Factors contributing to poor performance of first year chemistry students

Download PDF
0 downloads 0 Views 407KB Size Report
Comment
writing skills as well as mathematics, physics and chemistry classes (Botha ... memorising formulae, which helps answer algorithmic problems but does not ensure .... Stoichiometric calculations involve chemical reactions in which reactants .... This chapter is focused on the use of worksheets, tactile models, ... Page 7 ...
(CEVQTUEQPVTKDWVKPIVQRQQTRGTHQTOCPEGQHſTUV[GCTEJGOKUVT[UVWFGPVU



 :

 (CEVQTUEQPVTKDWVKPIVQRQQTRGTHQTOCPEG QHHKTUV[GCTEJGOKUVT[UVWFGPVU 

)LRQD0DUDLVDQG$QGLOH0ML

7VKZDQH8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ 6RXWK$IULFD

 

+PVTQFWEVKQP 

0DQ\ILUVW\HDUFKHPLVWU\VWXGHQWVLQ6RXWK$IULFDSUHVHQWDQLQDGHTXDWHNQRZOHGJHRIWKH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV ZKLFK XQGHUSLQ WKH VWXG\ RI FKHPLVWU\ 2QJRLQJ VWXGLHV DW 7VKZDQH8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\ 787 LQGLFDWHWKDWWKLVLVDSUREOHPWKDWHPDQDWHVIURP WKH VWXGHQWV·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



6JGEWTTGPVNGCTPKPIGPXKTQPOGPV 

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·VWXG\PHWKRGVDQGWKHUHTXLUHGVHOIGLVFLSOLQHWRDWWHQGDOOOHFWXUHV



6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV

DQGWXWRULDOVHVVLRQV7KHODFNRIVHOIGLVFLSOLQHLVSDUWLFXODUO\QRWLFHDEOHZKHQVWXGHQWVDUH UHTXLUHGWRFRPSOHWHVHOIVWXG\DVVLJQPHQWV 0DUDLV /RXZ  6RXWK $IULFD FXUUHQWO\ KDV D VKRUWDJH RI VNLOOHG DUWLVDQV DQG XQLYHUVLW\ JUDGXDWHV 7KH JRYHUQPHQWKDVUHOD[HGWKHXQLYHUVLW\HQWUDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQDQDWWHPSWWRLQFUHDVHWKH QXPEHURIXQLYHUVLW\JUDGXDWHV8QIRUWXQDWHO\LQDGHTXDWHVFKRROV\VWHPVUHVXOWLQSRRUO\ SUHSDUHG VWXGHQWV HQWHULQJ XQLYHUVLWLHV DQG LQ RUGHU WR HQVXUH WKDW VXFK VWXGHQWV DFKLHYH VXFFHVV VSHFLDO SURJUDPPHV KDYH EHHQ LQWURGXFHG WR RYHUFRPH WKH SUREOHP 6RPH XQLYHUVLWLHV KDYH VWDUWHG ´([WHQGHGµ SURJUDPPHV ZKLFK DOORZ VWXGHQWV WR FRPSOHWH WKH ILUVW \HDU RI VWXG\ RYHU D WZR \HDU SHULRG ZKLOH RWKHUV VXFK DV 787 KDYH XVHG D ´)RXQGDWLRQµ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pW GHVFULEHG WKLV SURFHVV XVLQJ WKH WHUPV DVVLPLODWLRQ DFFRPPRGDWLRQ DQG HTXLOLEUDWLRQ +XLWW  +XPPHO   $Q LQGLYLGXDO·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



6JGQTGVKECN$CEMITQWPF 

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

(CEVQTUEQPVTKDWVKPIVQRQQTRGTHQTOCPEGQHſTUV[GCTEJGOKUVT[UVWFGPVU



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·V NQRZOHGJH EDVH ,Q WKH IRUPHU VLWXDWLRQ D VWXGHQW ZLOO JHQHUDOO\LQGLFDWHKRZWKH\GLVDJUHHZLWKRUGRQRWXQGHUVWDQGWKHQHZLQIRUPDWLRQ7KH ODWWHU PHDQZKLOH JLYHV ULVH WR PRVW RI D VWXGHQW·V PLVFRQFHSWLRQV 6XFK PLVFRQFHSWLRQV ZKLOHEDVHGRQDZURQJNQRZOHGJHIRXQGDWLRQEHFRPHFRQFHSWLRQVWKDWDUHLQJUDLQHGDQG EHOLHYHGLQWKHVWXGHQW·VPLQG7KLVLVZKDWODWHUUHVXOWVLQWKHUHVLVWDQFHRIDQ\DWWHPSWWR FKDQJH D VWXGHQW·V XQGHUVWDQGLQJ 6XFK PLVFRQFHSWLRQV EHFDXVH WKH\ DUH EDVHG RQ D PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI IDFWV KDYH WKH DGGHG GLVDGYDQWDJH RI KDPSHULQJ KLJKHU RUGHU OHDUQLQJVNLOOVDQGSUREOHPVROYLQJVNLOOV,QRUGHUWRHQDEOHFRQFHSWXDOFKDQJHVRPHPHDQV RI FRQIURQWDWLRQ ZLWK H[LVWLQJ NQRZOHGJH PXVW EH LQLWLDWHG 7DR  *XQVWRQH    7KH FRQIURQWDWLRQHQWDLOVFRQYLQFLQJDVWXGHQWWKDWWKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDSDUWLFXODUFRQFHSWLV HLWKHU LQFRPSOHWH RU LQFRUUHFW 0RUH WKDQ WKLV WKH QHZ LQIRUPDWLRQ PXVW EH VKRZQ WR EH FUHGLEOHDQGYDOLGLQDOOLQVWDQFHVRILWVDSSOLFDWLRQ ,WKDVEHHQUHSRUWHGWKDWVRPHVWXGHQWVLJQRUHWKHFRQIOLFWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQDQGUHWDLQSULRU FRQFHSWLRQVZKLOHVRPHDOWKRXJKDSSHDULQJWRDFFHSWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGDGDSWWKHLUSULRU FRQFHSWLRQ RIWHQ UHPDLQ XQDEOH WR DSSO\ WKLV DQ\ IXUWKHU WKDQ WKH SDUWLFXODU FRQWH[W LQ ZKLFKLWZDVSUHVHQWHG 7DR *XQVWRQH 5HVHDUFKLQWRVWXGHQWV·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q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



4GUWNVUQHHQEWUITQWRKPVGTXKGYU 7KHUHVXOWVRIIRFXVJURXSLQWHUYLHZVFRQGXFWHGGXULQJLQGLFDWHWKDWRWKHUIDFWRUVPD\ LQIOXHQFH WKH VXFFHVV UDWH RI ILUVW \HDU FKHPLVWU\ VWXGHQWV 0RUH LQWHUYLHZV ZLOO EH FRQGXFWHGZLWKWKHFXUUHQWVWXGHQWFRKRUW7KHIRFXVJURXSLQWHUYLHZVHOLFLWTXDOLWDWLYHGDWD WKDWVXSSRUWILQGLQJVIURPRWKHUVWXGLHVDERXWWKHODFNRIVWXGHQWSURJUHVV7KHUHZHUHWZR PDLQ WKHPHV WKDW FU\VWDOOLVHG IURP WKH GDWD QDPHO\ FODVV URRP PDQDJHPHQW DQG VWXGHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 6WXGHQWV H[SUHVVHG WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ QHHGHG WR EH PRWLYDWHG E\ WKH OHFWXUHU DQG DOVR QHHGHGUHFRJQLWLRQIRUWKHLUDWWHPSWV6WXGHQWVH[SUHVVHGWKHQHHGIRUVXSSRUWIURPSHHUV DQGWXWRUVDQGSDWLHQFHIURPWKHOHFWXUHU7KH\DOVRH[SHFWOHFWXUHVWREHLQWHUHVWLQJDQGWR

(CEVQTUEQPVTKDWVKPIVQRQQTRGTHQTOCPEGQHſTUV[GCTEJGOKUVT[UVWFGPVU



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² WKH QHHG WR ILW LQ DQG EHLQJ SDUW RI D FLUFOH RI SRVLWLYH IULHQGV DQG KDYLQJ D UHDOLVWLFVHOILPDJHZHUHPHQWLRQHGDVLPSRUWDQW6RPHVWXGHQWVDGGHGWKDWWKH\QHHGHGWR VRFLDOLVH DQG WKDW WKH\ RIWHQ JDYH WKLV SULRULW\ RYHU WKHLU VWXGLHV $OWKRXJK WKH RYHUZKHOPLQJ PDMRULW\ RI VWXGHQWV KDG KLJK SUDLVH IRU WKH VHOIVWXG\ &' DV UHSRUWHG LQ 7DEOHYHU\IHZRIWKHPDFWXDOO\XVHGLW 0DUDLV 



&KUEWUUKQP 

6WXGHQWVZHUHDEOHWRLGHQWLI\WKHFRUUHFWDQVZHUPRUHHDVLO\ZKHQWKH\ZHUHDEOHWRVHOHFW IURPSRVVLEOHJLYHQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWE\ XVLQJWKHWDFWLOHPRGHOV ´/HJRµ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·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



4GHGTGPEGU 

%HQQHWW 6:   3UREOHP VROYLQJ LQ FKHPLVWU\ :RUNVKRS RQ VFLHQFH HGXFDWLRQ 8QSXEOLVKHG7VKZDQH8QLYHUVLW\RI7HFKQRORJ\3UHWRULD



6GEJPQNQI['FWECVKQPCPF&GXGNQROGPV

%HUO\QH '(    &XULRVLW\ DQG HGXFDWLRQ ,Q /HDUQLQJ DQG WKH HGXFDWLRQDO SURFHVV -' .UXPEROW] (G 5DQG0F1DOO\ &R&KLFDJR %ODQN:  $XWKHQWLFLQVWUXFWLRQ,Q3URPLVLQJSUDFWLFHVIRUFRQQHFWLQJKLJKVFKRROWRWKH UHDO ZRUOG :' %ODQN  6 +DUZHOO (GV  SS   7DPSD )/ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6RXWK)ORULGD(5,&GRFXPHQWUHSURGXFWLRQVHUYLFHQR(' %RWKD+/ &HOOLHUV&'  3UHSDUHGQHVVIRU8QLYHUVLW\VWXG\'HVLJQLQJDWKLQNLQJ VNLOOVWHVW6RXWK$IULFDQ-RXUQDOIRU+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ9RO1R SS  %URVQDQ 7  5H\QROGV