding for quality and abiotic stresses are becoming important challenges in faba bean research. This chapter provides an overview of the genomic resources and molecular markers currently available in faba bean, with putative application in marker-assisted selection of the crop. Molecular breeding for resistance to crenate broomrape, Ascochyta blight, rust and chocolate spot are underway, and promising results have been obtained. Moreover markers to select for growth habit or low tannins, vicine and convicine content have also been reported. Recently, robust markers derived from expressed sequence tags are filling the faba bean genetic maps and genomic tools such as macro- and microarrays are becoming available in the species. In the near future, mapping approaches together with 1
This is being retained since the email pertains to only one contributor, while the address indicated is for two contributors.
IFAPA, Centro Alameda del Obispo, Area de Mejora y Biotecnología, Apdo. 3092, E-14080 Córdoba, Spain. a e-mail:
[email protected] 2 Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, PO Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 5), FIN-00014 Helsingin Yliopisto, Finland. 3 Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales. Edificio C5, 2nd planta. 14071 Córdoba, Spain. *Corresponding author
Faba Bean 51 comparative genomics and synteny analyses will reveal candidate genes and selectable markers for use in faba bean crop improvement. Keywords: abiotic stresses, disease resistance, genome mapping, marker-assisted selection, quantitative trait loci, synteny
2.1 Introduction Vicia faba L. is a well known crop, particularly in Eurasia and North Africa. In each of the countries where it is grown, it has received many names according to its size and use (vegetable, food legume, feed legume). In English the traditional name, still seen in 19th century dictionaries, was just “bean”. The word bean was later applied to other crops whose seeds showed a similar shape, such as the American crop Phaseolus vulgaris L., which at present is the most widely known “bean” in the world. Vicia faba also gaves its name to other crops, especially to Phaseolus and Vigna species (for example, in Spanish: fabes, habichuelas, etc.). The name “field” bean was widely used in English for a time, and has direct parallels in German “Ackerbohne” and Swedish “bondböna”, among others. Since the term “field bean” was often applied to both V. faba and P. vulgaris, while “bean” is not sufficiently informative, the name “faba bean” was derived by Canadian breeders and spread by ICARDA breeders and agronomists. It is largely used nowadays because of its simplicity and relationship with the scientific name.
2.1.1 Economic Importance The world cultivated area in 2007 was 2.5 million ha (Mha) with a total production of about 3.74 million tonnes (Mt) and an average yield of some 1.5 t/ha, 93% (about 2.3 Mha and 3.6 Mt) being for dry seeds, the rest for vegetable use (FAOSTAT 2008 and official as well as unofficial estimates). The leading country is China with 1.42 Mt (down from 1.7 Mt in 2001; 0.912 Mha), followed by Ethiopia (0.576 Mt, 0.458 Mha), Egypt (0.302 Mt, 0.089 Mha), France (0.255 Mt, 0.057 Mha), the UK (0.160 Mt, 0.045 Mha), Australia (0.138 Mt, 0.133 Mha) and the Sudan (0.132 Mt, 0.070 Mha). Around 200,000 ha were dedicated to horticultural uses (green pods and seeds), with a total production of almost 1 million tons. Bolivia (34,000 ha) and Algeria (20,000 ha), were countries with the largest area, and the highest production figures were those of China (12,000 t) and Morocco (95,000 t) (FAOSTAT 2008). Because of its high protein content, dry faba bean is used as a grain legume for feeding animals as well as for human consumption; the latter is seldom found in Europe, except as roasted and salted seeds for a snack, but it is a staple in some regions such as western Asia and northern Africa.
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Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Cool Season Grain Legumes
The green pods and seeds are a delicacy in some Mediterranean countries, especially the “baby” seeds (length
